14 results on '"Katri Siimes"'
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2. Kasvinsuojeluaineiden valuma-aluekohtainen kuormitusindikaattori
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Matti Joukola, Emmi Vähä, and Katri Siimes
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kasvinsuojeluaineet, ympäristökuormitus, GIS ,Artikkelit - Abstract
Pintavesien kasvinsuojeluainepitoisuuksia on selvitetty vesinäytteiden avulla Maa- ja metsätalouden vesistökuormituksen seurantahankkeessa (MaaMet) vuodesta 2007 lähtien, mutta toistaiseksi ei ole tiedetty, ovatko seurantapaikat olleet suomalaisittain keskimääräisen vai korkean kasvinsuojeluainekuormituksen alueilla. Lisäksi uusien seurantapaikkojen valintaan oli tarve kehittää riskiperusteinen selkeä menetelmä. Valuma-aluepohjainen kuormitusindikaattori päätettiin kehittää helpottamaan uusien seuranta-alueiden valintaa ja auttamaan vanhojen tulosten alueellisen yleistettävyyden arvioinnissa.Indikaattori perustuu lohkokohtaiseen viljelykasviaineistoon, valuma-alueisiin sekä kertoimiin, jotka kuvaavat kasvinsuojeluaineiden käyttöä ja käytettyjen aineiden haitallisuutta. Lähtöaineistona on käytetty SYKEssä valmisteilla olevan uuden valtakunnallisen valuma-aluejaon vuonna 2014 laadittua luonnosta. Pinta-alaltaan alle 10 km2 valuma-alueet on yhdistetty pääsääntöisesti alempaan valuma-alueeseen. Kunkin valuma-alueen luomupellot on poistettu aineistosta ja sen jälkeen laskettu kunkin kasvin viljelyala valuma-alueella. Lohkokohtainen viljelykasviaineisto on vuodelta 2015. Kasvit ryhmiteltiin 21 ryhmään, joille kullekin on arvioitu tyypillinen kasvinsuojeluaineiden käyttö tehoainekohtaisesti (tehoaineita mukana 130). Käyttömääräarvio perustui pääosin vuoden 2013 käyttötilastoon, joka on toistaiseksi ainoa valtakunnallinen tilasto kasvinsuojeluaineiden käytöstä. Kasvinsuojeluaineiden käyttö tilastoitiin tietyille valituille kasveille, mutta indikaattori pyrkii huomioimaan kaikki viljelykasvit. Lisäksi se huomioi myös ne vuoden 2015 myyntitilastoissa olleet tehoaineet, joita ei vuoden 2013 käyttötilastossa ollut. Käyttömäärien arvioinnissa on käytetty viljelyoppaita ja vertailtu arvioituja käyttömääriä valtakunnallisiin myyntimäärätilastoihin. Lopulta eri aineiden haitallisuutta on painotettu kertoimilla ja painotettu tehoaineiden kokonaiskäyttömäärä on jaettu valuma-alueen kokonaispinta-alalla.Indikaattorin avulla on helppo visualisoida mahdollista kasvinsuojeluainekuormitusta karttoina. Sen avulla voi etsiä alueet, joilla kasvinsuojeluaineet saattavat aiheuttaa ongelmia vesistössä, ja alueita, joilla ongelmia ei todennäköisesti ole. Kuormitusindikaattorin tulokset kertovat, missä viljely on intensiivisintä ja millä alueilla viljellään paljon erikoiskasveja, ja tiivistää tiedot kasvinsuojeluaineiden vesistövaikutusten kannalta yhteismitalliseksi arvoksi. Nyt tutkijoilla on käytössään ensimmäinen versio indikaattorista. Sen kertoimia pitää vielä tarkastaa ja tarvittaessa korjata. Indikaattori ei toistaiseksi vielä huomioi valmisteiden riskinvähennystoimia kuten vesistörajoituksia. Se ei myöskään huomioi eri vuosien välisiä eroja eikä yksittäisen viljelijän tekemiä päätöksiä kasvinsuojeluaineiden käytöstä. Silti jo tämä raakileversio on osoittautunut käyttökelpoiseksi ja tarpeelliseksi työkaluksi.
