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espanolEn el presente estudio se analiza el compromiso laboral de trabajadores jovenes y mujeres de las empresas B. Esta es una caracteristica vinculada con el sello distintivo de las empresas B, las que destacan por su preocupacion con la comunidad y el medioambiente. Esta investigacion exploratoria es la primera basada en informacion primaria de jovenes y mujeres que alli trabajan. Se aplico un instrumento a 264 trabajadores de 16 empresas B de Latinoamerica. Como resultado, el compromiso laboral medio fue 79%, cuatro puntos porcentuales sobre el promedio de America Latina. A nivel de dimensiones del compromiso laboral, "Marca"(reputacion) es bien reconocida por sus trabajadores. En cambio, la dimension "Basicos", sugiere que los beneficios obtenidos (monetarios y no monetarios) por los trabajadores generan bajos niveles de satisfaccion. Se concluye que los resultados sugieren avanzar en mejorar los niveles de comunicacion interna y en mejorar la forma en que los trabajadores sienten que son participes de beneficios, recompensas y reconocimientos. EnglishThe present study examines work engagement in young employees and women at B corporations. This isa characteristic linked to the distinctive seal of these companies, which stand out for their commitmentwith the community and the environment. This exploratory research is the first based on first-hand information obtained from young employees and women. An instrument was applied to 264 employees from 16 Latin American B corporations. The results show that the average work commitment was 79%, four percentage points above the Latin America average. At the level of work commitment dimensions, the "Brand"(reputation) is well recognized by employees. In contrast, the results obtained for the "Basic" dimension suggests that obtained benefits (monetary and non-monetary) generate low levels of satisfaction. It is concluded that there is a need to improve both internal communication and the way in which employees feel about how they contribute to their benefits, rewards, and recognitions.

This study seeks to explore social representations and attitudes of university teachers in relation to sexual diversity. The study has a qualitative approach through content analysis. The research was collected through 62 critical incidents with university professors, with at least one year of experience in undergraduate teaching, in five universities located in the northern macro zone of Chile. The results highlight that there are teachers who take on three different types of roles when faced with situations of gender diversity.. Some are in favour of the inclusion of the sexual minority community, others are more like external observers and a third group, with little interest in inclusion, practice for the students belonging to sexual minorities, within the diversity of the university classrooms. Many teachers tend to contain and compensate for the scarce support that sexually diverse young people have within their families. Teachers demand more training than they currently have in order to be able to carry out adequate interventions in the classroom. Finally, the number of feelings and emotions described by teachers in the face of events and experiences related to sexual diversity in their university institutions is highly significant.

In recent years, universities have put enormous efforts to promote the use of online learning among students and lecturers. Despite this, little is known about the intention of students to use online learning. The objective of this research is to study the continuance intention of online learning in the post-COVID-19 period in higher education. The research focuses on online learning tools and technologies by applying a modified Expectation-Confirmation Model (ECM) developed from earlier theoretical models, including three new constructs: the self-management of learning, computer anxiety, and habit. The international research compares three countries—Spain (Europe), Chile (Latin America), and Jordan (Asia)—which differ economically and culturally. The Partial Least Squares approach (PLS-SEM) was used to test the research model. As a conclusion of the study, the relationships of the proposed model’s constructs vary among the three countries, given their socioeconomic, technological, and cultural differences. Interestingly, self-management learning is a key factor that has a significant positive influence on continuance intention for the three countries, especially in Jordan. This study makes an interesting contribution to existing research in education and discusses how learning can be made more sustainable in complex settings.

