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2. Diverse pathways for climate resilience in marine fishery systems

Author

Eurich, Jacob G., Friedman, Whitney R., Kleisner, Kristin M., Zhao, Lily Z., Free, Christopher M., Fletcher, Meghan, Mason, Julia G., Tokunaga, Kanae, Aguion, Alba, Dell'Apa, Andrea, Dickey‐Collas, Mark, Fujita, Rod, Golden, Christopher D., Hollowed, Anne B., Ishimura, Gakushi, Karr, Kendra A., Kasperski, Stephen, Kisara, Yuga, Lau, Jacqueline D., Mangubhai, Sangeeta, Osman, Layla, Pecl, Gretta T., Schmidt, Jörn O., Allison, Edward H., Sullivan, Patrick J., Cinner, Joshua E., Griffis, Roger B., McClanahan, Timothy R., Stedman, Richard C., Mills, Katherine E., Eurich, Jacob G., Friedman, Whitney R., Kleisner, Kristin M., Zhao, Lily Z., Free, Christopher M., Fletcher, Meghan, Mason, Julia G., Tokunaga, Kanae, Aguion, Alba, Dell'Apa, Andrea, Dickey‐Collas, Mark, Fujita, Rod, Golden, Christopher D., Hollowed, Anne B., Ishimura, Gakushi, Karr, Kendra A., Kasperski, Stephen, Kisara, Yuga, Lau, Jacqueline D., Mangubhai, Sangeeta, Osman, Layla, Pecl, Gretta T., Schmidt, Jörn O., Allison, Edward H., Sullivan, Patrick J., Cinner, Joshua E., Griffis, Roger B., McClanahan, Timothy R., Stedman, Richard C., and Mills, Katherine E.

Abstract

Both the ecological and social dimensions of fisheries are being affected by climate change. As a result, policymakers, managers, scientists and fishing communities are seeking guidance on how to holistically build resilience to climate change. Numerous studies have highlighted key attributes of resilience in fisheries, yet concrete examples that explicitly link these attributes to social‐ecological outcomes are lacking. To better understand climate resilience, we assembled 18 case studies spanning ecological, socio‐economic, governance and geographic contexts. Using a novel framework for evaluating 38 resilience attributes, the case studies were systematically assessed to understand how attributes enable or inhibit resilience to a given climate stressor. We found population abundance, learning capacity, and responsive governance were the most important attributes for conferring resilience, with ecosystem connectivity, place attachment, and accountable governance scoring the strongest across the climate‐resilient fisheries. We used these responses to develop an attribute typology that describes robust sources of resilience, actionable priority attributes and attributes that are case specific or require research. We identified five fishery archetypes to guide stakeholders as they set long‐term goals and prioritize actions to improve resilience. Lastly, we found evidence for two pathways to resilience: (1) building ecological assets and strengthening communities, which we observed in rural and small‐scale fisheries, and (2) building economic assets and improving effective governance, which was demonstrated in urban and wealthy fisheries. Our synthesis presents a novel framework that can be directly applied to identify approaches, pathways and actionable levers for improving climate resilience in fishery systems.

Published
2024

3. The Pacific Halibut, Hippoglossus stenolepis, and Sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria, Individual Fishing Quota Program: A Twenty-year Retrospective

Author

Szymkowiak, Marysia, Marrinan, Sarah, and Kasperski, Stephen

Subjects
United States. North Pacific Fishery Management Council -- Reports, United States. Alaska Fisheries Science Center -- Reports, Fisheries -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Environmental aspects, Sablefish -- Distribution, Fish industry -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Environmental aspects, Government regulation, Company distribution practices, Agricultural industry, Business
Abstract

