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Horses revolutionized human history with fast mobility1. However, the timeline between their domestication and their widespread integration as a means of transport remains contentious2-4. Here we assemble a collection of 475 ancient horse genomes to assess the period when these animals were first reshaped by human agency in Eurasia. We find that reproductive control of the modern domestic lineage emerged around 2200 BCE, through close-kin mating and shortened generation times. Reproductive control emerged following a severe domestication bottleneck starting no earlier than approximately 2700 BCE, and coincided with a sudden expansion across Eurasia that ultimately resulted in the replacement of nearly every local horse lineage. This expansion marked the rise of widespread horse-based mobility in human history, which refutes the commonly held narrative of large horse herds accompanying the massive migration of steppe peoples across Europe around 3000 BCE and earlier3,5. Finally, we detect significantly shortened generation times at Botai around 3500 BCE, a settlement from central Asia associated with corrals and a subsistence economy centred on horses6,7. This supports local horse husbandry before the rise of modern domestic bloodlines.

Aim of the study was to investigate quality of life indicators in children and adolescents with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in the Mongoloid and Caucasian populations of the Republic of Tyva. Material and Methods. Schoolchildren aged 7–18 years of the indigenous (25 Mongoloids – Tuvans with GERD and 354 practically healthy) and newcomers population Republic of Tyva (5 Caucasians with GERD and 158 practically healthy) were examined using a cross-sectional method. Gastroenterological complaints and demographic information were recorded. To assess the quality of life of children, adapted Russian parent (CHQ-PF28) and child (CHQ-PF45) versions of the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ) were used. The questionnaire allows you to assess various areas of a child’s life. Results and discussion. A decrease in the quality of life was established in schoolchildren of both ethnic populations in the presence of GERD on a number of scales as assessed by the children themselves and their parents. However, unlike parents, children’s assessments tended to decrease in the “family cohesion” section (p = 0.068), which, to a certain extent, may reflect the presence of intrafamily problems that can have a traumatic effect on the child. According to parents’ assessments, in schoolchildren with GERD in the Caucasian population, the decrease in indicators concerned only the “physical activity” scale (p = 0.039). In the Tuvan population, more extensive deviations were noted ‒ in sections “general health assessment” (p = 0.041), “physical activity” (p = 0.024), “changes in health status” (p = 0.006), “pain/ discomfort” (p = 0.037). According to the assessment of children, Caucasians with GERD did not show a decrease in indicators, and Tuvans with GERD had fewer deviations on the scales than, according to their parents. Conclusions. Tyva schoolchildren with GERD showed a decrease in quality of life indicators, which was more pronounced among Mongoloids - Tuvans, and there were differences in its assessment by the children themselves and their parents.

The strategy for the development of the Arctic zone of Russia is primarily aimed at improving the quality of life of the Arctic population, health saving and reducing morbidity. The climatic and geographical conditions of the Arctic zone are extremely uncomfortable for living and cause the development of a number of diseases, as well as the polysyndrome of “northern stress”. Moreover, the Arctic population is affected by persistent organic pollutants that enter the body through a traditional diet and contribute to the development of oncological diseases by suppressing the functions of the immune system. Cytokines — proteins encoded by genes with a high degree of polymorphism, responsible for the nature of inflammatory processes, for the effectiveness of defense functions of the body in response to infections and the oncological process development — are one of the main mediators of the immune system. The distribution of polymorphisms in the cytokine genes produced by different types of cells of immune system (rs2069762 IL2, rs2243250 IL4, rs2069812 IL5, rs1800872 IL10, rs1800925 IL13, rs2275913 IL17A, rs7044343 IL33) in the populations of Nenets, Dolgan-Nganasans and Slavs was studied. Analysis of the results showed that the frequency of TG and GG genotypes rs2069762 IL2, CT genotype rs2243250 IL4, CT genotype rs2069812 IL5, TG genotype rs1800872 IL10, CC genotype rs1800925 IL13, GA genotype rs2275913 IL17A, CC rs7044343 IL33 genotype is significantly higher in Arctic populations compared to Slavs, and may be a potential genetic marker of disease development. The studied mutations are associated with the expression level of the corresponding cytokines and their production, which entails changes in the functioning of the cytokine network. It can be concluded that the indigenous inhabitants of the Russian Arctic have genetically determined rapid development of immune reactions, protection to the development of allergic diseases and resistance to the formation of malignant tumours in comparison with Slavs, i.e. the immigrant population.