espanolEl estudio plantea analizar la percepcion de los estudiantes sobre las competencias transversales de pensamiento critico y trabajo en equipo, al inicio y termino del periodo academico. La investigacion se realizo con estudiantes de primer ano de la carrera de Ingenieria Comercial de la Universidad Catolica del NorteChile. Los resultados se basan en la aplicacion de dos cuestionarios para medir: 1) autopercepcion de las competencias y 2) satisfaccion de los estudiantes sobre las estrategias pedagogicas utilizadas. El nivel de valoracion final promedio para el pensamiento critico y trabajo en equipo fue de 3,7 y 3,8 puntos (4,0 maximo), respectivamente. La utilizacion de metodologias activas por sobre la metodologia tradicional obtuvo una satisfaccion del 88%. Se verifica la valoracion de los estudiantes al aplicar estrategias pedagogicas diversas en el proceso de ensenanza y aprendizaje y de esta forma contribuir a lograr que el alumnado integre competencias transversales, utiles para su desempeno profesional. EnglishThe study proposes to analyze the students' perception of the transversal competences of critical thinking and teamwork, at the beginning and end of the academic period. The research was carried out with freshmen of the Commercial Engineering degree at the Universidad Catolica del Norte-Chile. The results are based on the application of two questionnaires to measure: 1) self-perception of competencies and 2) student satisfaction about the pedagogical strategies used. The average final assessment level for critical thinking and teamwork was 3.7 and 3.8 points (4.0 maximum), respectively. The use of active methodologies over the traditional methodology obtained 88% satisfaction. The assessment of the students is verified by applying different pedagogical strategies in the teaching and learning process and, in this way, contributing to achieve that students integrate transversal competences, useful for their professional performance.

Resumen: Este artículo analiza la paridad de género en las carreras universitarias del área de computación que están adscritas al Sistema Único de Admisión (SUA) en Chile. El análisis es de tipo descriptivo. Los resultados muestran que en el año 2018 se matricularon un total de 5.381 mujeres (19,2% del total). En las carreras de ingeniería civil ofrecidas por la Universidad de Chile, la Pontificia Universidad Católica, la Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez y la Universidad de Los Andes llegaron a un ingreso del 27% de mujeres en el año 2018. Sin embargo, en las carreras de ingeniería civil (computación) ofrecidas por las demás universidades chilenas la paridad de género cayó del 17% en el año 2014 al 11% en el año 2018. Se concluye que los programas pro-paridad de género como los implementados por la Universidad de Chile para las ingenierías parecen convenientes si se quiere incrementar la participación de las mujeres.

Loco abalone ( Concholepas concholepas , Bruguiere, 1789) represents the most important gastropod fishery from the central coast of Peru down to the southernmost part of Chile. International prices are attractive enough to motivate the development of an important body of research to bring the catch to commercial size under controlled conditions. In this study, we analyze whether the fattening of loco from the seed stage (between 2 and 3 cm of peristomal length) up to commercial size is economically attractive for a private investor. The results of this model, composed by biological, technological and economic submodels, shows that under current conditions cultivation is not convenient Net Present Value (NPV) = -198,179 US$ on t = 1,400, the day where the maximum biomass is reached). The negative result is explained by the high operational costs (mainly wages) and high initial investments requirements (mainly plastic boxes to house the C. concholepas ). Interestingly, the model shows that feeding costs are comparatively low. At t = 1400, the accumulated disbursements for investments (US$92,209) are lower than those for the operating costs (US$299,486) and represent only 24% of the total accumulated disbursements. The latter shows that the project is not profitable due to the high operating costs other than the feed. The sensitivity analysis shows that would be required a 30- fold increase in the current biomass selling price for a positive NPV. In the future, this project would benefit if more efficient forms of production are developed, especially reducing the burden due to workers' compensation.

The article presents an extension of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to identify, in a Latin American university, the students who are children of entrepreneurial parents and the determinants of their willingness to succeed them. The TPB is used as a basis to analyse the intention to be a successor, and three constructs are added: affective commitment, normative commitment and parental role model. The analysis is carried out using structural equations via the partial least squares (PLS) method, which allows for the study of multiple relationships between construct-type variables. The sample includes 16,185 Latin American university students from the Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Students’ Survey 2018 database. The results show that, in Latin American students, the determining factors in the intention to be a successor are attitude, the affective and normative commitment and the parental role model. The latter has a negative and significant effect on the intention to be a successor in the family business. One of the practical implications of this study has to do with the development of an affective feeling of the offspring towards the family business. Generating this kind of attachment since childhood could lead to achieving a greater relevance of the parental role model and a stronger interest in the succession of the business.