Although catch shares may be an effective tool to address overcapitalization in fisheries, there is increasing evidence that the costs and benefits of these programs may not be equitably allocated geographically or across generations. This paper examines the spatial and temporal distributional outcomes of 20 years of the Pacific halibut, Hippoglossus stenolepis, and sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria, Individual Fishing Quota (IFQ) Program, which was implemented with many provisions explicitly intended to mitigate adverse effects on coastal communities, crew-members, small vessels, and new entrants. Utilizing performance metrics to track distributional objectives over time, we show that, similarly to other catch share programs, the IFQ Program created winners and losers with inter-generational and inter-community inequities in access and opportunities, an effect that may have been exacerbated by regulatory exemptions and loopholes as well as differentiated transportation access in rural Alaska. Nevertheless, some programmatic provisions may have effectively curtailed a complete redistribution of QS (quota shares) within the fleet. Furthermore, consolidation coupled with prolonged fishing seasons and product changes have provided for improvements in some conditions of employment for remaining crew members. We also provide lessons learned for the development and review of catch share programs in the future with respect to defining measureable objectives and establishing mechanisms for data acquisition at the outset. Data collections implemented at the start of a program can provide information to track performance against meaningful baselines. Although potentially time intensive in the development and implementation periods, long-standing data collections may ultimately be easier from the standpoint of the respondents and administrators than ones implemented after a program is in place., Introduction Catch shares are a management tool that have been applied across the world to address overcapitalization in fisheries (Squires et al., 1995; Arnason, 1996; Wilen, 2000). However, there is [...]

Published
2020
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5. Diverse pathways for climate resilience in marine fishery systems

Author

Eurich, Jacob G., primary, Friedman, Whitney R., additional, Kleisner, Kristin M., additional, Zhao, Lily Z., additional, Free, Christopher M., additional, Fletcher, Meghan, additional, Mason, Julia G., additional, Tokunaga, Kanae, additional, Aguion, Alba, additional, Dell'Apa, Andrea, additional, Dickey‐Collas, Mark, additional, Fujita, Rod, additional, Golden, Christopher D., additional, Hollowed, Anne B., additional, Ishimura, Gakushi, additional, Karr, Kendra A., additional, Kasperski, Stephen, additional, Kisara, Yuga, additional, Lau, Jacqueline D., additional, Mangubhai, Sangeeta, additional, Osman, Layla, additional, Pecl, Gretta T., additional, Schmidt, Jörn O., additional, Allison, Edward H., additional, Sullivan, Patrick J., additional, Cinner, Joshua E., additional, Griffis, Roger B., additional, McClanahan, Timothy R., additional, Stedman, Richard C., additional, and Mills, Katherine E., additional

Published
2023
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13. Scale Matters

Author

Freitag, Amy, primary, Blake, Suzana, additional, Clay, Patricia M., additional, Haynie, Alan C., additional, Kelble, Chris, additional, Jepson, Michael, additional, Kasperski, Stephen, additional, Leong, Kirsten M., additional, Moss, Jamal H., additional, and Regan, Seann D., additional

Published
2022
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17. U.S. Seafood Industry and For-Hire Sector Impacts from COVID-19: 2020 in Perspective

Author

Curtis, Rita, Fissel, Ben, Kasperski, Stephen, Lovell, Sabrina, Benaka, Isaac, Kitts, Andrew, Olson, Noelle, Lew, Dan, Lee, Jean, Guldin, Marie, Anderson, Leif, Hilger, James, Kosaka, Rosemary, Leonard, Jerry, Speir, Cameron, Squires, Dale, Steiner, Erin, Stohs, Stephen, Vizek, Ashley, Hospital, Justin, Iwane, Mia, Dannika Kleiber, Leong, Kirsten, Sweeney, Johnathan, Thunberg, Eric, Silva, George, Hutt, Cliff, McPherson, Matthew, Perruso, Larry, Agar, Juan, Stoffle, Brent, Carter, David, Mastitski, Anthony, and Martin, Felix

Published
2021
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18. Scale Matters: Relating Wetland Loss and Commercial Fishing Activity in Louisiana across Spatial Scales.

Author

Freitag, Amy, Blake, Suzana, Clay, Patricia M., Haynie, Alan C., Kelble, Chris, Jepson, Michael, Kasperski, Stephen, Leong, Kirsten M., Moss, Jamal H., and Regan, Seann D.