The paper reports on the results of reinterpretation of the Neolithic complexes of Hissar I–IV of the Ak-Tangi site, a field study of which was carried out in the middle of the 20th century. At the time of its discovery, only the Hissar Neolithic Culture had been studied in the mountainous part of Central Asia, which the Ak-Tangi materials were attributed to. At the new stage of the research, a comprehensive analysis of the archival materials and surviving collection, which comprises palaeofaunal materia and lithic and bone artefacts, was performed, and radiocarbon dating and ZooMS-analysis were employed on some of the bone artefacts.

Numerous studies suggest a negative impact of problematic internet use (PIU) not only on mental health but also on somatic components of adolescent health. The present study aimed to identify the associations between different types of PIU – generalized PIU (GPIU), problematic video game use (PVGU), and problematic social media use (PSMU) – and recurrent pain symptoms (headache, abdominal pain, and back pain), as well as to determine the role of psychosocial factors in these associations. In a cross-sectional school-based study, 4411 urban Siberian adolescents were asked about the presence, frequency, and intensity of pain symptoms in the past three months. Standardized psychometric scales were used to assess GPIU, PSMU and PVGU. Given the presence of psychosocial problems as a major confounder, direct associations of PSMU and GPIU with recurrent pain symptoms (headache, abdominal pain, and back pain) were found. PVGU was weakly associated only with abdominal pain. Further analysis indicated that the positive associations were largely mediated by comorbid psychosocial problems. These findings highlight the importance of addressing both problematic internet use and comorbid psychosocial problems to effectively reduce PIU-associated recurrent headaches, abdominal pain, and back pain among adolescents.

The grey wolf (Canis lupus) was the first species to give rise to a domestic population, and they remained widespread throughout the last Ice Age when many other large mammal species went extinct. Little is known, however, about the history and possible extinction of past wolf populations or when and where the wolf progenitors of the present-day dog lineage (Canis familiaris) lived1-8. Here we analysed 72 ancient wolf genomes spanning the last 100,000 years from Europe, Siberia and North America. We found that wolf populations were highly connected throughout the Late Pleistocene, with levels of differentiation an order of magnitude lower than they are today. This population connectivity allowed us to detect natural selection across the time series, including rapid fixation of mutations in the gene IFT88 40,000-30,000 years ago. We show that dogs are overall more closely related to ancient wolves from eastern Eurasia than to those from western Eurasia, suggesting a domestication process in the east. However, we also found that dogs in the Near East and Africa derive up to half of their ancestry from a distinct population related to modern southwest Eurasian wolves, reflecting either an independent domestication process or admixture from local wolves. None of the analysed ancient wolf genomes is a direct match for either of these dog ancestries, meaning that the exact progenitor populations remain to be located.

Abstract This study investigated novel methods for treating the surface of nitrilebutadiene rubber to enhance its stability and resistance to thermal oxidation and aggressive media. The rubber surface was modified [...]

Aim. To study the functional activity of blood eosinophils in patients with Opisthorchis felineus (O. felineus) invasion.Material and methods. A total of 328 patients with O. felineus invasion (120 men and 208 women, mean age 40.3 years) and 34 practically healthy patients (14 men and 20 women, mean age 41.1 years) aged 18 to 70 years were examined. The main method for diagnosing opisthorchiasis was the determination of eggs or bodies of adult parasites in the duodenal contents and/or feces, which was used in all 328 patients with opisthorchiasis. All patients underwent a complete blood count and biochemical blood test, esophagogastroduodenoscopy and ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs. The study of the functional activity of blood eosinophils was carried out in 42 patients with opisthorchiasis and 34 healthy individuals from the control group by chemiluminescent analysis with the measurement of the intensity of production of reactive oxygen species in spontaneous and zymosan-induced reactions in lucigenin- and luminol-dependent processes.Results. The frequency of eosinophils in the complete blood count above 5% in the examined patients with opisthorchiasis was 19.5%. An increase in the content of eosinophils in the blood in patients with opisthorchiasis was associated with an increase in the frequency of complaints of pain in the right hypochondrium, pruritus, skin rashes, an increase in the proportion of leukopenia and neutropenia, an increase in the level of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in the blood, and an increase in the frequency of ultrasound signs of cholecystitis. At the same time, a pronounced increase in the functional activity of blood eosinophils, determined by the chemiluminescent method, was observed in patients with O. felineus invasion.Conclusions. Patients with O. felineus invasion with an increase in the content of eosinophils in the blood due to the likelihood of an aggressive course of the pathology deserve the close attention of practitioners with the need for a thorough comprehensive examination of patients, including immunological methods.