The depletion of marine resources, also a global issue, is affecting marine algae in Chile. Currently, the Chilean production of macroalgae is based mainly on the exploitation of natural populations. This study analyzed the potential for a private investor to undertake the culture of macroalgae as a means of addressing this depletion. The analysis indicated two species of macroalgae showed the greatest potential for farming in northern Chile, viz., Chondracanthus chamissoi and Lessonia trabeculata. The business model considers the acquisition of ropes (branch lines) with attached seedlings, the cultivation of the macroalgae in the ocean, and the subsequent sale of the wet biomass harvested at market prices. The culture technology evaluated was the long-line system under a program of multiple overlapping cohorts. For the baseline model, C. chamissoi had a negative net present value (NPV), and for a private investor, the cultivation of this species would not be profitable. Conversely, the NPV for L. trabeculata was positive, and increasingly so after 5.5 years of cultivation, as the income begins to cover the expenses. Sensitivity analysis showed that very significant productivity improvements would be needed for C. chamissoi cultivation to become a new source of income in northern Chile.

The aim of this study is to examine how transformational and transactional leaders, boost the employees' innovative work behaviour, directly or through work engagement, organizational climate for innovation and absorptive capacity in Latin American firms. A non-random sample of 1429 employees was used who had been working at least one year in the current company. The sample, composed of workers from different industries, was collected in postgraduate programs of business schools from seven Latin American countries. A multi-group structural equation model was built with the involved variables, which adopted two different conditions: i.e., unconstrained and constrained questionnaire measurement weights. According to the results, leadership by itself is insufficient to promote employees innovative work behaviour. Transformational and transactional leadership exert effect on this behaviour only through absorptive capacity and work engagement respectively. Likewise, absorptive capacity and employee work engagement show direct effects on innovative work behaviour. Additionally, organizational climate for innovation shows a significant moderating effect on the all relationships included in the model. Despite the cultural differences, the two-condition model yielded the same effect in each country, which indicates the validity of a general model of innovative work behaviour for the whole region supporting the common identity of this region. As a conclusion, leadership practices are needed to encourage innovative work behaviour within the Latin American organizational context, however some individual (engagement) and organizational (absorptive capacity) conditions are also needed to ensure this effect. Implications for human resources management are discussed.

Resumen: Esta investigación propone una política óptima de compras de medicamentos para la Droguería del Departamento de Salud de Vicuña (DESAM) para pacientes con enfermedades crónicas de mayor prevalencia. Se utilizó el modelo de lote económico de compras de Harris-Wilson para encontrar el punto óptimo de compras que minimiza los costos de almacenamiento y de pedido. De los 54 medicamentos que se usan para los pacientes crónicos, se analizaron siete que abarcan el 71% de la demanda. Los resultados señalan que los costos de la nueva política propuesta para el DESAM permiten ahorrar cerca de $ 10 millones anuales (US$ 16.400).

espanolEn este estudio se analizo cuales son los factores determinantes en la decision de estudiantes, al momento de elegir estudiar en universidades de diferentes ciudades. El estudio estuvo enfocado en estudiantes de primer ano de la carrera de ingenieria comercial de tres universidades. El metodo utilizado para inferir cuales son los atributos mas relevantes al elegir la universidad fue el Analisis Conjunto. Los resultados fueron estadisticamente satisfactorios. Entre los principales resultados podemos senalar que la reputacion de la universidad y el acceso a beneficios economicos fueron los factores mas importantes con un 39% y 20% respectivamente. Ademas, se observo una gran discrepancia entre los estudiantes de las diferentes universidades respecto de la relevancia de los beneficios economicos. Finalmente, se obtuvo que los estudiantes del quintil de menores ingresos asignan una mayor importancia a la proximidad al domicilio en comparacion a los siguientes quintiles de ingresos EnglishIn this study, the determining factors for the decision of students for choosing to study at universities in different cities are analyzed. The study was focused on first-year students of Business Administration from three universities. The method used to infer which are the most relevant attributes to choose the university was the Conjoint Analysis. The results were statistically satisfactory. Among the main results the reputation of the university and the access to economic benefits were the most important factors, with 39% and 20% respectively. In addition, a large discrepancy was observed among students from different universities regarding the relevance of economic benefits. Finally, it was observed that students of the lowest income quintile assign a much greater importance to the proximity to their home town in comparison with students of the other quintiles of income

