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The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of how multi-vocal visual ethnography is applied in the world and to examine its possibilities and problems as a research methodology. Twenty-three academic articles using multi-vocal visual ethnography were collected and analyzed. The analysis results revealed the following: (1) multi-vocal visual ethnography is used as a tool for understanding not only the “visible,” but also the “invisible.” (2) The technique is used not only in comparative cultural research, but also as a tool for capturing different perspectives within a single culture. (3) Photographs and websites are used as cues, in addition to videos. (4) Cues consist of a variety of content. Unlike conventional ethnography, multi-vocal visual ethnography is a research methodology that has the potential to promote dialogues between researchers and people in and outside the field.

The purpose of this study is to sketch unconscious biases that affect women and mothers. As a result of this study, the following points become clear: (1) Unconscious biases also inform social norms and roles in women’s dress and makeup. Women accept them unconsciously. (2) The unconscious bias that “childcare is the responsibility of women” is still strong today. Therefore, mothers tend to feel guilt about their children. Mothers also hesitate to leave their children at daycare as a rest for themselves. (3) The unconscious bias that “childcareis the responsibility of women” causes various forms of maternal guilt. However, previous studies have not shown that mothers who work have a negative effect on their children’s development. These unconscious biases have been created by the social environment and culture and have an impact on the formation of our values and stereotypes. We need to think about the issues that women and mothers face by recognizing our unconscious biases., 本稿は，日本発達心理学会第30回大会ラウンドテーブルで行った話題提供がもとになっている。

The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of trends in the field of early childhood education and care and examine the kind of research done outside of Japan on the concept of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), an idea proposed by Lee S. Shulman. The study examines the applicability of PCK to the study of early childhood teachers based on a search of the Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) database. The keywords “early childhood education and care,” “PCK,” and “Shulman” were used in the database search, and ten articles that were returned were reviewed carefully. We determined that most of the studies were centered on content knowledge about mathematics, science, and technology, while only few studies focused on children’s knowledge regarding development of social skills. Some studies also focused on implicit knowledge based on Polanyi’s theory. This suggests that the PCK concept can be applied to the study of early childhood teachers in Japan as well.

In Japan, manga is one of cultures, mass communication media for young. Manga means comics story, not animated.Also, there are cartoons of nursery, and the Early ChildhoodEducation and Care (ECEC) teachersdepicted there tells the reader the image within these manga. The purpose of this research is to examine the ECEC teacher is drawn how character in the manga.As a specific method of analysis, we use visual contents analysis (Rose, 2016). As a result, the following three points were clarified 1) The place of the story is minority childcare. In Japan, nursery schools where the system is approved for the country are major, however drown as a stage minor nursery schools in manga. 2) It is underestimated to qualifications and licenses concerning nursery care. ECEC teachersare qualifiedprofessionalsbut are depicted as unqualified persons. 3) It is not child-based stories. Childcare is a child’s main activity, but in manga the adult is the subject and the story progresses. We considered them it is thought that it is necessary to actively disseminate real childcare sites to society by visualizing the real palp of nursing care and interest, and the expertise of day care centers.More than task is to focus on the nonfiction manga, and that depicts the actual experience of the childcare professional as a model and analyze.

This study clarifies the reasons Japanese parents experience difficulties in using the temporary childcare system for parental relief. Three factors were identified following a literature review of previous research related to temporary childcare systems and information from the official websites of each municipality. First, it was difficult to identify the little information provided about institutional procedures. When parents attempt to use the temporary childcare system for parental relief, they need to collect information and procedures from over one month prior and it is necessary to organize with the childcare provider in advance. Local governments may not provide enough information and may not maintain or manage temporary childcare systems. Second, temporary childcare was difficult to use for parental relief because of unconscious bias. For example, the unconscious bias, i.e., “childcare is the mother’s responsibility,” means that principals may not respond positively to the parents’ need to use the temporary childcare system for relief. Third, the mothers’ guilt makes them hesitate using the temporary childcare systems. Mothers also hold the same unconscious bias that childcare is the mother’s responsibility; therefore, they may hesitate using the temporary childcare system. Furthermore, these behaviors and actions also interfere with other mothers’ use of the temporary childcare systems for parental relief.