Northern Bactria in the Bronze Age became the arena of complex processes of interaction between the local population and the world of the Eurasian steppes. During this period, the early urban agricultural Sapalli culture, where the contacts of the two traditions were reflected not only in material but also in spiritual culture, developed and functioned on the territory of the south of modern Uzbekistan. Based on the results of studies of the burial grounds of Bustan VI–VII, the first-time attempt to verify the funeral rite with the written sources of the ancient Indo-Aryans and Indo-Iranians was made in the present work. The chosen approach made it possible to solve simultaneously several problems: to clarify the path of advancement of the Indo-Aryan tribes to India; trace one of the ideological foundations of the formation of the Bactrian civilization; illustrate the impact on the local environment of the steppe ethnos represented by the Andronovo population, identified with the Indo-Aryans. The results of the realized work allow us to speak about the significant presence of the Aryan tradition in Sapalli society and the emergence of new forms of funeral rituals. The changed mythological and ritual statements in cosmogonic representations have established as their main constant the maintenance of universal balance and order, carried out through a system of sacrifices, the highest of which at the final stage of life was a person.

Data on the relationship of headaches with Internet addiction is rather inconsistent. Purpose: to establish common risk factors for the development of various types of Internet addiction and primary types of headache. Materials and methods. 5195 schoolchildren aged 11-18 in Siberia were examined. Internet addiction and its types were determined using the Chen questionnaire, Game Addiction Scale and The Social Media Disorder Scale; Type of headache (migraine or tension headache) – according to the questionnaire of S.Yu. Tereshchenko, based on The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (beta version), 2013; Mental disorders – in computerized testing in the program “The Development and Well-Being Assessment” (DAWBA, R. Goodman et al.) Results. It has been established that Internet addiction occurs 6 times more often in migraine and 3 times more often in tension headache. However, this relationship is only observed for Social Media Disorder. The connection of headaches with Game Addiction has not been revealed. At the same times headaches (especially migraine) and Internet addiction (predominantly social media disorder) have a common comorbid pathology and risk factors: recurrent abdomen pain, back pain, insomnia, daytime sleepiness, gastroesophageal reflux disease, asthenic syndrome, emotional problems, hyperactivity, high prognosis of mental pathology.

The available data convincingly show the presence of multiple pathophysiological links that explain the high probability of developing metabolic syndrome (MetS) in patients with affective disorders, and MetS itself has been proposed as a premorbid condition in patients with depression in cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of the study was to investigate the association of depressive disorders with MetS and its components in migrants of the Far North with arterial hypertension after moving to new climatic and geographical living conditions.Material and methods. 267 patients of both sexes with arterial hypertension who arrived from the regions of the Far North for permanent residence in Central Siberia were examined. MetS verification was carried out in accordance with the clinical recommendations of the All-Russian Scientific Society of Cardiology (2009). To identify and assess the severity of depressive disorders, the hospital scale of anxiety and depression HADS was used.Results and discussion. Among migrants of the Far North with hypertension symptoms of depression and depressive disorders of a clinically pronounced nature occurred more frequently (36.3 and 14.1 %, respectively) compared to persons permanently residing in Krasnoyarsk (21.4 and 6.1 %, respectively, p = 0.001 and p = 0.011). Former residents of the Far North with signs of depression were much more likely to have three- and four-component combinations of MetS. Migrants of the Far North with MetS suffering from depressive disorders are characterized by the highest frequency of the five-component cluster of MetS.Conclusions. Among migrants of the Far North with hypertension, the incidence of depression in general, and especially of a clinically pronounced nature, is significantly higher compared to patients permanently residing in Krasnoyarsk; when their depression level rises, three- and four-component MC combinations become more common. The results of the correlation analysis suggest the existence of relationships between the level of depression and lipid metabolism in migrants of the Far North.

Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare1. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling2-4 at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 BC3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia5 and Anatolia6, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 BC, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association7 between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 BC8,9 driving the spread of Indo-European languages10. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium BC Sintashta culture11,12.