This study analyses the importance of teaching social entrepreneurship in state universities. A survey was applied to university students to find out if personality traits are related to the characteristics of social entrepreneurship. This was achieved through Alpha Cronbach and Pearson/Spearman correlation analysis. The results show that students have the personality traits to become social entrepreneurs. However, social entrepreneurship courses are not taught in universities of Tijuana city. Therefore, it is strongly suggested to teach social entrepreneurship in universities of the city and the state because students possess social entrepreneurship traits and are interested in the subject.

This study discusses the results of implementing an active teaching methodology called Team Based Learning(TBL) in a subject of the Business Administration Career, in a Chilean traditional university. A data collectioninstrument was applied to two groups of students during a semester. The traditional lecture class-basedmethodology was used in a group, and in the other group the TBL technique was applied. As a result, the statisticaltests showed evidence that students achieved better academic performance and a higher learning under this newmethodology. Additionally, students generally showed a greater interest in the course subject matter, more activeparticipation in classes, and the feeling that the teaching-learning process was more effective., En este estudio se analizan los resultados de implementar una metodología activa de enseñanza denominadaAprendizaje Basado en Equipos (TBL) en una asignatura de una universidad tradicional chilena. Para ello seaplicó un instrumento de recopilación de información a dos grupos comparables de estudiantes durante unsemestre. En un grupo se utilizó la metodología tradicional basada en la clase magistral, y al otro grupo sele aplicó la técnica TBL. Como resultado, las pruebas estadísticas mostraron evidencia de que los estudianteslograron un mejor desempeño académico y un mayor aprendizaje bajo esta nueva metodología. Adicionalmente,los estudiantes generalmente mostraron un mayor interés por la materia, participación más activa en las clases, yla sensación de que el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje era más efectivo., Analisaram-se os resultados da implementação de uma metodologia ativa de ensino denominada AprendizagemBaseada em Equipamentos (TBL) em uma disciplina de uma universidade tradicional do Chile. Para tanto,aplicou-se um instrumento de compilação de informação a dois comparáveis grupos de estudantes durante umsemestre. Para um dos grupos, empregou-se a metodologia tradicional baseada na aula expositiva e, ao outro, foiempregada a técnica TBL. Como resultado, as provas estatísticas evidenciaram que os estudantes do segundogrupo alcançaram melhores resultados e maior aprendizagem. Além do mais, os estudantes, em geral, mostrarammaior interesse pela matéria, maior participação ativa nas aulas e sensação de que o processo de ensinoaprendizagemera mais efetivo.

The aim of this study was to determine if entrepreneurial intention, based on Ajzen’s model of planned behavior (1991), can be predicted by risk propensity, internal locus of control and leadership skills. Six standardized and reliable instruments were applied to 1493 undergraduate university business students in Latin American countries, selected through non-random quota sampling in accordance with their formation level in each of the five participating universities. Using structural equation techniques, the research model was validated and intention estimated and analyzed in relation to a set of socio-demographic variables. According to the results, entrepreneurial intention can be significantly predicted by the psychological variables under consideration and, contrary to what has been reported in other research, no gender differences were found in the intention of entrepreneurship. These findings are discussed.

