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Pore-resolved direct numerical simulations (DNS) are performed to investigate the interactions between streamflow turbulence and groundwater flow through a randomly packed porous sediment bed for three permeability Reynolds numbers, $Re_K$, of 2.56, 5.17, and 8.94, representative of natural stream or river systems. Time-space averaging is used to quantify the Reynolds stress, form-induced stress, mean flow and shear penetration depths, and mixing length at the sediment-water interface (SWI). The mean flow and shear penetration depths increase with $Re_K$ and are found to be nonlinear functions of non-dimensional permeability. The peaks and significant values of the Reynolds stresses, form-induced stresses, and pressure variations are shown to occur in the top layer of the bed, which is also confirmed by conducting simulations of just the top layer as roughness elements over an impermeable wall. The probability distribution functions (PDFs) of normalized local bed stress are found to collapse for all Reynolds numbers and their root mean-squared fluctuations are assumed to follow logarithmic correlations. The fluctuations in local bed stress and resultant drag and lift forces on sediment grains are mainly a result of the top layer, their PDFs are symmetric with heavy tails, and can be well represented by a non-Gaussian model fit. The bed stress statistics and the pressure data at the SWI can potentially be used in providing better boundary conditions in modeling of incipient motion and reach-scale transport in the hyporheic zone., Comment: 34 pages, 15 figures, 9 tables. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2204.13875

Pore-resolved direct numerical simulations of turbulent open channel flow are performed comparing the structure and dynamics of turbulence over impermeable rough and smooth walls to a porous sediment bed at permeability Reynolds number ($Re_K$) of 2.6, representative of aquatic beds. Four configurations are investigated; namely, (i) permeable bed with randomly packed sediment grains, (ii) an impermeable-wall with full layer of roughness elements matching the top layer of the sediment bed, (iii) an impermeable-wall with half layer of roughness elements , and (iv) a smooth wall. A double-averaging methodology is used to compute the mean velocity, Reynolds stresses, form-induced stresses, and turbulent kinetic energy budget. It is observed that the mean velocity, Reynolds stresses, and form-induced pressure-velocity correlations representing upwelling and downwelling fluxes are similar in magnitude for the permeable-bed and impermeable-full layer wall cases. However, for the impermeable-half layer case, the wall blocking effect results in higher streamwise and lower wall-normal stresses compared to the permeable-bed case. Bed roughness increases Reynolds shear stress whereas permeability has minimal influence. Bed permeability, in contrast to Reynolds stresses, significantly influences form-induced shear stress. Bed shear stress statistics show that probability of extreme events increases in permeable bed and rough wall cases as compared to the smooth wall. Findings suggest that bed permeability can have significant impact on modeling of hyporheic exchange and its effect on bed shear and pressure fluctuations are better captured by considering at least the top layer of sediment., Comment: 31 pages, 18 figures, journal paper