Subjects
WETLANDS, ENVIRONMENTAL sciences, ENVIRONMENTAL management, FISHERIES, FISHING villages, FISH communities
Abstract

Interdisciplinary science and environmental management involve bringing together data and expertise at multiple spatial scales. The most challenging part of merging scales is aligning the scale of inquiry with the research application. Through the Louisiana case study relating wetland loss and commercial fishing, we examine how the nature and strength of the relationship changes depending on the scale of investigation. Resulting management implications also vary because of tradeoffs in choosing the scale of inquiry. State-level fisheries managers may miss effects of wetland loss in fishing communities because they are looking at aggregate data. Scientific information must directly address the constituent scale, where managers can enact policy. The case study demonstrates why scalar considerations should be an explicit part of the planning process for both science and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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19. Assessing the State of Coupled Social-Ecological Modeling in Support of Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management in the United States

Author

Kasperski, Stephen, primary, DePiper, Geret S., additional, Haynie, Alan C., additional, Blake, Suzana, additional, Colburn, Lisa L., additional, Freitag, Amy, additional, Jepson, Michael, additional, Karnauskas, Mandy, additional, Leong, Kirsten M., additional, Lipton, Douglas, additional, Masi, Michelle, additional, Speir, Cameron, additional, Townsend, Howard, additional, and Weijerman, Mariska, additional

Published
2021
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20. Participatory place-based integrated ecosystem assessment in Sitka, Alaska: Constructing and operationalizing a socio-ecological conceptual model for sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria)

Author

Rosellon-Druker, Judith, primary, Szymkowiak, Marysia, additional, Aydin, Kerim Y., additional, Cunningham, Curry J., additional, Fergusson, Emily A., additional, Kasperski, Stephen, additional, Kruse, Gordon H., additional, Moss, Jamal H., additional, Rhodes-Reese, Melissa, additional, Shotwell, Kalei S., additional, Spooner, Ellen, additional, and Yasumiishi, Ellen M., additional

Published
2021
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21. Using Integrated Ecosystem Assessments to Build Resilient Ecosystems, Communities, and Economies

Author

Spooner, Ellen, primary, Karnauskas, Mandy, additional, Harvey, Chris J., additional, Kelble, Chris, additional, Rosellon-Druker, Judith, additional, Kasperski, Stephen, additional, Lucey, Sean M., additional, Andrews, Kelly S., additional, Gittings, Stephen R., additional, Moss, Jamal H., additional, Gove, Jamison M., additional, Samhouri, Jameal F., additional, Allee, Rebecca J., additional, Bograd, Steven J., additional, Monaco, Mark E., additional, Clay, Patricia M., additional, Rogers, Lauren A., additional, Marshak, Anthony, additional, Wongbusarakum, Supin, additional, Broughton, Kathy, additional, and Lynch, Patrick D., additional

Published
2021
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23. Integrated Modeling to Evaluate Climate Change Impacts on Coupled Social-Ecological Systems in Alaska

Author

Hollowed, Anne Babcock, primary, Holsman, Kirstin Kari, additional, Haynie, Alan C., additional, Hermann, Albert J., additional, Punt, Andre E., additional, Aydin, Kerim, additional, Ianelli, James N., additional, Kasperski, Stephen, additional, Cheng, Wei, additional, Faig, Amanda, additional, Kearney, Kelly A., additional, Reum, Jonathan C. P., additional, Spencer, Paul, additional, Spies, Ingrid, additional, Stockhausen, William, additional, Szuwalski, Cody S., additional, Whitehouse, George A., additional, and Wilderbuer, Thomas K., additional

Published
2020
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24. Integrated Risk Assessment for the Blue Economy

Author

Hodgson, Emma E., Essington, Timothy E., Samhouri, Jameal F., Allison, Edward H., Bennett, Nathan J., Bostrom, Ann, Cullen, Alison C., Kasperski, Stephen, Levin, Phillip S., and Poe, Melissa R.

