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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are prevalent in primary healthcare settings, with persistent recurrences posing significant challenges. These recurrences necessitate extended antibiotic use, adversely affecting patients' quality of life, mental health, and physical activity. The evolving defense mechanisms of bacteria against the host immune system and antibiotics complicate treatment. This article examines the pathomechanisms of recurrent UTIs, focusing on bacterial defense factors. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for developing innovative treatments, particularly non-antibiotic methods, to reduce antibiotic use and its associated side effects, thereby improving patients' overall well-being. The review synthesizes current knowledge on the pathomechanisms, diagnostics, and treatments for recurrent UTIs, emphasizing the impact on patients' mental and physical health. It highlights innovative, non-antibiotic treatment approaches.

Obesity is a condition characterized by excessive and abnormal accumulation of fat tissue. It disrupts energy homeostasis, leading to severe health problems. Physical activity is a significant part of reducing obesity. If sport activities are not enough, pharmacological management may be needed. One of pharmacological approaches to obesity treatment is a use of semaglutide. It is a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Semaglutide presents many pleiotropic effects and has an impact on several organ systems, such as cardiovascular, digestive, or nervous systems. Clinicals should remember about semaglutide’s complex mechanisms of actions and different adverse effects.

Introduction and purpose Thyroid ailments are frequently encountered in medical practice, often intertwined with a variety of conditions that may or may not share common underlying factors. Among the organs profoundly influenced by these disorders is the skin, which manifests a diverse array of clinical presentations. However, the exact changes in the structure of skin appendages have not been well studied. Changes in hair structure or nail findings may be helpful in early diagnosis of thyroid disorders and therefore are important for dermatologist education. Hair loss can be a very uncomfortable and embarrassing ailment. Many diseases, nutritional deficiencies, stress and other factors can affect the hair condition and even induce its falling out. This review seeks to explore the numerous skin disorders arising directly or indirectly from thyroid irregularities, offering an updated understanding of the interplay between thyroid function and skin health. State of Knowledge It is well-established in scientific literature that thyroid gland disorders, particularly hypothyroidism, induce metabolic deceleration, influencing the inadequate nourishment of skin appendages, resulting in skin dryness and fragility. Patients commonly report pallor, cold intolerance, and deteriorating hair and nail quality. Conclusion We noticed strong correlation between hair loss and the autoimmune process during the dysfunction of thyroid. Euthyroidism plays an important role in hair cycle and any changes can disturb its proper development. In Hashimoto disease elevated levels of antibodies negatively influence hair cycle by excessively inducing telogen phase. Moreover, the blood vessels of the skin constrict disrupting the blood flow which affects hair follicles.

Introduction: Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) is a quite common but often unrecognised vasospastic condition of the peripheral vessels. This may happen after exposure to the cold, stress, vibrations or a wide range of medical conditions. It causes episodic colour changes of the digits, firstly there is a pallor, followed by cyanosis and/or redness, usually with pain. Raynaud’s phenomenon can be primary (i.e. Raynaud’s disease) or secondary (i.e. Raynaud’s syndrome) to underlying disease. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to discuss the complex and incompletely understood pathophysiology of Raynaud’s phenomenon and to evaluate treatment approaches of both ‘uncomplicated’ - mostly primary and ‘complicated’ - mostly secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon. State of knowledge: Raynaud’s phenomenon is a common disorder with an unclear pathophysiology. Although many treatment approaches have been reported, there is still no cure or gold standard therapy. Further investigations into treatment are required. Conclusions: Future research is needed to understand the complex pathogenesis of RP and to develop optimised approaches to management.

Complaints of diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms are common among endurance runners. These problems may interfere with athletic activities and be the main cause of underperformance during sports events. It is estimated that this difficulty affects 30 to 90 percent of long-distance runners. The most important pathophysiological factors affecting the occurrence of gastrointestinal symptoms are ischemia and mechanical damage to the intestines, as well as the secretion of neuroendocrine substances. The diet before physical exercise is also one of the most significant factors related to the appearance of gastrointestinal symptoms. Avoiding the intake of fat, caffeine, protein, fiber, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and dehydration before performance is one of the suggestions for preventing runner’s diarrhea. There are new recommendations for athletes, such as avoidance of fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) and the intake of multiple transportable carbohydrates. It seems that a short-term gluten free diet has no effect on the performance of athletes but further research is needed. Mechanisms of runner’s diarrhea are still poorly understood, so more research needs to be conducted to improve the recommendations to runners.

