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The current work is designed to give the first trial to characterize the ultrastructural lineaments of the oral cavity floor in juvenile and adult white grouper. The present work depends on 10 oral cavities floor from each age. The common features joined the oral cavities floor of the juvenile and adult fish summarized in; oral cavity floor had two teeth bands (lower incisive and lower molar), tongue with its two lateral spinated lines, lower velum, ridges, the lower lip divided into a single anterior part and two lateral part, and the absence of lower canine teeth. The oral surface of semilunar lower velum had round fungiform papillae that carried taste buds type I. The non-protrusible elongated tongue had a clear apex, body, and root with the absence of any taste buds. The dorsal lingual surface of the body had two lateral spinated lines, a single ridge and microtubercles. The smooth dorsal lingual surface of the root did not carry any ridges. The notched lower velum at the middle of the free border was observed in juveniles and adults. Meanwhile, there are some variations between juvenile and adult as; absence of lower incisive ridge only in juvenile, pointed tongue with sublingual ridge observed in juvenile while round without sublingual ridge in adult fish, moreover the presence of velvar ridges observed only in adult fish. The obtained findings provided essential data to aquaculture of this fish species in Egypt by determining the food particle types that are favorite to this fish. HIGHLIGHTS: The common features joined the oral cavities floor of the juvenile and adult fish summarized in; oral cavity floor had two teeth bands (lower incisive and lower molar), tongue with its two lateral spinated lines, lower velum, ridges, the lower lip divided into a single anterior part and two lateral part, and the absence of lower canine teeth. The oral surface of semilunar lower velum had round fungiform papillae that carried taste buds type I. The dorsal lingual surface of the body had two lateral spinated lines, a single ridge and microtubercles. The smooth dorsal lingual surface of the root did not carry any ridges. Meanwhile, there are some variations between juvenile and adult as; absence of lower incisive ridge only in juvenile, pointed tongue with sublingual ridge observed in juvenile while round without sublingual ridge in adult fish, moreover the presence of velvar ridges observed only in adult fish.

The present study aims to characterize the ultrastructural roof of the oral cavity roof in juvenile and adult Epinephelus aeneus using SEM. The investigation used 10 roofs of the oral cavity of juvenile and adult stages of age. The results in both age groups showed that the roof had five tooth bands, an upper valve, and a palatine region. The upper lip was divided into the anteriorly median and two lateral parts. The posterior margin of the anterior labial part is not attached to the incisive or canine teeth. The anterior surface of the canine teeth was attached to the transverse part of the upper incisive ridge that was separated from the posterior labial part by a deep groove. The semilunar upper velum showed two surfaces, two borders, and two parts. The median part of the oral surface of the velum carried the extension of the longitudinal part of the upper incisive ridge that had some variation among the two examined age stages. In addition, the median part of the oral surface of the upper velum had two rough areas located laterally on each side of the longitudinal part of the upper incisive ridge. The oral surface had several slightly elevated fungiform papillae with taste buds. The palatine region was divided into the peripheral semilunar part and the wide median part, by palatine teeth and the palatine groove laterally and by vomer teeth anteriorly. The results provided important data for the aquaculture in Egypt in relation to their diet.

The present work aims to provide more anatomical information on the stifle joint of the investigated species using computed tomography with gross anatomical cross-sections. The current work analyzed the stifle joint of the pelvic limbs of 12 adult donkeys, goats and dogs of both genders. The medial condyle of the femur was larger than the lateral one in the donkey, while it was smaller and lower than the lateral one in the goat and in the dog. The unsuitable femoral and tibial condyles were adapted by the presence of menisci. In the donkey, the medial meniscus was crescentic in shape, but it was semicircular in the goat, while in the dog, the medial and lateral menisci were C-shaped. In the donkey, the medial meniscus was larger than the lateral one, but in the goat and in the dog, the lateral meniscus was the largest, and more concave and thicker. The lateral meniscus was semicircular in the donkey, but it was shaped like an elongated kidney in the goat. In the goat and in the dog, the central border of two menisci was thin, concave and notched centrally. The meniscal ligaments included cranial and caudal ligaments of the medial and lateral menisci, and meniscofemoral ligament of the lateral meniscus. In the dog, the cranial ligament of the medial meniscus was absent, and the medial meniscus had no bony attachment to the tibia but it attached to the transverse intermeniscal ligament, which connected the cranial horn of the medial meniscus with the cranial ligament of the lateral meniscus. The meniscofemoral ligament connected the caudal pole of the lateral meniscus with the intercondyloid fossa of the femur.