- Published
- 2018
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3. PFASs in Finnish Rivers and Fish and the Loading of PFASs to the Baltic Sea
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Jaakko Mannio, Emmi Vähä, Antti Räike, Ville Junttila, Jukka Mehtonen, Harri Kankaanpää, Noora Perkola, and Katri Siimes
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concentration ,lcsh:Hydraulic engineering ,Baltic Sea ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,PFAS ,Geography, Planning and Development ,concentration (chemical properties ,biota ,010501 environmental sciences ,Aquatic Science ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,surface waters ,Contaminated land ,perfluorinated alkylated substances ,lcsh:Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes ,Herring ,lcsh:TC1-978 ,PFASs ,PFOS ,strains and stresses ,riverine loading ,Finland ,Environmental quality ,kalat ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology ,fish ,lcsh:TD201-500 ,Perch ,biology ,kuormitus ,surface water ,perfluoratut alkyyliaineet ,Biota ,Clupea ,load ,biology.organism_classification ,rivers ,loading ,pintavesi ,Water Framework Directive ,pitoisuus ,Environmental chemistry ,Environmental science ,Surface water ,joet - Abstract
The concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the Finnish aquatic environment were measured in riverine waters and in inland, coastal and open sea fish. In addition, the PFAS load to the Baltic Sea from 11 rivers was calculated. Measurements show that PFASs, including restricted perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), are widely present in the Finnish aquatic environment. At three out of 45 sampling sites, the concentration of PFOS in fish exceeded the environmental quality standard (EQS) of the Water Framework Directive (WFD). The annual average (AA) &sum, 23PFAS concentration in surface waters ranged from 1.8 to 42 ng L&minus, 1 and the concentration of PFOS exceeded the AA-EQS in three out of 13 water bodies. In European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras), the &sum, PFAS concentration ranged from 0.98 to 1 µ, g kg&minus, 1 f.w. (fresh weight) and from 0.2 to 2.4 µ, 1 f.w., respectively. The highest concentrations in both surface water and fish were found in waters of southern Finland. The riverine export of &sum, 10PFAS to the Baltic Sea from individual rivers ranged from 0.4 kg yr&minus, 1 to 18 kg yr&minus, 1. PFAS concentrations in fish of point-source-polluted sites and coastal sites were higher compared to fish of open sea or diffusely polluted sites. The PFAS profiles in surface waters of background sites were different from other sites. This study shows that PFASs are widely found in the Finnish aquatic environment. Different PFAS profiles in samples from background areas and densely populated areas indicate diverse sources of PFASs. Although atmospheric deposition has a substantial influence on PFAS occurrence in remote areas, it is not the dominant source of all PFASs to the aquatic environment of Finland. Rather, wastewaters and presumably contaminated land areas are major sources of PFASs to this aquatic environment.