Introduction and purpose: Chimeric antigen receptor‐T (CAR‐T) cells have achieved inspiring outcomes in the treatment for lymphoid malignancies, especially diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), providing alternative therapeutic options for patients who failed to respond to conventional treatments. CAR-T are based on the patient's T lymphocytes, which through genetic modification, gain new abilities to detect and fight cancer cells. Although the percentage of complete remissions after standard treatment of B-cell malignancies is quite high, methods that could have an even better result regarding patient survival by reducing the side effects of treatment are still being sought to improve the quality of patients' lives. CAR-T is a culmination of many years of research in the dynamically developing area of immunotherapy as a revolutionary therapy of hematological cancers treatments. State of knowledge: In order to explore the topic, analysis included research available in the PubMed database. The research focused on the possibility of using CAR-T cell therapy in selected hematological cancers. Conclusion: CAR-T is one of the most advanced and personalized methods of immunotherapy. Despite the side effects of this method, there is still scope for improvement. Our overview summarizes all the issues that have been overcome in designing this therapy, as well as highlighting all the challenges that still need to be addressed.

Introduction Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal pulmonary disease that leads to progressive fibrosis and extremely poor resaults.. Since the etiology is unknown, there are highly limited options of the IPF treatment. The researchers are trying to discover the most valuable targets, leading them to the agents registered in different conditions or not registered as any other treatment. This innovative approach can result in IPF being determined as not fatal. Purpose The purpose of our review is to present possible future treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and point out the promising targets that could lead the researchers to the development of better IPF management. Materials and methods We have reviewed the literature from the PubMed database searching for clinical trials, meta analysis and randomized controlled trials from the past 5 years. The keywords we agreed on offered us the most informative articles and made us hope for the further development of our article. Results Our review shows that there are new targets that could significantly benefit IPF treatment. However, the means we presented in our review need more research to prove its safeness, effectiveness in slowing down the decline of the FVC, improving patients’ physical efficiency, their saturation level and most importantly their ability to stop the continuous fibrosis of the lungs. Conclusions The only treatment registered for IPF are nintedanib and pirfenidone, but the researchers continue the exploration of new possible measures to improve the survival rate and quality of life of the patients suffering from this fatal disease.

The use of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors has recently increased as a result of demonstrating their superior efficacy compared to traditional chemotherapy in various cancer subtypes in many preclinical studies and clinical trials. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of PARP and their underlying foci that can be used as screening markers for potential new therapeutic options would aid rational treatment strategies and improve long-term patient outcomes. The available data on acute leukemia suggest potential windows for effective treatment of PARPi in disease subgroups. In this review, we summarize the current advances in the most common PARP-based adjuvant therapies and combination strategies for the treatment of acute leukemia and discuss the future prospects and challenges of therapy with PARP inhibitors. We also discuss reports describing an increased risk of cancer treatment in patients receiving PARP inhibitors for solid tumors. The research material were publications, the search was carried out using a combination of keywords such as: "PARP inhibitor", "acute leukemia", "therapy", "PARP clinical trials". The first step was to find relevant publications from the last 15 years. The second step was to review the publications found. Studies have shown that PARP inhibitors play an increasing role in the treatment of leukemia. In addition, focusing research efforts on identifying the most effective drug combinations and sequences could help to further shape the role of PARPi in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