Las tasas de criminalidad en Chile son preocupantes, especialmente si se observan los datos de robos, y con tendencia creciente para los proximos anos. Es por ello, que este hecho se ha convertido en un problema primordial desde el punto de vista social, que no ha sido todavia muy estudiado para este pais. En este estudio se analizaron los determinantes de la criminalidad en Chile por medio de tres modelos que combinan la relacion que existe entre cuatro variables, crimen, desempleo, crecimiento economico y disuasion policial. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que el crimen puede ser analizado satisfactoriamente en Chile, utilizando una especificacion del tipo ARDL. Puntualmente en este estudio se muestra que el crimen se relaciona con la tasa de crecimiento economico, el desempleo y la disuasion policial, y que a su vez, la actividad economica depende del desempleo, pero no tiene relacion directa con el acto de crimen. Por ultimo, se muestra que el desempleo depende de las variables crimen y crecimiento economico. Los resultados sugieren que el analisis adecuado de los condicionantes del crimen, pueden considerarse para que las politicas publicas que se disenen, se anticipen e influyan efectivamente en la reduccion de la tasa de delitos.

En este estudio se calcula un Indice Global de Emprendimiento y Desarrollo (GEDI), un indice que mide las diferencias en la creacion de empresas, las actitudes emprendedoras y el rendimiento de las nuevas empresas a traves de las regiones. Este indice reconoce que la mayor parte de las facetas del emprendimiento se ven influidas por el contexto institucional y macroeconomico. Como resultado se obtuvo que la dimension mas debil a nivel regional son las aspiraciones emprendedoras (capital de riesgo), mientras que el pilar con el de mayor valor es el apoyo cultural, un aspecto referido a la actitud emprendedora. Los resultados muestran que la Region Metropolitana es la que obtiene el primer lugar del GEDI para los 4 anos estudiados con un GEDI global promedio de 0,34, seguida por Antofagasta con 0,33, y Valparaiso y Coquimbo con 0,32. Finalmente, la region del Bio Bio obtiene el menor valor con un GEDI de 0,31.

RESUMEN 1 El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido investigar la existencia de relaciones estadisticas entre la activi-dad emprendedora y la creacion de empleo en las principales comunas de la Patagonia Chilena (Valdivia, Osorno, Puerto Montt, Coyhaique y Punta Arenas). Para esto se utilizan datos del periodo 2009 al 2012. Como resultado, se encuentra evidencia de que solo en el periodo 2011 a 2012 el empleo efectivamente puede ayudar a predecir el nivel de creacion de empresas. Esta relacion es conocida como “efecto Refu -gio”, el que puede asociarse con un emprendimiento “por necesidad”. No fue posible encontrar evidencia a favor de la hipotesis de que el crecimiento economico es el que genera nuevas oportunidades y con ello una disminucion del desempleo (“efecto Oportunidad”). Los resultados son relevantes por cuanto a la fecha no se han realizado en la Patagonia Chilena estudios o encuestas sobre fuentes primarias que permitan caracterizar el emprendimiento. PALABRAS CLAVE: “Efecto Refugio”, “Efecto Oportunidad”, Emprendimiento, Desempleo.ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND UNEMPLOYMENT DYNAMIC IN THE PATAGONIA OF CHILEABSTRACTThe goal of this work is to research the existence of statistical relations between entrepreneurial activity and the creation of employment at the main communes in Chilean Patagonia (Valdivia, Osorno, Puerto Montt, Coyhaique and Punta Arenas). Data from the 2009-2012 period were used. As a result, evidence was found indicating that only in the period 2011-2012 the employment can effectively help to predict the creation of new business. This relationship is known as “Refuge effect”, which can be associated to “entrepreneurship due to necessity”. No evidence was found to support the hypothesis of

This research is based on the responses to a questionnaire applied to 351 students of business management in Chile and Colombia. Through the analysis of structural equations on Ajzen’s model, we found that entrepreneurial education, the University environment, and the prior entrepreneurial exposure are mediated by the factors of the Ajzen`s model to generate entrepreneurial intention in higher education students. The results show that entrepreneurial education strengthens the perceived control of behavior and, with it, albeit in a differentiated way, the entrepreneurial intention of men and women. University environment affects entrepreneurial intention through attitude towards entrepreneurship; and finally, the work experience, used as one of the variables that measure prior entrepreneurial exposure, explains the entrepreneurial intention inversely through the subjective norms. We found that gender has a moderate effect on perceived control of behavior and entrepreneurial education. The scarce studies on the impact of the University environment and the mixed results of the entrepreneurial education and prior entrepreneurial exposure toward entrepreneurial intention show the necessity for further research. A second contribution is the opportunity to present new evidence about the relationship between University environment, entrepreneurial education and prior exposure to developing countries of South America, including the gender effect (moderator) for entrepreneurial intention. It is important to note that most of the research in this area applies to developed countries, and some scholars suggest that extrapolating the results is not convenient.