The purpose of this study is to compare the characteristics of SCAT (Steps for Coding and Theorization) and Ueno’s qualitative analysis as a form of qualitative data analysis applied to interview data from a kindergarten director. The subject and methods of the study are as follows. (1) We interviewed the director of Kindergarten A. (2) The research question asked why he started to run the child-based kindergarten. (3) We analyzed the interview data using SCAT. (4) We also analyzed the interview data using Ueno’s qualitative analysis. (5) We compared their characteristics. The analyses made the following points clear. First, the SCAT is characterized by the decontextualisation of the segmented text, step by step. By contrast, Ueno’s qualitative analysis is marked by its recontextualization through the mapping and charting of metadata. Second, when we use SCAT, we need to understand the theory of qualitative inquiry and must read the text over and over, analyzing it over time. However, the intellectual excitement when we discover the inherent meaning in the text is great. However, Ueno’s qualitative analysis is superior in terms of cost performance, time saved, and energy savings, though it does not convert qualitative data into words. With this approach, the intellectual excitement we felt when we discovered the meaning inherent in a text was not as great as when using SCAT.

This study outlines the social background and difficulties faced by one Japanese woman, Hanako, who is responsible for paid work, childcare, and housework. Data were collected through interactive interviews and analyzed using Ueno’s qualitative analysis method. Specifically, data were collected using LINE, a smartphone app. The focus of the study is a woman who feels overwhelmed by her attempt to handle all aspects of her paid work, childcare, and housework. The study identified three factors that prevent Japanese women from playing a more active role in society. First, in Japan, the role of a married woman as a full-time homemaker is widely accepted. However, many women are now continuing to work after getting married and giving birth. If there had been no historical culture of a woman’s career as a full-time homemaker, there would be no expectation that women would be solely responsible for housework and childcare, and it would be seen as a matter of course that Hanako would continue to work while her husband took on the housework and childcare duties. Second, there are few women who are able to serve as role models for handling both paid work and childcare. Women in Japan are often forced to choose between paid work and childcare, and women who are both employed and in charge of childcare are a minority. Third, many husbands’ awareness of the marriage system is not rooted in notions of gender equality. Hanako, who wants to continue working after giving birth, is unable to find a partner who will support her. She needs a partner who understands women’s social situation and her desire to continue working, and who is willing to share the housework and childcare duties. In short, they need to understand each other.

This study considers how mothers of children with mental retardation waver through bringing up and living with their children. The participants in this study were eight mothers whose children had intellectual disabilities, including autistic disorder, and were registered at special support education schools. The data collected were based on semi-structured interviews and reports in which the participants recorded impressive communication of a day. The interview was conducted twice per a participant. The data were analyzed using the Modified Grounded Theory Approach. The resalts indicated that the mothers acquired affirmative maternal feelings through attempts to sense the distance with their child, and through the growth of mothers and children. As a result, the mother-child relationship became stable and they could maintain a flexible relation with their child. Moreover, this will lead to taking steps forward in the life of the child and the mother will provide the room for their own life again.

This study considers how mothers of children with mental retardation waver through bringing up and living with their children. The participants in this study were eight mothers whose children had intellectual disabilities, including autistic disorder, and were registered at special support education schools. The data collected were based on semi-structured interviews and reports in which the participants recorded impressive communication of a day. The interview was conducted twice per a participant. The data were analyzed using the Modified Grounded Theory Approach. The resalts indicated that the mothers acquired affirmative maternal feelings through attempts to sense the distance with their child, and through the growth of mothers and children. As a result, the mother-child relationship became stable and they could maintain a flexible relation with their child. Moreover, this will lead to taking steps forward in the life of the child and the mother will provide the room for their own life again.