Introduction and purpose: Muscle weakness in newborns, infants and young children can be caused by disorders of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are a group of rare genetic diseases whose symptoms resemble the clinical picture of autoimmune myasthenia gravis. There are many mutations that can disrupt the neuromuscular transmission leading to pathology. The diagnosis of CMS is based on genetic testing. The aim of this study is to draw clinicians' attention to the symptoms and present current forms of CMS diagnosis and management. State of knowledge: An increasing number of genetic changes are associated with CMS pathology. They are divided, depending on the location in the NMJ of the encoded protein, into presynaptic, synaptic and postsynaptic. The most common disorder is the mutation of CHRNE, which is responsible for the expression of one of the subunits in the structure of the acetylcholine receptor. Regardless of the type of disease, the characteristic symptom is uncommon fatigue of skeletal muscles. It may present as ptosis of one or both eyelids or gait disturbance. The interview, laboratory tests and EMG are helpful in the diagnosis, but genetic tests play a key role. They can target specific mutations or cover the entire genome comprehensively. Currently used drugs alleviate the course of CMS by increasing the release of acetylcholine or increasing the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft. Conclusion: Because of its rarity and variability, many CMS patients may be misdiagnosed. It is important to implement extensive genetic diagnostics and early implementation of treatment. There is a need for long-term studies of CMS cases and implementation of therapies targeted at specific mutations.

Introduction and purpose: Bartholin's glands are paired structures, playing a significant role in lubricating the vagina through the production of mucus. They are physiologically undetectable, but when their ducts are clogged, the accumulating secretion can lead to various pathologies. The most common are cysts and abscesses, the symptomatic conditions of which are the causes of nearly 2% of gynecological visits annually. Statistically, they most frequently occur in women of childbearing age, however, young age is not a rule. The aim of the study is to summarize the state of knowledge about Bartholin's gland cysts and abscesses, with an indication of the currently used therapies. State of knowledge: In some cases, the course of these pathologies can be asymptomatic, however, the rest of the patients may experience unpleasant symptoms and require treatment. During diagnostics, it is important to carefully collect an interview and conduct a physical examination, because in most cases on this basis it is possible to make an accurate diagnosis. However, in case of doubt, imaging tests can also be used. There may be times when patients with asymptomatic cysts may not require treatment. Nevertheless, choosing the right therapy is sometimes challenging for the clinician due to the potential risk of symptoms recurring. Conclusion: Although there are many different treatments available, the most commonly used appears to be marsupialization or incision and drainage with Word catheter placement. Additionally, an increasing number of articles devoted to the use of the CO2 laser can also be observed, but even it has its drawbacks. For this reason, there is still a need for further research into new methods of treatment that would ensure both good results and high comfort for the patients.

Abstract Introduction Cyclosporine is commonly used in treatment for alopecia areata. It can be administered as a monotherapy or in combination with systemic corticosteroids, with various outcomes. Methods Efficacy of cyclosporine with and without systemic corticosteroids for alopecia areata was evaluated by a systematic review. Cochrane, EBSCOhost, Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched. Only studies published before January 2020 were included. Results A total of 2104 studies were initially examined, of which 14 were eligible for the systematic review. Among 340 reported cases, 213 had focal, multifocal or ophiasis form of alopecia areata, 60 were diagnosed with alopecia totalis and 67 with alopecia universalis. The mean response rate in the whole group of patients at the end of treatment was 65.00% (221/340; range 25–100%). Hair regrowth rate was higher in the group with cases of alopecia areata limited to scalp (124/165; mean 75.15%; range 40–100%) than in the cases with alopecia totalis (30/46; mean 65.22%; range 25–100%) or alopecia universalis (24/52; mean 46.15%; range 25–100%). The combined therapy with systemic corticosteroids was superior to the monotherapy (152/219; mean 69.41%; 0–80% vs. 69/121; mean 57.02%; range 6.67–100%) and had a lower recurrence rate (39/108; mean 36.11% vs. 34/46; mean 73.91%, respectively). The combined treatment with methylprednisolone was significantly more effective when compared to the cyclosporine monotherapy (124/183; mean 67.76%; range 0–80% vs. 69/121; mean 57.02%; range 6.67–100%). The mean time of treatment was 6.75 months (range 2–36). Limitations Limitations of our study were the retrospective character of included studies, differences in doses of prescribed drugs, and duration of the treatment and follow-up times. Conclusion Cyclosporine in combination with oral systemic corticosteroids is more effective than in monotherapy for severe alopecia areata.