Both bisphenol A (BPA) and its analog bisphenol S (BPS) are industrial chemicals that have been used to make certain plastic products applied in chicken farms, including food and water containers. They are endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with xenoestrogenic activities and affect reproductive success in many ways. It was hypothesized that BPA and BPS could adversely affect the folliculogenesis in chickens due to their disruption of the estrogen responses, using either genomic or non-genomic mechanisms. This study investigated the deleterious effects of BPA and BPS on the ovaries when adult layer chickens were orally treated with these EDCs at 50 μg/kg body weight, the reference dose for chronic oral exposure of BPA established by the U.S. EPA. The chickens in both BPA and BPS-treated groups showed a decreased number of the preovulatory follicles. BPA-treated chickens showed a significant decrease in the diameter of F1. Additionally, both BPA and BPS treatments increased the infiltrations of lymphocytes and plasma cells in ovaries. Moreover, it was found that the ovaries of BPS-treated chickens weighed the most among the groups. RNA sequencing and subsequent pathway enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed that both BPA- and BPS-treatment groups showed significant changes in gene expression and pathways related to reproduction, immune function and carcinogenesis. Taken together, both BPA and BPS are potentially carcinogenic and have deleterious effects on the fertility of laying chickens by inducing inflammation, suggesting that BPS may not be a safe replacement for BPA.

The present investigation was prepared to describe the accessory sex glands of the Barki bucks grossly and by light microscopy. There are four sex glands: ampullary, vesicular, prostate, and bulbourethral. The ampullary gland is an enlargement of the terminal part of the ductus deferens, its glandular part has branched tubuloalveolar glands, and its secretory alveoli lined with a pseudo-stratified epithelium composed of cuboidal to columnar cells. The vesicular gland takes the appearance of a cluster of grapes and the left vesicular gland is enlarged and higher than the right one. The vesicular gland is a lobulated tubuloalveolar gland with wide intralobular space and the gland contain a secretory unit which lined by pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium, and the interlobular ductules lined by the stratified epithelium, while the interlobular duct lined by simple cuboidal epithelium moreover, the lining epithelium of secretory part consists of tall columnar cells. The prostate gland consists only of the disseminated part and is enclosed by a connective tissue capsule that was thin dorsally, thick laterally, and reduced in thickness ventrally. The prostatic acini are lined by simple cuboidal epithelium. The bulbourethral gland was similar in size to the walnut and surrounded by a capsule and there are interlobular connective tissue septa that divided the gland into lobes and lobules of different sizes. The bulbourethral gland contains secretory units lined by the tall simple columnar epithelium of mucous type with basely located nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm contain granular secretion. The gross and microscopic examination of the four accessory sex glands gave valuable information in the future pathology diagnosis of the accessory sex glands of the Barki bucks.

This study represents the first attempt to describe ultrastructural features of teeth in different three ages of white grouper (Epinephelus aeneus) grossly and by the aid of the electron microscope. The current study depends on 18 oropharyngeal cavity of E. aeneus from each age-stages. There are common and special characterization between each age. Five teeth bands in the roof (incisive, canine, upper molar, palatine, and vomer), while two bands in the floor (incisive, molar). The apical teeth part resembles the arrowhead that bordered by groove distally. In 5 cm age, small upper incisive teeth had two appearance (straight and curved), and vomer teeth arranged in triangular in only one row (while, in 12 cm fish arranged in two rows and in 15 cm fish arranged in more than two rows), the palatine teeth began rostrally as one row then two rows and terminated by one row, while in other two ages began by two, then three and ended by two rows. There is no canine teeth in lower jaw in all age. In 12 cm fish, the rostral row of lower incisive teeth usually contain small straight teeth, while the posterior row mainly contain large with some medium upper incisive teeth. In 18 cm fish, upper incisive teeth located within two incisive fossa that separated from each other by longitudinal part of T-shaped upper incisive ridge and small incisive teeth had two appearance (straight and curved), and each canined teeth group contain four teeth (while in other two ages each group contain only two canine teeth).

The current study used topographic anatomy, distribution of arteries and nerves, sectional anatomy of the pelvis, computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography examination to describe the canine pelvis and its organs. This study was conducted on twenty male and female baladi dogs, weighing 30-35 kg and aged between 1.5 and 2 years. The pelvis dorsal boundary appeared long and reached to the level of the third caudal vertebra. The vesicogenital pouch in the female extended further caudally than the rectogenital pouch while in the male the two pouches were at the same level and extended to the level of the first sacral vertebra. The plexus lumbosacralis formed from the ventral branches of the last three lumbar nerves and the first three sacral nerves. The obturator nerve arose from the ventral branches of the fifth and sixth lumbar nerves. We developed an anatomical atlas of the pelvis of both sexes of the dog using CT scans compared to anatomical sections. Our study is the first research on the pelvis in both sexes of the dog to compare sagittal CT scan data to sagittal anatomical sections. In the CT slices, the prostate appeared homogenous, relatively hypodense presenting with a soft tissue density. It appeared oval in the longitudinal sections and elliptical to round at the cross sections. It was situated on the floor of the pelvic cavity or the pelvic brim depending on its size. The present study is also the first to describe the fascia diaphragmatic pelvis.