Asthma is a heterogeneous and often difficult to treat condition that results in a disproportionate cost to healthcare systems. Children with severe asthma are at increased risk for adverse outcomes including medication-related side effects, life-threatening exacerbations, and impaired quality of life. An important therapeutic focus is to achieve disease control, which is supposed to involve a personalized approach to treatment of asthma of any severity. Asthma is a multifactorial disease with a significant genetic determinant, however, the inheritance of asthma has not been fully elucidated. Polymorphic genes of inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, play an important role in developing various disease forms. In the current study, large-scale original data on the prevalence of cytokine gene genotypes (IL2, IL4, IL5, IL6, IL10, IL12, IL13, IL17A, IL31, IL33, IFNG, TNFA) among Russian children with asthma in Krasnoyarsk region have been obtained. Genotyping was carried out using real-time PCR. We identified markers predisposing to the development of different variants of the course of childhood asthma: the CT genotype and T allele of IL4 rs2243250 are associated with asthma (p < 0.05), especially in mild asthma and in controlled asthma. The TT genotype and allele T of IL13 rs1800925 are associated with severe and uncontrolled asthma (p < 0.05). The AA genotype of IL17A rs2275913, the TT genotype of IFNG rs2069705 and allelic A variants of TNFA rs1800629 are associated with mild asthma, and the TT genotype of IFNG rs2069705 is additionally associated with controlled asthma. The results obtained will supplement information on the prevalence of polymorphic variants of the cytokine genes in the Russian population and in asthma patients with different disease courses, which is likely to be used in order to shape a plan for Public Health Authority to prevent the development of severe uncontrolled asthma and to optimize personalized therapy.

Introduction: The purpose was to study the indicators of physical development of primary-school-aged children with intellectual disability by observing the type of autonomic nervous regulation and their levels of catecholamines and serotonin. Methods: A total of 168 primary school age children were examined, of which 54 had intellectual disability. The autonomic nervous system was assessed using cardiointervalography; anthropometric parameters were applied in accordance with recommendations. The contents of serotonin and catecholamines in blood plasma and lymphocytes were assessed using enzyme immunoassay and luminescent histochemical methods. Results and conclusions: Delayed physical and mental development in children with intellectual disability were associated with low serotonin levels in this group of children. The optimal option for the physical development of children with intellectual disability is a sympathetic type of autonomic nervous regulation, while negative-type vagotonic nervous regulation was associated with the maximum delay in physical development. The hypersympathetic type of nervous regulation was accompanied by minimal changes in physical development, despite the hormonal imbalance in the ratio of catecholamines and serotonin. The level of the neurotransmitter serotonin is a prognostic marker of the physical development of children of primary school age. The total amount of catecholamines and serotonin in blood plasma has a direct relationship with the amount of these neurotransmitters in blood lymphocytes; the more hormones in plasma, the more of them in lymphocytes. Therefore, the determination of the contents of catecholamines and serotonin in lymphocytes can be used as a model for studying neurotransmitters in humans.

The application of process mining in Information Technology (IT) incident management has been carried out. In the face of the increasing complexity of IT systems and a surge of incidents, traditional incident management is no longer effective. This study uses Kaggle's dataset on IT incident management to analyze event logs, identify process bottlenecks, and compare process flows seen in event logs with expected flows. Process mining techniques, such as process discovery and conformance, are applied using PM4PY and Celonis tools. The analysis results with process mining produce a new model process that can be applied in practice with a conformance rate of 81%.

The article notes that the large-scale transformations of the social system taking place in recent years inevitably affect the functioning of institutions, subsystems, the nature of social phenomena and processes, including significant impact on social conflict. Acting as an attributive characteristic of the society, the conflict is determined by the state of the social system itself, for example, it can become a consequence of its accelerated innovative development. According to many theoretical concepts of conflict, the factors of its determination are profound changes, as well as dysfunctions of the social system as a whole, its individual elements, etc. This is precisely the situation that is objectively developing in the transforming society of the 21st century. The formation of a new image of post-industrial society occurs under the influence of information and communication factors that go far beyond the narrow framework of the socio-technical environment and must be analyzed in the system of socio-cultural, civilizational coordinates. New elements of the social system replace the old ones, inevitably producing risks of innovative development. That is why the current conditions of the transforming society should be regarded as risky in terms of the genesis and development of conflicts. The current situation enhances the relevance of sociological knowledge of the conflict in the new conditions of the post-industrial society.

Purpose: review of domestic and foreign studies in the field of Internet addiction. Materials and methods. A review of the literature is presented and scientific studies on the prevalence of Internet addiction according to researchers from various countries are analyzed. The authors conducted a scientific search using the relevant keywords in the PubMed and Google Scholar search engines, in the Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Global Health, CyberLeninka, RSCI (eLIBRARY.RU) and others databases. Results. Internet addiction is widespread among children, adolescents and adolescents, and every year their number is increasing. In most of the studies conducted to identify internet addiction, the most accessible research methods were used – questionnaires, questionnaires. Individuals of early adolescence who are prone to Internet addiction have anxiety-depressive states, difficulties in doing work, and high excitability. Conclusion. The results of studies of Internet addiction conducted in different countries of the world prove that this phenomenon has a worldwide prevalence and currently there are questions about the nosological affiliation, diagnostic criteria, clinical manifestations, and especially the prevention of Internet addiction.