espanolEl articulo muestra los resultados del estudio cuyo objetivo fue determinar factores que favorecen el desarrollo de buenas practicas de docentes de educacion superior en dos carreras del area de gestion en una universidad chilena. El tipo de investigacion es cualitativo y la tecnica utilizada para motivar la reflexion de los dos agentes participes (docentes y estudiantes) fue mediante grupos focales. El trabajo de campo consistio en describir, desde la perspectiva de los sujetos, su opinion y reflexion sobre las practicas docentes en el aula. Se realizaron tres sesiones, dos de estudiantes y una de docentes, con una participacion total de 17 estudiantes y 6 docentes. Los resultados detectan ocho factores que potencian las buenas practicas docentes y cinco de ellos se relacionan con el modo de suministro de la informacion. Los docentes poseen actitudes positivas hacia la docencia vinculada a su entorno familiar. Para los estudiantes, lo trascendental para lograr sus aprendizajes es la diversidad de metodologias experimentadas en el aula y el perfil del profesor. EnglishThis article shows the results of the study whose objective was to determine those factors that favor the development of good practices of higher education teachers in two management careers of a Chilean university. The type of research is qualitative and the techniques used to motivate the reflection of the two participating agents (teachers and students) were through focus groups. The field work consisted in describing, from the perspective of the subjects, their opinion and reflection on the teaching practices in the classroom. Three sessions were held, two of students and one of teachers, with a total participation of 17 students and 6 teachers. The results detect eight factors that promote good teaching practices and five of them relate to the way in which information is delivered. Teachers have positive attitudes toward teaching linked to their family environment. For students, a transcendental factor to achieve their learning are the diversity of methodologies experienced in the classroom and the profile of the teacher.

Se analiza el efecto que tiene un curso universitario de estudio de experiencias en emprendimiento sobre la Intención Emprendedora (IE) de los estudiantes que tomaron ese curso. La IE es considerada un requisito previo de la decisión de emprender un negocio y el incremento en los estudios sobre la IE refleja la importancia que se le asigna a este concepto. Los participantes pertenecen a una carrera de ciencias empresariales de una universidad chilena. La investigación sigue una metodología disponible en la literatura y que postula que las variables demográficas, la capacidad percibida y la educación para emprender ayudan a explicar la intención de emprender. Los resultados del estudio muestran que, de un modo global, la IE fue afectada negativamente por el curso. Sin embargo, se obtuvo que los estudiantes que experimentaron el mayor cambio en su voluntad de emprender fueron quienes poseían dos características: consideraban tener los conocimientos, habilidades y experiencia para poner en marcha un nuevo negocio y pertenecían a familias de menores ingresos de renta familiar.

En este trabajo se analizan algunos aspectos determinantes del éxito académico de estudiantes universitarios. Se considera como medida del éxito alcanzado que el estudiante logre ser titulado y egresar, mientras que se considera fracaso a las causales de eliminación, abandono de estudios o traslado. Para esto se elaboró una base de datos de 564 estudiantes universitarios, con 13 variables explicativas clasificadas en tres categorías: características personales, educación media, resultados de la prueba de aptitud académica. Como resultado de aplicar dos modelos logit, las principales variables que resultaron determinantes estadísticamente en el éxito de los estudiantes fueron, en primer lugar las notas de enseñanza media, en segundo lugar el puntaje obtenido en la Prueba de Aptitud Académica de Matemáticas y finalmente el número de años de desfase entre el año de egreso de la enseñanza media y el año de ingreso a la universidad.