- Published
- 2019
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4. Maatalouden vesiensuojelutoimenpiteiden vaikutukset muuttuvissa ilmastooloissa
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Jari Koskiaho, Kirsti Granlund, Markku Puustinen, Katri Siimes, Tapio Salo, Sari Väisänen, Jarmo Linjama, and Sirkka Tattari
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Artikkelit - Abstract
1990-luvun loppuvuosilta saakka todettu leutojen ja sateisten talvien toistuminen saattaa olla ensimmäisiä maataloutta koskevia konkreettisia seurauksia ilmastonmuutoksesta. Sen vaikutusten arviointi maatalouden aiheuttamaan vesistökuormitukseen on keskeinen tehtävä jo ennen kuin ilmasto muuttuu pysyvästi erilaiseksi. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää, miten ilmastonmuutos vaikuttaa kiintoaine- ja ravinnekuormitukseen viljelytoimenpiteiden jatkuessa muuttumattomina ja kuinka paljon vaihtoehtoiset toimenpiteet ja toimenpideyhdistelmät vähentävät kuormitusta nykyilmastossa sekä muuttuneissa ilmasto-oloissa neljän erilaisen ilmastoskenaarion perusteella. Tutkimus perustui kuormitusmallien käyttöön, joilla laskettiin eroosion, fosforin ja typen kuormituksen muutoksia.INCA-N-mallin tulosten mukaan koko peltoalueen viherkesannointi vähentää valuma-alueen epäorgaanisen typen kuormitusta nykyilmastossa n. 50 %. Tulevaisuuden ilmastossa vähenemä olisi keskimäärin vain 26 % nykytilan kuormitukseen verrattuna. Tämä johtuu valunnan ja osittain typen mineralisaation lisääntymisestä etenkin kasvukauden ulkopuolella myös viherkesantokasvustossa (Granlund ym. 2010). Viljelykasvin ominaisuuksien pysyessä nykyisinä, COUP-mallin mukaan typen huuhtoutuminen kaksinkertaistuu sekä 2025 että 2085 skenaarioissa. Typen huuhtoutumista kohottavat sekä lämpötilan nousun vauhdittama maan typen mineralisaatio että talviaikaisen valunnan lisääntyminen.Toholammille tehtyjen ICECREAM-mallin simulaatioiden mukaan pintavalunnan ajoittuminen muuttuu ratkaisevasti. Jatkossa ei ole enää selkeää kevätvaluntapiikkiä, joka on yleensä tullut pintavaluntana, ja pohjavalunnan määrä (suureksi osaksi salaojiin) kasvaa jonkin verran. Torjunta-aineiden huuhtoutumisriski tulevaisuudessa todennäköisesti kasvaa johtuen monista syistä: 1) skenaarioiden mukaiset syys- ja talvisateet lisäävät pelloilta vesistöihin poistuvan veden (joko pintavalunta tai salaojavalunta) määrää 2) pelloilla seisova lammikoitunut pintavesi irrottaa maahan normaalisti tiukastikin sitoutuvat aineet ja 3) torjunnan ja torjunta-aineiden käyttötarve ajoittuu syksyyn syysmuotoisten kasvien yleistyessä.Viljelyalueiden valumavesien hallintamallin (VIHMA) laskentatulosten mukaan maatalouden nykyiset peltotoimenpiteet ovat alentaneet koko peltoalalla, kun hydrologinen vuosivaihtelu jätetään huomiotta, eroosiota ja partikkelifosforin kuormitusta yhteensä 20 %, kokonaisfosforikuormitusta 12 %ja typpikuormitusta 6 %. Jos nykyisten toimenpiteiden vaikutuksia arvioidaan hydrologisesti kuormittavien vuosien olosuhteissa, eroosio ja partikkelifosforin kuormitus on pienentynyt n. 7 % ja kokonaisfosforin ja -typen kuormituksessa ei ole tapahtunut lainkaan muutoksia.Ilmastonmuutos lisää riskiä peltomaan ravinteiden huuhtoutumiselle leutojen talvien yleistyessä. Peltojen vesitalouden ja rakenneongelmien hallintaan tulee kehittää uusia teknisiä ratkaisuja kastelun ja kuivatuksen tarpeiden muuttuessa. Luonnonmukaisen vesistörakentamisen periaatteiden soveltaminen peruskuivatuksessa voidaan nähdä peltojen kuivatustarpeen ja tuottoedellytysten sekä vesistöjen tilatarpeen integroivana toimenpiteenä. Kosteikot kuuluvat järjestelmään välttämättöminä uoman osina.Sekä peltokasvien satoisuuden että ympäristön kannalta optimaalinen ravinnetalous edellyttää maaperän omien ravinnevarastojen mahdollisimman tarkkaa hyödyntämistä. Tavoitteena tulee olla fosforilukujen alentaminen kestävälle tasolle ja kasvien typen käytön tehostaminen mineralisaatioprosessien kiihtyessä myös syys- ja talvikaudella. Intensiivisen maanmuokkauksen korvaaminen pysyvän kasvipeitteen kaltaisilla vaihtoehdoilla on keskeinen toimenpide kuormitusherkillä alueilla.