Background: NK cells phenotype and functional state in different genotypes of chronic viral hepatitis C (CVHC), depending on liver fibrosis severity, have not been sufficiently studied, which limits the possibilities for the development of pathology therapy. Methods: The CVHC diagnosis was based on the EASL recommendations (2018). Clinical examination with liver elastometry was performed in 297 patients with genotype 1 and in 231 patients with genotype 3 CVHC. The blood NK cells phenotype was determined by flow cytometry in 74 individuals with genotype 1 and in 69 individuals with genotype 3 CVHC. Results: The frequency of METAVIR liver fibrosis stages F3–F4 was 32.5% in individuals with genotype 3, and 20.5% in individuals with genotype 1 CVHC (p = 0.003). In patients with both genotype 1 and genotype 3 CVHC, a decrease in the total number of blood NK cells, CD56brightCD16+ NK cells and an increase in the proportion of CD56dimCD16+ NK cells, CD94+ and CD38 + CD73+ NK cells were registered in patients with fibrosis stage F3–F4 by METAVIR in comparison with persons with METAVIR fibrosis stage F0–F1. Conclusions: In patients with both genotype 1 and genotype 3 CVHC, an imbalance in the ratio between cytokine-producing and cytotoxic NK cells and an increase in the content of NK cells that express inhibitory molecules were determined in patients with severe liver fibrosis.

At the moment, a huge amount of indisputable evidence has been accumulated of the connection of a person’s psycho-emotional state with the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Despite this, there is no single idea of the exact cause-and-effect relationships that occur when this pathology occurs. In addition, studies of this problem in children are very few. Purpose: to establish the features of the psycho-emotional sphere in children with GERD and analyze their role in the development of GERD using the system-vector psychology of Yuri Burlan (SVP). Materials and methods of research. 677 children aged 11 to 17 years were examined in the pediatric department of the Clinic of the Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North (Krasnoyarsk). GERD was diagnosed based on the results of testing according to the Russian version of the Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Questionnaire (GerdQ). R. Goodman’s questionnaire “Strengths and Difficulties” (SDQ) was used to characterize the psycho-emotional state of children. Panic attacks and asthenic syndrome were determined by specially developed and previously tested questionnaires (author D.M.N., Prof. Tereshchenko S.Yu.). To determine the strengths of the character, testing was used in the computer program “The Development and Well-Being Assessment” (DAWBA, R. Goodman et al.). The results of the study prove the existence of causal relationships presented in the SVP between the established character traits (emotional lability, propensity for art, charity, attachment to loved ones, the desire to establish emotional connections, as well as the ability to study well at school) and the development of GERD.

In the modern world, obstructive jaundice caused by developing a malignant disease cholangiocarcinoma, poses a significant medical and social problem in economically developed and in developing countries. The aim of this study was to examine parameters of cellular and humoral immunity in patients with obstructive jaundice caused by cholangiocarcinoma before and after surgical intervention. There were enrolled 56 patients with obstructive jaundice caused by cholangiocarcinoma (stages T2-3N0-1M0) and 90 age-matched apparently healthy volunteers. Cellular immunity parameters were studied by using an FC500 flow cytometer (Beckman Coulter, USA). The parameters of humoral immunity were assessed by measuring level of serum immunoglobulins A, M, G, E by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits manufactured by Vector-Best (Russia). The results were statistically analyzed using the Statistica v. 12.0 software (StatSoft Inc., USA). According to the study results, in patients with obstructive jaundice caused by cholangiocarcinoma, there was revealed activation of humoral immunity due to increased serum level of IgA, IgG, IgE with a profoundly depressed some arms of cellular immunity contributing to the imbalanced work of the entire immune system. The imbalance in the cellular arm of immune system was manifested by decreased count of T helper and increased cytotoxic T cell subsets as well as decline in the CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio. An increased count of cytotoxic T lymphocytes points at lowered T cell immunity and existence of a cytotoxic effect at the cellular level. A decrease in the count of pan-marker-positive T lymphocytes indicates about generally reduced activity of the T cell arm due to altered T cell function and, as a result, affected antigen-presenting function in immune cells. The development of T cell immunodeficiency due to T-cell apoptosis confirms upregulated expression of immunomarkers CD38+, CD95+. An increased serum level for some immunoglobulins suggests developing imbalance in the humoral immunity, whereas rise in the circulating immune complexes indicates about pronounced body intoxication caused by obstructive jaundice due to hyperbilirubinemia and disintegration of tumor cells. Application of surgical correction of obstructive jaundice contributed to normalizing parameters of cellular and humoral immunity, resulting in immunocorrective effect.