The present investigation was conducted to provide a full anatomical description of the stifle joint of donkeys using 3D computed tomography imaging technique, in addition to the classic anatomical methods, such as radiography and cross-anatomical sectioning. The radiography and CT imaging of stifle joint were interpreted in comparison with cross-sectional anatomical sections. Volume-rendering reconstruction techniques (3D-CT) were used to describe the anatomical structure of stifle joint. The used twelve adult healthy donkeys were free from any musculoskeletal disorders. Four donkeys were used for the gross anatomical observations, four for CT and radiography and two live animals for determination the site of injections. The results of this study revealed that the complex stifle joint was formed from three joints: femorotibial, femoropatellar and proximal tibiofibular. The articular surfaces were described for each joint, and the synovial layer of the articular capsule formed three main joint sacs: femoropatellar, medial femorotibial and lateral femorotibial sacs. The ligaments of stifle joint were recorded, and meniscal ligaments included cranial and caudal ligaments of medial and lateral menisci and meniscofemoral ligament of lateral meniscus. The cruciate ligaments were also described and they included the cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments, while the patellar ligament included the medial, middle and lateral patellar ligaments. The arterial supply and the site of injection of the stifle joint were described. In conclusion, the 3D reconstruction CT provided well-defined baseline reference image for the stifle joint of donkeys for anatomist, radiologist, surgeons and researchers.

El objetivo fue describir las caracteristicas morfologicas del cerebro de la avestruz africana. El cerebro se estudio macroscopica y microscopicamente, y las mediciones de todas las partes del cerebro fueron registradas. El cerebro tuvo una forma romboidal, con cerebelo grande triangular obtuso con una protuberancia dorsomedial sagital. El bulbo olfatorio era pequeno, con un lobulo olfativo sin desarrollar. El diencefalo dio lugar a la glandula pineal, que es una estructura en forma de tubo invertida con un triangulo obtuso en su parte inferior. Un gran quiasma y tracto optico demostraron ser continuos con los lobulos opticos. El cerebelo estaba caracterizado por la vermis central que tenia numerosas fisuras transversales y dos pequenos floculos laterales en su superficie lateral. La medula oblongada mostro en algunos casos una flexion pontina evidente, en otros ausencia de puentes o la aparicion de un cuerpo trapezoide. Los resultados histologicos revelaron que la corteza cerebral esta formada de varias capas de neuronas mal definidas. El aspecto mas comun se caracterizo por unas pequenas neuronas soportadas por neuroglias. La corteza cerebelosa consistio en tres capas, molecular, de celulas de Purkinje y granular interna; las celulas de Purkinje se caracterizaron por un cuerpo celular grande. La medula oblongada estaba cubierta por pia madre de tejido conectivo laxo, revestida por epitelio escamoso simple y un suministro vascular extenso bajo la piamadre. Los nucleos de las celulas de la medula oblongada se formaron a partir pocas neuronas multipolares, soportados por algunas neuroglias. El cuarto ventriculo estaba revestido un epitelio pseudo-estratificado de celulas ependimarias columnares ciliadas.

The current investigation gave full histological description of the nasal conchae cavity of dog captured from Egypt. In vestibular part of nasal conchae, epithelial lining was keratinized stratified squamous which interdigitated with the underlying lamina propria. There were numerous compound sero-mucous glands. In middle respiratory part of nasal conchae, epithelium consisted from pseudo-stratified squamous with goblet cells. The main component of the lamina propria submucosa was fibro elastic C.T. The glands were mainly present in the side of the outer covering mucosa. In the dorsal nasal concha, they were simple sero-mucous glands, few in number and scattered under the lamina epithelialis of outer side. In caudal olfactory portion of nasal conchae, epithelium was comprised three cell types; basal cells, supporting (sustenticular) cells and bipolar (olfactory) cells. The lamina propria submucosa consisted of loose C.T of collagenous and delicate elastic fibers with lymphocytic infiltration and variable numbers of mucous glands.