- Published
- 2010
5. Pesticide regulatory risk assessment, monitoring, and fate studies in the northern zone: recommendations from a Nordic-Baltic workshop
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Inara Turka, Mats Larsbo, Jaana Uusi-Kämppä, Anne Louise Gimsing, Ole Martin Eklo, Marianne Stenrød, Linas Putelis, Roger Holten, Marit Almvik, Katri Siimes, and Kai Künnis-Beres
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Engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,business.industry ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Environmental resource management ,Conference Report ,General Medicine ,010501 environmental sciences ,Directive ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,Work (electrical) ,Agriculture ,Environmental Chemistry ,Table (landform) ,media_common.cataloged_instance ,Duration (project management) ,European union ,Risk assessment ,business ,Free trade ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,media_common - Abstract
The recent revision of the legal framework for authorization of use of plant protection products and pesticides within the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA; Regulation EC 1107/2009, Directive 2009/128/EC) imposes a need for close collaboration across country borders within the three pesticide authorization zones (designated the north, central, and south zones) in Europe. The principles of zonal evaluation and mutual recognition embedded in Regulation EC 1107/2009 concerning marketing of plant protection products are intended to reduce the approval times for pesticides. However, the three authorization zones represent a very simplified view compared to the 16 climatic zones/scenarios that have been outlined for pesticide modeling in Europe (Blenkinsop et al. 2008; Fig. 1). Pedoclimatic or agricultural constraints could entitle the individual states to adopt restrictions on the use of pesticides approved within their zone or even to refuse approval. Fig. 1 Zones for pesticide authorization overlaid on climatic zones for pesticide modeling (reprinted from Blenkinsop et al. 2008 with permission from Elsevier) in Europe To achieve a sound scientific basis for zonal evaluation and collaboration on a regulatory level, it is also necessary to increase research collaboration and knowledge exchange within the scientific community. Here, we report the main conclusions and recommendations from a Nordic-Baltic workshop on the environmental fate of pesticides, which was conducted in As, Norway, in September 2014 with the aim of promoting knowledge exchange, network building, and a common agenda for future research within the northern zone. Pesticide regulatory risk assessment in the northern zone Zonal evaluation and mutual recognition The “Guidance document on work sharing in the Northern zone in the authorization of plant protection products” (Anonymous 2015) states that the northern zone cooperation includes the EU member states Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, as well as the European Economic Community/European Free Trade Association (EEC/EFTA) members Norway and Iceland. The guidance document was implemented in all countries within the zone from January 2015. Climatic zones for pesticide modeling (Blenkinsop et al. 2008) reflect the complexity of the different authorization zones within Europe (Fig. 1). According to this classification, the northern zone countries cover seven of the 16 climatic zones (Table (Table1).1). The variation within the northern zone is further illustrated by the 13 environmental zones representing an aggregation of the environmental stratification of Europe (Metzger et al. 2005; Jongman et al. 2006), five of which are covered by the northern zone countries (Table (Table2).2). The duration of the growing season and the sum of active temperatures are doubled when moving southward from the alpine north to the Atlantic north. This will inevitably affect the possibility of harmonizing risk assessment procedures and/or requirements between the countries within the northern zone, and it will also influence the commercial viability of the pesticide industry. Table 1 Climate zones for pesticide modeling (Blenkinsop et al. 2008) in the northern zone countries Table 2 Growing season characteristics in the northern zone based on the environmental stratification of Europe (Metzger et al. 2005; Jongman et al. 2006) Due to the strict limits of the timeline for the zonal evaluation (SANCO/13169/2010 rev. 9), there must be good agreement between the countries in the northern zone to ensure a satisfactory risk assessment. The time frame during which the member states are to appraise specific national concerns comprises a period of 6 weeks for commenting on the draft regulatory report and 120 days for assessment after the initial zonal evaluation.
