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Introduction: The field of Paralympic medicine examines the healthcare issues that are specific to athletes with disabilities. This article presents a historical phenomenon in which the introduction of further activities for patients with neurological conditions led to the hosting of the Paralympic Games. The article describes the complexity of inclusivity in disability health research and outlines the historical context of the emergence of this field of sports medicine. It also presents the main challenges posed by the developing parasport. One of the most significant issues is to guarantee that competition is conducted with the greatest degree of equity possible. This entails ensuring the precision of classification, preventing the over-medicalisation of athletes. It is also imperative that athletes with special requirements are provided with the appropriate support and equipment. The creation of adequate care pathways requires a challenging process, largely due to the inconclusive nature of research findings over the years. Further investigation is necessary to gain a more nuanced understanding of this relatively new area of study. Purpose of work: The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the broader challenges that paramedicine is facing in relation to the rapid development of this branch of sports medicine. Materials and methods: This article is based on the literature found in Pubmed database and other scientific databases. References were researched using following keywords: paralympic games, persons with disabilities, paramedicine, para-athletes, Conclusions: The advancement of Paralympic medicine is markedly expedited by a synthesis of qualitative and quantitative research methodologies. The integration of these two approaches yields invaluable insights into the personal perspectives of athletes on their health, while also facilitating statistically significant, evidence-based results on the analysis of large groups of athletes.

Introduction Rhodiola rosea L. is an adaptogen with an international reach, widely used in modern medicine. Scientific studies indicate that extracts obtained from Rhodiola rosea L. have a beneficial effect on various pathological conditions, including circulatory system diseases, neurological disorders and metabolic ailments. The wide range of applications of these compounds, combined with potentially low toxicity, makes Rhodiola rosea L. a promising candidate for integration in therapies supporting the treatment of diseases affecting various body systems. The aim of this review is to analyze contemporary research on the potential properties of Rhodiola rosea L., as well as to establish the foundation for further research and development of preparations based on this plant. Materials and Methods The review was conducted by searching PubMed and other scientific databases focusing on currently available publications. The literature available in the PubMed database was reviewed using the following keywords: “rhodiola rosea”, “adaptogen”, "cardiovascular diseases”, “neurological diseases”, “diabetes”. The analysis of 45 articles published between 1998-2023 was used to write the paper.

Introduction Sodium butyrate is an organic chemical compound belonging to sodium salts, which has the potential to be used in anticancer therapy. It reduces inflammation of the intestinal mucosa and promotes the development of beneficial intestinal flora, thanks to which it helps maintain homeostasis. Therefore, butyrate reduces the risk of developing colon cancer or reverses pathological changes occurring under the influence of this cancer. Scientific studies have also shown a beneficial effect of butyrate on the side effects of anticancer treatment - chemotherapy and radiotherapy. A proper diet also has a beneficial effect on the production of endogenous butyrate and reduces the risk of developing colon cancer. It is recommended to use a Mediterranean diet, rich in dietary fiber, highly unsaturated fatty acids and fresh vegetables and fruits. It is recommended to avoid highly processed products, rich in simple sugars and saturated fatty acids, and to limit the consumption of red meat. Materials and methods This article is based on the literature found in the PubMed and other scientific databases from the period of 1978-2023 with the use of key words such as “butyrate” “sodium butyrate” “colon cancer” “anticancer treatment” “intestinal microbiota” “Mediterranean diet” Conclusion Sodium butyrate is a potential substance that, through its properties, may support the treatment of colorectal cancer. Additionally, the use of an appropriate diet has a positive effect on the intestinal microflora, allowing the action of sodium butyrate and reducing the risk of colorectal cancer.

Migraine is a common and debilitating neurological disorder. It is crucial to realize that migraines are distinguished from other types of headaches. People suffering from migraine are often unable to function normally, neglecting work and daily duties. The associated costs burden not only the patients but also their family and social life. What is more, many psychiatric comorbidities are common in migraine patients. Because of all these factors, preventive treatment is essential because it can decrease migraine frequency and improve quality of life. There are many preventative medications but satisfactory improvement in reducing the frequency of migraine attacks may not be achieved without modification of lifestyle including taking care of physical activity and supplementation. Many studies have shown that moderate physical activity and supplementation of vitamins B2, D, coenzyme Q10 and magnesium has a positive effect on reducing duration and frequency of the migraine attack.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the 8th most common condition in the modern world. Unfortunately, it becomes more and more frequent and constitutes a significant global health problem, affecting millions of people worldwide. Therefore, its treatment is an important topic among researchers all over the world. It has been the subject of many trials, so it will eventually be as effective, secure, and comfortable for patients as it possibly can be. That is why updating and assembling current knowledge is the key to organizing information. This paper focuses on pharmacological treatment and nutritional guidelines for CKD pre-dialysis patients, as well as physical activity outcomes. It aims to summarize this knowledge, educate, and help doctors in their daily clinical work.