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, recurrent inflammatory skin disorder manifesting by eczematous lesions and intense pruritus. Atopic dermatitis develops primarily as a result of an epidermal barrier defect and immunological imbalance. Advances in understanding these pathogenetic hallmarks, and particularly the complex role of interleukins as atopic dermatitis drivers, resulted in achieving significant therapeutic breakthroughs. Novel medications involve monoclonal antibodies specifically blocking the function of selected interleukins and small molecules such as Janus kinase inhibitors limiting downstream signaling to reduce the expression of a wider array of proinflammatory factors. Nevertheless, a subset of patients remains refractory to those treatments, highlighting the complexity of atopic dermatitis immunopathogenesis in different populations. In this review, we address the immunological heterogeneity of atopic dermatitis endotypes and phenotypes and present novel interleukin-oriented therapies for this disease.

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by eczematous lesions, itch, and a significant deterioration in the quality of life. Recently, microbiome dysbiosis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Changes in the fungal microbiome (also termed mycobiome) appear to be an important factor influencing the clinical picture of this entity. This review summarizes the available insights into the role of the cutaneous mycobiome in atopic dermatitis and the new research possibilities in this field. The prevalence and characteristics of key fungal species, the most important pathogenesis pathways, as well as classic and emerging therapies of fungal dysbiosis and infections complicating atopic dermatitis, are presented.

The article presents the results of satellite railway track position measurements performed by a multidisciplinary research team, the members of which represented Gdansk University of Technology and Gdynia Maritime University. Measuring methods are described which were used for reconstructing the railway track axis position and diagnosing railway track geometry deformations. As well as that, the description of the novel method developed by the authors to perform mobile GNSS measurements is included. The reported research aimed at assessing the uncertainty of railway track axis reconstruction making use of the dynamic GNSS method. To assess the applicability of this method, the obtained results were compared with those from the stationary measurement method used in railway business. The data used for comparison was recorded on the same railway track section during several measurement campaigns. In these campaigns, different types of GNSSs with different position recording frequencies (1–100 Hz) were used at different measurement speeds (5–70 km/h). The performed analysis has shown that the accuracy of railway track axis reconstruction making use of mobile GNSS measurements is sufficient for using this methodology in railway business.

Pediatric cancers predominantly constitute lymphomas and leukemias. Recently, our knowledge and awareness about genetic diversities, and their consequences in these diseases, have greatly expanded. Modern solutions are focused on mobilizing and impacting a patient’s immune system. Strategies to stimulate the immune system, to prime an antitumor response, are of intense interest. Amid those types of therapies are chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells, bispecific antibodies, and antibody–drug conjugates (ADC), which have already been approved in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)/acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In addition, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), i.e., NOD-like receptors (NLRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and several kinds of therapy antibodies are well on their way to showing significant benefits for patients with these diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge of modern methods used in selected pediatric malignancies and presents therapies that may hold promise for the future.

Safety is one of the key aspects related to crane-based material transport. In order to ensure safe crane operation and material transport, it is necessary to meet certain geometrical conditions. The authors addressed the geometrical conditions of a crane bridge, a substantial crane component. The paper presents the method to compute displacement components of points on the top of a bridge crane relative to their design position. Theoretical considerations presented in the paper have been verified on simulated data. Keeping in mind the proper operation of a crane bridge, the authors proposed in the analyses the use of geometrical relations (perpendicular and parallel character) between end carriages and girders, not previously included in the available literature. The obtained results show that the presented method may be successfully applied to check the geometry of a crane bridge.

The article discusses the issue of hydrostatic leveling. Its application is presented in structural health monitoring systems in order to determine vertical displacements of controlled points. Moreover, the article includes a complete computation scheme that utilizes the estimation from observation differences, allowing the elimination of the influence of individual sensors’ systematic errors. The authors suggest two concepts of processing the measurement results depending on the sensors’ connection method. Additionally, the second concept is extended by the elements allowing the prediction of the displacements by means of Kalman filtering.