- Published
- 2016
6. Glyphosate translocation from plants to soil – does this constitute a significant proportion of residues in soil?
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Katri Siimes, Sari Rämö, and Pirkko Laitinen
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Canopy ,Soil test ,Chemistry ,Soil Science ,Plant physiology ,Plant Science ,Pesticide ,complex mixtures ,Chenopodium quinoa ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Agronomy ,Loam ,Glyphosate ,Leaching (agriculture) - Abstract
Translocation of glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) to plant roots and its impact on detected herbicide residues in sandy loam soil were studied in a glasshouse pot experiment in Finland. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa, Willd) plants in two different growing phases (6–8 and 12–14 leaf stages, groups A and B, respectively) were sprayed with non-labelled glyphosate. Bare soil pots were included as controls (group C). Soil surface contamination with glyphosate was prevented in groups A and B but not in group C. Soil samples were collected 1 h, 8 days and 44 or 53 days after the glyphosate applications. Root samples were taken 8 days after the application from group B. After 8 days from the treatment, 4% of the applied glyphosate was detected in soil and about 12% in roots (group B). One and a half months later 12% and 8% of the applied glyphosate (groups A and B, respectively) was detected in soil samples incubated with roots. The main metabolite of glyphosate, aminomethyl phosphonic acid (AMPA), was not found in root samples. Glyphosate fate was simulated with the PEARL 3.0 model. Simulated concentrations in bare soil pots were very close to the observed ones. However, the model lacks a process description for herbicide transport within a plant and, therefore, the observed and simulated glyphosate residues in soil after canopy applications did not correlate. Simulations highlight the importance of the translocation process in glyphosate fate. We conclude that also in field studies part of the detected glyphosate soil residues must originate from plant roots, and translocation process should be included both in leaching assessments and pesticide fate models.
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- 2007
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7. Comparison of the behaviour of three herbicides in a field experiment under bare soil conditions
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Unto Nikunen, Pirkko Laitinen, Sari Rämö, Leena Welling, and Katri Siimes
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Hydrology ,Field experiment ,Soil Science ,Soil science ,Pesticide ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Glufosinate ,chemistry ,Glyphosate ,Glufosinate-ammonium ,Environmental science ,Surface runoff ,Water pollution ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Surface water ,Earth-Surface Processes ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
A case-study was design in order to rank three alternative herbicides according to their exposure to surface waters. Herbicide persistence and losses to surface waters were studied in an uncultivated Finnish field (ca. 3500 m2, slope
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- 2006
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8. Effects of soil phosphorus status on environmental risk assessment of glyphosate and glufosinate-ammonium
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Sari Rämö, Helinä Hartikainen, Pirkko Laitinen, Seija Oinonen, Liisa Eronen, Katri Siimes, and Lauri Jauhiainen
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Environmental Engineering ,Soil test ,Glycine ,010501 environmental sciences ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,complex mixtures ,01 natural sciences ,Risk Assessment ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Adsorption ,Freundlich equation ,Leaching (agriculture) ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology ,Herbicides ,Aminobutyrates ,Phosphorus ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,15. Life on land ,Pollution ,chemistry ,Environmental chemistry ,Loam ,Glyphosate ,Soil water ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Ammonium acetate - Abstract
The increased use of herbicides poses a risk to the aquatic environment. Easy and economical methods are needed to identify the fields where specific environment protection measures are needed. Phosphorus (P) and organophosphorus herbicides compete for the same adsorption sites in soil. In this study the relationship between P obtained in routine Finnish agronomic tests (acid ammonium acetate [P AC ]) and adsorption ofglyphosate and glufosinate-ammonium was investigated to determine whether P AC values could be used in the risk assessment. The adsorption of glyphosate ((N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) and glufosinate-ammonium (2-amino-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl) butanoic acid) was studied in a clay and a sandy loam soil enriched with increasing amounts of P added as potassium dihydrogen phosphate. Desorption was also determined for some P-enriched soil samples. The adsorption of both herbicides diminished with increasing P AC value. The correlations between Freundlich adsorption coefficients obtained in the adsorption tests and P AC were nonlinear but significant (r > 0.98) in both soils. The exponential models of the relationship between soil P AC values and glyphosate adsorption were found to fit well to an independent Finnish soil data set (P < 0.1 for glyphosate and P < 0.01 for glufosinate-ammonium). The desorption results showed that glufosinate-ammonium sorption is not inversely related to soil P status, and the high correlation coefficients obtained in the test of the model were thus artifacts caused by an abnormal concentration of exchangeable potassium in soil. The solved equations are a useful tool in assessing the leaching risks of glyphosate, but their use for glufosinate-ammonium is questionable.