Abstract

With the anticipated boom in the ‘blue economy’ and associated increases in industrialization across the world’s oceans, new and complex risks are being introduced to ocean ecosystems. As a result, conservation and resource management increasingly look to factor in potential interactions among the social, ecological and economic components of these systems. Investigation of these interactions requires interdisciplinary frameworks that incorporate methods and insights from across the social and biophysical sciences. Risk assessment methods, which have been developed across numerous disciplines and applied to various real-world settings and problems, provide a unique connection point for cross-disciplinary engagement. However, research on risk is often conducted in distinct spheres by experts whose focus is on narrow sources or outcomes of risk. Movement toward a more integrated treatment of risk to ensure a balanced approach to developing and managing ocean resources requires cross-disciplinary engagement and understanding. Here, we provide a primer on risk assessment intended to encourage the development and implementation of integrated risk assessment processes in the emerging blue economy. First, we summarize the dominant framework for risk in the ecological/biophysical sciences. Then, we discuss six key insights from the long history of risk research in the social sciences that can inform integrated assessments of risk: (1) consider the subjective nature of risk, (2) understand individual social and cultural influences on risk perceptions, (3) include diverse expertise, (4) consider the social scales of analysis, (5) incorporate quantitative and qualitative approaches, and (6) understand interactions and feedbacks within systems. Finally, we show how these insights can be incorporated into risk assessment and management, and apply them to a case study of whale entanglements in fishing gear off the United States west coast.

Published
2019

25. Integrated Risk Assessment for the Blue Economy

Author

Hodgson, Emma E., primary, Essington, Timothy E., additional, Samhouri, Jameal F., additional, Allison, Edward H., additional, Bennett, Nathan J., additional, Bostrom, Ann, additional, Cullen, Alison C., additional, Kasperski, Stephen, additional, Levin, Phillip S., additional, and Poe, Melissa R., additional

Published
2019
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28. Ground-truthing social vulnerability indices of Alaska fishing communities

Author

Lavoie, Anna, Sparks, Kim, Kasperski, Stephen, Himes-cornell, Amber, Hoelting, Kristin, Maguire, Conor, Lavoie, Anna, Sparks, Kim, Kasperski, Stephen, Himes-cornell, Amber, Hoelting, Kristin, and Maguire, Conor

Abstract

Community vulnerability is increasingly evaluated through quantitative social indices, typically developed using secondary data sources rather than primary data collection. It is necessary to understand the validity of these indices if they will be used to inform policy and decision making. This paper presents a ground-truthing effort to validate quantitative indices that characterize the well-being of Alaska fishing communities. We utilized ethnographic data collected from 13 representative communities and a capital assets framework to ground-truth the indices, in which qualitative ranks of vulnerability were compared against quantitative indices. The majority (73.8%) of ranks were in complete or moderate agreement and the results indicate that most of the indices are representative of community vulnerability; yet some variables utilized to create the indices could be modified to better reflect realities in Alaska. Indices of commercial fishery engagement and reliance appeared to be more reliable than socio-economic indicators, particularly for smaller fishing communities. We also confirmed that the indices do not capture political, or ecological factors that affect levels of community vulnerability. We conclude that quantitative indices of community vulnerability are useful rapid assessment tools; however, they should be validated, and complemented with ethnographic data prior to their implementation as policy making and management tools.

Published
2018
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29. Sustaining an Alaska Coastal Community: Integrating Place Based Well-Being Indicators and Fisheries Participation.

Author

Szymkowiak, Marysia and Kasperski, Stephen

Subjects
FISHERY management, FISHERIES, WELL-being, FISHING villages, SOCIAL systems
Abstract

The incorporation of human dimensions into ecosystem-based fisheries management has largely focused on metrics of economic welfare. Yet researchers have demonstrated the variety of well-being that is derived from fisheries as well as the need for localized and collaborative scientific efforts that result in appropriately contextualized metrics. This article presents the results of a project intended to address these needs and inform the North Pacific fisheries management process with a set of indicators that are related to multiple dimensions of human well-being and links to fisheries participation. The article showcases a mechanism of applying a well-being framework and participatory methods to develop locally relevant quantitative indicators for one of the most highly engaged fishing communities in Alaska - Sitka. These indicators can be used to track how fishery shocks may reverberate through social systems and affect fishing communities. Furthermore, the discussion of the multifaceted well-being indicators presents information on local values and complex dynamics between community well-being and fisheries that are difficult to conceptualize and integrate into management decisions. Ultimately, this work can facilitate a more comprehensive incorporation of human dimensions into ecosystem-based frameworks in fisheries management, contextualizing that expansion within locally relevant narratives that engage stakeholders in resource management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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32. An ecosystem‐based approach to marine risk assessment