Introduction: Epilepsy is a prevalent neurological condition that continues to pose therapeutic challenges. Despite the availability of various antiepileptic medications, up to one-third of patients still experience insufficient control of their seizures. One approach to managing epilepsy, particularly in drug-resistant cases, is the ketogenic diet. This diet, along with its variations, has shown effectiveness in reducing seizures across all age groups, with additional improvements in behavior. However, despite numerous studies, the exact mechanisms behind its therapeutic effects and potential risks to the body remain unclear. This review of the current literature outlines the fundamental principles and variations of the ketogenic diet, evaluates its safety and effectiveness in treating epilepsy, and explores the possible mechanisms underlying its success. Materials and methods: This article is based on the literature found in the PubMed database with the use of keywords like: "drug resistance epilepsy", "ketogenic diet", "epilepsy treatment". Conclusion: The ketogenic diet is an effective treatment for epilepsy, especially drug-resistant forms. It reduces the number of seizures and it also has a positive effect on patients' sleep and cognitive functions. Despite many years of using the diet and observing its effects we still do not fully understand its mechanisms of action.

The nasal septum is a key component of the nasal structure, affecting proper airflow and providing support for the nasal structures. A deviated septum (DSN) can lead to breathing disorders, impaired nasal patency, recurrent nosebleeds, olfactory disorders and frequent upper respiratory tract infections. In competitive sports, where ventilation performance is critical, septal deviation can adversely affect athletic performance. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of septoplasty on patients' physical performance. Methodes This article is based on the available literature found in the Google Scholar, PubMed database with the use of key words such as ,,septoplasty'', ,,nasal septal deviation'', ,,septoplasty quality of life'', ,,nasal septal deviation athletes'', ,,septoplasty sport'', ,,nasal obstruction sport''. Results Conducted studies show that surgical correction of a deviated nasal septum improves physical performance as well as respiratory and cardiovascular functions. Restoring proper airflow through the nose after surgery leads to a noticeable improvement in physical performance, highlighting the significance of septoplasty in enhancing patient comfort and improving athletic outcomes.

Eating disorders are a significant health problem among athletes, affecting both physical performance and mental well-being. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the existing scientific literature on the prevalence, risk factors, and consequences of eating disorders in athletes. By synthesizing the results of the research, this article aims to show the unique challenges that athletes face in terms of eating behavior and to propose directions for future research and intervention strategies.

Introduction: Dermatoses are a common problem among athletes due to exposure to various chemical substances, close skin contact with other individuals and higher risk of abrasions and skin trauma. Dermatoses affecting athletes may be divided to inflammatory, infectious and mechanical dermatoses. Due to various presentations, athletes should not neglect any lesions on their skin and should seek medical help. Physicians must remember about thorough examination including skin, to check if athletes can exercise and participate in sport events. Purpose of work: The aim of this article is to emphasize the association between dermatoses and sport activities, including the necessity of their proper diagnosis and treatment. Materials and methods: Articles in Pubmed database were researched using following keywords: dermatoses among athletes, sport dermatoses, infections among athletes, exercise-induced anaphylaxis. Conclusions: Skin diseases may affect athletes’ performance and require them to cease professional training and close contact with other athletes. Physicians must remember the necessity of an accurate diagnosis and prompt initiation of the treatment to avoid delay in practice, team training and competitions.

Endometriosis is common chronic condition that can cause acute and chronic pain. It affects 5-10 % of women in their reproductive years. It is characterized by the presence of endometrial- like tissue outside the uterus and it is associated with pelvic pain and infertility. Diagnosis of endometriosis requires laparotomy or laparoscopy. Therefore, there is often a delay from initial symptoms to diagnosis and treatment. There is no effective treatment. Current therapeutic methods aim to reduce pain and treat infertility. It include surgery, hormonal treatments and analgesics in case of a pain. Additionally, this methods have their limitations in form of side effects and unsatisfactory therapeutic effect. [1,2] Wherefore physical activity (PA) and exercise have been suggested as alternative treatments.[3] In this study authors perform a systematic review to evaluate the effect of PA and exercise on endometriosis-related symptoms.