- Published
- 2008
9. Effects of pesticides on community structure and ecosystem functions in agricultural streams of three biogeographical regions in Europe
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Ralf B. Schäfer, Thierry Caquet, Laurent Lagadic, Katri Siimes, Matthias Liess, Ralf Mueller, Institute for Ecology and Environmental Chemistry, University Lüneburg, Department of System Ecotoxicology [UFZ Leipzig], Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Research Programme for Contaminants, Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Laboratory for Environmental Analytics, Energieversorgung Weser-Ems AG (EWE AG), and Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ)
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River ecosystem ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Fresh Water ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Recovery ,MACROINVERTEBRE AQUATIQUE ,Biomonitoring ,Biomass ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Finland ,2. Zero hunger ,[SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment ,Biomass (ecology) ,Macroinvertebrates ,Ecology ,Community structure ,Agriculture ,Pollution ,Chemistry ,Biodegradation, Environmental ,France ,europe ,Environmental Monitoring ,Environmental Engineering ,TRAIT BIOLOGIQUE ,BIOINDICATION ,STREAMS ,species traits ,finlande ,Environmental Chemistry ,Animals ,Ecosystem ,Pesticides ,Relative species abundance ,pesticide ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,aquatic ,15. Life on land ,Pesticide ,DEGRADATION DE LA LITIERE ,Leaf-litter breakdown ,Plant Leaves ,Daphnia ,13. Climate action ,scandinavie ,Environmental science ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,rivière - Abstract
There is a paucity of large-scale field investigations on the effects of organic toxicants on stream macro invertebrate community structure and ecosystem functions. We investigated a total of 29 streams in two study areas of France and Finland for pesticide exposure, invertebrates and leaf-litter breakdown. To link pesticide exposure and community composition we applied the trait-based Species At Risk (SPEAR) indicator system. In the French region, pesticide stress was associated with a decrease in the relative abundance and number of sensitive species in the communities. The presence of undisturbed upstream reaches partly compensated the effects of pesticide contamination. Functional effects of pesticides were identified by a 2.5-fold reduction of the leaf-litter breakdown rate that was closely correlated with the structural changes in the contaminated streams. No effects of pesticides were observed in Finnish streams since contamination with pesticides was very low. In a follow-up analysis, the SPEAR approach successfully discriminated between reference and contaminated sites across different biogeographical regions, also including results of a previous field study in North Germany. Furthermore, change of the community structure was detectable at a concentration range as low as 1/100 to 1/1000 the acute 48 h-LC50 of Daphnia magna. Our findings demonstrate that pesticides may influence the structure and function of lotic ecosystems and that the SPEAR approach can be used as a powerful tool in biomonitoring over large spatial scales. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
- Published
- 2007
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10. Analyysi maatalouden ympäristötukijärjestelmästä 2000-2006
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Juha Grönroos, Reija Hietala, Mikko Kuussaari, Pirkko Laitinen, Jussi Lankoski, Riitta Lemola, Antti Miettinen, Paula Perälä, Markku Puustinen, Anna Schulman, Tapio Salo, Katri Siimes, and Eila Turtola