Author

Holsman, Kirstin, primary, Samhouri, Jameal, additional, Cook, Geoffrey, additional, Hazen, Elliott, additional, Olsen, Erik, additional, Dillard, Maria, additional, Kasperski, Stephen, additional, Gaichas, Sarah, additional, Kelble, Christopher R., additional, Fogarty, Mike, additional, and Andrews, Kelly, additional

Published
2017
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38. Optimal Multispecies Harvesting in Biologically and Technologically Interdependent Fisheries

Author

Kasperski, Stephen and Kasperski, Stephen

Abstract

Single species management of multispecies fisheries ignores biological interactions in addition to important technological interactions resulting from the multiproduct nature of firms' production often to the detriment of the health of the ecosystem, the stocks of fish species, and fishery profits. This dissertation solves a dynamic optimization problem of maximizing the net present value from a three species fishery and uses numerical optimization techniques to determine the optimal harvest quota of each species given the biological and technological interactions. The model is then extended to the case of a nuisance species, a species that lowers the value of the fishery by negatively affecting the growth of other species in the ecosystem, and has little harvest value of its own. As approaches for ecosystem-based fisheries management are developed, results demonstrate the importance of focusing not only on the economically valuable species interact, but also on some non-harvested species, as they can affect the productivity and availability of higher value species. This study uses the arrowtooth flounder, Pacific cod, and walleye pollock fisheries in the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands region of Alaska as a case study and finds the net present value of the fishery is decreased from $20.7 billion to $8.5 billion dollars by ignoring arrowtooth's role as a nuisance species on the growth of Pacific cod and walleye pollock. The optimal subsidy on the harvest of arrowtooth summed over all years is $35 million dollars, which increases the net present value by $273 million dollars, after accounting for the subsidy.

Published
2011

39. Socioeconomic Indicators for United States Fisheries and Fishing Communities.

Author

Felthoven, Ronald and Kasperski, Stephen

Subjects
FISHERIES, FISHING villages, SOCIOECONOMICS, FISHING boats
Abstract

The article describes the metrics of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Division, aimed at characterizing changes in the socioeconomic health of fisheries and well-being of fishing communities in the U.S. It discusses fishing effort indicators which include the number of entities that hold shares, number of active vessels, season length, number of trips and time spent at sea. Community vulnerability and resiliency indicators are also discussed.

Published
2013

40. Indicators of Fishing Engagement and Reliance of Alaskan Fishing Communities.

Author

Kasperski, Stephen and Himes-Cornell, Amber

Abstract

The article discusses a study developed by the Alaska Fisheries Science Center's (AFSC's) Economic and Social Science Research program to create indicators of fisheries engagement and reliance indices in the 89 fishing communities in Alaska. Three types of fisheries involvement were considered in the study such as commercial processing, commercial harvesting, and recreational fishing. Results show that Juneau, Ketchikan, Kodiak, and Sitka communities are in the top 10 for fisheries involvement.

Published
2014

43. Improving the Usefulness of Logbook Data in the North Pacific Groundfish Fisheries.

Author

Kasperski, Stephen, Haynie, Alan, Faunce, Craig, and Gmur, Stephan

Abstract

The article reports that researchers on Excess Salmon to Spawning Requirements with the help of the Fisheries Monitoring and Analysis Division have finalized their study on how paper logbook system could be enhanced to aid fisheries management in the North Pacific. Digitized logbook data from catcher vessels taking part in the 2005 Gulf of Alaska trawl fishery were used to determine the relative attributes and deficiencies of each data set.

Published
2011

45. Optimal Multispecies Harvesting in the Presence of a Nuisance Species.

Author

Kasperski, Stephen

Abstract

The article discusses a study related to the multispecies bioeconomic models of groundfish in the Bering Sea, particularly the biological and technological interactions among species to determine their optimal quotas and stock sizes in the presence of a nuisance species. Results showed the effect of the harvest value of species on species productivity and availability. The researchers determined the impact of arrowtooth flounder on the profitable harvesting of cod and pollock.

Published
2011

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