The aim of the current study focused on the morphological features of the brain of the African ostrich. The brain was studied macroscopically, microscopically and the measurements of all brain parts were demonstrated. The brain of ostrich was rhombus in shape with large obtuse triangular cerebrum with sagittal dorsomedial wulst. The olfactory bulb was small with undeveloped olfactory lobe. The diencephalon gave rise to the pineal gland, which was inverted tubal structure with an obtuse triangle bottom. Large optic chiasm and optic tract demonstrated that continued to the optic lobes. The cerebellum was represented by central vermis that had numerous transverse fissures and two small lateral floccules on its lateral surface. The medulla oblongata with clear pontine flexure and no obvious pons or trapezoid body appeared. The histological results revealed that the cerebral cortex formed of several ill-defined layers of neurons. The most common appearance characterized by few small neurons supported by neuroglia. The cerebellar cortex consists of three layers namely molecular layer, Purkinje cells layer and internal granular layer, the layer of Purkinje cells characterized by a very large cell body. The medulla oblongata was covered by pia mater of loose connective tissue that covered with simple squamous epithelium and vascular supply extended beneath the pia mater. The cell nuclei of the medulla oblongata were formed from few multipolar neurons, supported by few neuroglia. The fourth ventricle was lined by pseudo stratified columnar ciliated ependymal cells. El objetivo fue describir las características morfológicas del cerebro de la avestruz africana. El cerebro se estudió macroscópica y microscópicamente, y las mediciones de todas las partes del cerebro fueron registradas. El cerebro tuvo una forma romboidal, con cerebelo grande triangular obtuso con una protuberancia dorsomedial sagital. El bulbo olfatorio era pequeño, con un lóbulo olfativo sin desarrollar. El diencéfalo dio lugar a la glándula pineal, que es una estructura en forma de tubo invertida con un triángulo obtuso en su parte inferior. Un gran quiasma y tracto óptico demostraron ser continuos con los lóbulos ópticos. El cerebelo estaba caracterizado por la vermis central que tenía numerosas fisuras transversales y dos pequeños flóculos laterales en su superficie lateral. La médula oblongada mostró en algunos casos una flexión pontina evidente, en otros ausencia de puentes o la aparición de un cuerpo trapezoide. Los resultados histológicos revelaron que la corteza cerebral está formada de varias capas de neuronas mal definidas. El aspecto más común se caracterizó por unas pequeñas neuronas soportadas por neuroglias. La corteza cerebelosa consistió en tres capas, molecular, de células de Purkinje y granular interna; las células de Purkinje se caracterizaron por un cuerpo celular grande. La medula oblongada estaba cubierta por pia madre de tejido conectivo laxo, revestida por epitelio escamoso simple y un suministro vascular extenso bajo la piamadre. Los núcleos de las células de la médula oblongada se formaron a partir pocas neuronas multipolares, soportados por algunas neuroglias. El cuarto ventrículo estaba revestido un epitelio pseudo-estratificado de células ependimarias columnares ciliadas.

The ultrastructure of cardiac muscle from 3 aged one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) was examined to see if aged camels also develop hypertrophic Z-lines as observed in the heart of aged humans and other animals. The results proved that the aged camel heart develops hypertrophic Z-lines together with other age-associated alterations, including loss of myofibrils and myofilaments, increase of intermyofibrillar spaces and intercellular spaces, and disruption of mitochondrial cristae and intercalated disc structure. Hypertrophic Z-lines are somewhat smaller than those of other species, but occur both in the atria and ventricles. Although the majority of cardiac muscle samples revealed a normal structure, the finding of hypertrophic Z-lines in camel heart is the first such observation in a ruminant animal. The anomalous camel muscle resembles that of other species in terms of cell alterations commonly associated with aged hearts.

this manuscript was described the normal anatomy of the stifle joint of the egyptian baladi goats using the gross anatomy and some new anatomical techniques. it was also studied the articular surfaces, articular capsule and ligaments of the joint.

The ultrastructure of cardiac muscle from 3 aged one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) was examined to see if aged camels also develop hypertrophic Z-lines as observed in the heart of aged humans and other animals. The results proved that the aged camel heart develops hypertrophic Z-lines together with other age-associated alterations, including loss of myofibrils and myofilaments, increase of intermyofibrillar spaces and intercellular spaces, and disruption of mitochondrial cristae and intercalated disc structure. Hypertrophic Z-lines are somewhat smaller than those of other species, but occur both in the atria and ventricles. Although the majority of cardiac muscle samples revealed a normal structure, the finding of hypertrophic Z-lines in camel heart is the first such observation in a ruminant animal. The anomalous camel muscle resembles that of other species in terms of cell alterations commonly associated with aged hearts.