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vesiensuojelu ,maatalous ,ilmansuojelu ,ympäristövaikutukset ,vaikutukset ,ympäristötuki ,ympäristönsuojelu ,kustannustehokkuus ,vaikuttavuus ,vesistönkuormitus ,arviointi ,luonnon monimuotoisuus ,maisema - Abstract
Hankkeessa pyrittiin tuottamaan arvio Suomessa v. 2000 - 2006 käytössä olleen ympäristötukijärjestelmän vaikuttavuudesta ympäristöön. Työssä arvioitiin yksittäisiä toimenpiteitä sekä järjestelmää kokonaisuutena. Järjestelmän toimivuutta peilattiin sille asetettuja tavoitteita vastaan ja etsittiin parannusmahdollisuuksia. Toimenpiteiden vesiensuojelullisen kustannustehokkuuden lisäksi tarkasteltiin monimuotoisuuskustannustehokkuutta ja kehitettiin siihen liittyvää arviointimenetelmää. Hankkeessa myös kehitettiin menetelmää toimenpiteiden ympäristövaikutusten yhdennettyyn arviointiin. Vesiensuojelullisen tehon lisäämiseksi lannoitukseen ja kasvipeitteisyyteen liittyviä toimenpiteitä tulee edelleen tehostaa ja kohdentaa. Varsinkin lannan käyttöä tulee tehostaa. Väkilannoitteiden pintalannoituksesta tulisi pystyä luopumaan ja lannan levityksessä nopea multaus on tärkeää. Kasvipeitteisyyden lisääminen maan etelä- ja länsiosissa ja varsinkin jyrkillä rantapelloilla on eroosion torjunnan kannalta tärkeää. Korkeita maan helppoliukoisen fosforin pitoisuuksia on alennettava. Luonnon monimuotoisuuden edistämisen kannalta olisi oleellista kehittää perustukeen kuuluva laajasti toteutettava ja vaikuttava toimenpide. Pientareet ja suojakaistat –toimenpiteen merkitys monimuotoisuuden edistämisessä paranisi, jos se sisältäisi vesistöjen reunojen lisäksi myös muita reuna-alueita. Taantuneen ja uhanalaisen maatalousalueiden lajiston säilyttämiseksi perinnebiotooppien erityistuki on periaatteiltaan hyvin toimiva tukimuoto. Hoidettavien perinnebiotooppien määrää tulee edelleen lisätä koko maassa.
- Published
- 2007
11. Fate of the herbicides glyphosate, glufosinate-ammonium, phenmedipham, ethofumesate and metamitron in two Finnish arable soils
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Sari Rämö, Marja Ruohonen-Lehto, Liisa Eronen, Pirkko Laitinen, Leena Welling, Seija Oinonen, Leona Mattsoff, and Katri Siimes
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Pesticide resistance ,Chromatography, Gas ,Glycine ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Soil Pollutants ,Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ,Finland ,Benzofurans ,Mesylates ,biology ,Herbicides ,Triazines ,Aminobutyrates ,Pesticide Residues ,Soil classification ,General Medicine ,Pesticide ,biology.organism_classification ,Kinetics ,Biodegradation, Environmental ,Glufosinate ,chemistry ,Agronomy ,Insect Science ,Loam ,Glyphosate ,Soil water ,Environmental science ,Sugar beet ,Carbamates ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
The fate of five herbicides (glyphosate, glufosinate-ammonium, phenmedipham, ethofumesate and metamitron) was studied in two Finnish sugar beet fields for 26 months. Soil types were sandy loam and clay. Two different herbicide-tolerant sugar beet cultivars and three different herbicide application schedules were used. Meteorological data were collected throughout the study and soil properties were thoroughly analysed. An extensive data set of herbicide residue concentrations in soil was collected. Five different soil depths were sampled. The study was carried out using common Finnish agricultural practices and represents typical sugar beet cultivation conditions in Finland. The overall observed order of persistence was ethofumesate > glyphosate > phenmedipham > metamitron > glufosinate-ammonium. Only ethofumesate and glyphosate persisted until the subsequent spring. Seasonal variation in herbicide dissipation was very high and dissipation ceased almost completely during winter. During the 2 year experiment no indication of potential groundwater pollution risk was obtained, but herbicides may cause surface water pollution.
- Published
- 2006
12. Adsorption of sugar beet herbicides to Finnish soils
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Seija Oinonen, Katri Siimes, Sari Rämö, Sari Autio, Liisa Eronen, and Pirkko Laitinen
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Soil test ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Soil ,Adsorption ,Water Pollution, Chemical ,Environmental Chemistry ,Leaching (agriculture) ,Finland ,Benzofurans ,Mesylates ,biology ,Herbicides ,Triazines ,Aminobutyrates ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Lessivage ,Agriculture ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,biology.organism_classification ,Pollution ,Soil contamination ,Agronomy ,chemistry ,Glyphosate ,Soil water ,Sugar beet ,Carbamates ,Beta vulgaris - Abstract
Three sugar beet herbicides, ethofumesate, phenmedipham and metamitron, are currently used on conventional sugar beet cultivation, while new varieties of herbicide resistant (HR) sugar beet, tolerant of glyphosate or glufosinate-ammonium, are under field testing in Finland. Little knowledge has so far been available on the adsorption of these herbicides to Finnish soils. The adsorption of these five herbicides was studied using the batch equilibrium method in 21 soil samples collected from different depths. Soil properties like organic carbon content, texture, pH and partly the phosphorus and oxide content of the soils were tested against the adsorption coefficients of the herbicides. In general, the herbicides studied could be arranged according to their adsorption coefficients as follows: glyphosate > phenmedipham > ethofumesate ≈ glufosinate-ammonium > metamitron, metamitron meaning the highest risk of leaching. None of the measured soil parameters could alone explain the adsorption mechanism of these five herbicides. The results can be used in model assessments of risk for leaching to ground water resulting from weed control of sugar beet in Finland.
- Published
- 2003
13. MODELING SEDIMENT YIELD AND PHOSPHORUS TRANSPORT IN FINNISH CLAYEY SOILS
- Author
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Hanna-Riikka Tuhkanen, Markku Yli-Halla, Maximilian Posch, Katri Siimes, Sirkka Tattari, Ilona Bärlund, and Seppo Rekolainen
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Hydrology ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Phosphorus ,Sediment ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Soil contamination ,Rill ,Field capacity ,chemistry ,Erosion ,Environmental science ,Phosphorus cycle ,Surface runoff - Abstract
A mathematical simulation model (ICECREAM), describing the phosphorus cycle in the soil and its losses from soil to water, was developed and applied to clayey soils in Finland. The model is based on the CREAMS and GLEAMS model, with some modifications to adapt it to local (climatic) conditions. The original erosion submodel (USLE) highly overestimated erosion for Finnish agricultural clayey soils with relatively steep slopes (i.e., 7%–8%). The calibration of poorly known and/or spatially varying input parameters, such as Manning’s n, soil erodibility, and field capacity, did not sufficiently improve the agreement between simulated and measured data. Therefore, a sensitivity analysis of the erosion equations was carried out using Monte Carlo methods, varying both input and non–input parameters. This analysis showed that parameters in equations dependent on the slope, such as rill and interrill detachment rates, peak runoff rate, and equations related to sediment transport capacity were the most sensitive. Thus, those parameters were recalibrated, resulting in simulated annual sediment yields that approached the measured erosion rates, which ranged from 200 to 5000 kg ha –1 yr –1 . Since the amount of phosphorus bound to sediments is closely correlated with the amount of eroded soil material, simulated sediment–bound phosphorus also corresponded better to the measurements.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
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14. Yhdyskuntajätevesien satunnaispäästöjen merkitys ja vaikutus vastaanottavissa vesistöissä
- Author
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Jyrki Laitinen, Janne Juntunen, Niina Kotamäki, Vuokko Laukka, Katri Siimes, Arto Laikari, Maria Dubovik, Ville Rinta-Hiiro, Laura Wendling, Miettinen Ilkka, and Päivi Meriläinen
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