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This work presents an 8-years-long dataset of monitoring activities conducted on the western margin of the southern Adriatic Sea where two moorings have been placed since 2012 in sites that are representative of different morpho-dynamic conditions of the continental slope (open slope vs. submarine canyon). The dataset includes measurements conducted with both current meters and conductivity, temperature and depth (CTD) probes, and it provides information about the hydrodynamics and thermohaline properties of the last 100 m of the water column. The hydrodynamics in both sites are dominated by weak currents (< 0.1 m s−1) which undergo yearly to episodic pulsation able to exceed intensity greater than 0.5 m s−1, which are linked to the passage of dense waters. The 8-years records presented here represent a starting point for the continuous observation activity set up on occasion of the “Operation Dense Water” in 2012 focussed on the southern Adriatic deep-water dynamics. Since then, the observatory has been ongoing since 2012 and the database is regularly updated. All the data described here are made publicly available from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6770201 (Paladini de Mendoza et al., 2022) and are compliant with the FAIR principles (findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable).

This work presents the results of long-term deep-water observations carried out in the southwestern Adriatic margin. Hydrodynamics and thermohaline measurements were carried out in the last 100 m of the water column using two long-term moorings placed at two different locations along the western sector of the Adriatic continental margin (open slope vs. submarine canyon). The observations, carried out over a period of almost 10 years, made it possible to define the intra- and interannual deep-water dynamics, which are mainly influenced by the passage of cold, dense water. The hydrodynamic field is influenced by seasonal behavior and varies from year to year, with no clear temporal trend or periodicity. Thermohaline properties follow hydrodynamics but also show a climatological trend toward higher temperatures and salinity. The combination and variability of preconditioning factors explains the interannual variability in dense water passage at the mooring sites triggering the formation of dense water in the northern Adriatic. The impulsive nature of the dense water flow, which is difficult to capture with sporadic oceanographic surveys, and its linkage with the large-scale atmospheric circulation make continuous monitoring essential to answer open questions about cascading processes and deep-water dynamics under a global change scenario.

Over the past 70 years, a major change in winter air-sea heat loss between the North-west Mediterranean (NWMed) and the Aegean Sea, is revealed using the ERA5 amd 20CRv3 atmospheric reanalyses. The NWMed heat loss weakens from -154 Wm-2 in 1951-1985 to -137 Wm-2 in 1986-2020 as a results of weaker latent heat loss. This long-term weakening threatens continued dense water formation, and we show by evaluation of historical observations that winter-time ocean convection in the NWMed has declined by 40% from 1969 to 2018. Extension of the heat flux analysis reveals changes at other key dense water formation sites that favour an eastward shift in the locus of Mediterranean convection towards the Aegean Sea (where heat loss has remained unchanged at -172 Wm-2). The contrasting behaviour is due to differing time evolution of sea-air humidity and temperature gradients. These gradients have weakened in the NWMed due to more rapid warming of the air than the sea surface but remain near-constant in the Aegean. The different time evolution reflects the combined effects of global heating and atmospheric circulation changes which tend to offset heating in the Aegean but not the NWMed. The shift in heat loss has potentially significant consequences for dense water formation at these two sites and outflow to the Atlantic. The process of differential heat loss change in the Mediterranean Sea has implications for temporal variations in the balance of convection elsewhere e.g., the high latitude Atlantic/Arctic margin dense water formation sites (Labrador-Irminger-Nordic Seas)., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

The Sardinia Channel (Mediterranean Sea) is a wide opening between Tunisia and Sardinia which has a sill at about 1900 m in a narrow deep trench that allows exchanges of the upper part of the deep waters to occur between the Algerian and the Tyrrhenian subbasins. The densest part of Western Mediterranean Deep Water (WMDW), which is trapped in the Algerian subbasin, is thus overflowing the sill when uplifted by recent and even denser WMDW. The less dense WMDW, circulating anticlockwise and alongslope may enter the Sardinia Channel directly following the Algerian slope. There is another water mass exchanged in this region, the Tyrrhenian Deep Water (TDW) which is a mixing product between the WMDW and waters coming from the Eastern Mediterranean.The monitoring of thermohaline properties and currents has been operated at the sill between 2003 and 2019, to observe the variability of the deep water exchanged between the two adjacent subbasins. The θ time series collected at the sill since July 2003 shows an alternation of WMDW presence (lower θ and S, generally flowing eastward) and TDW presence (“pulses” of higher θ and S, generally flowing westward). Those TDW pulses are generally of short duration (between 1 day and 1 week) and are likely to be due to displacements of the interface between the two deep water masses. Thus, the mooring alternatively sampled WMDW (mainly) and TDW.The Sardinia Channel trend component shows a continuous warming trend at a rate of 0.0067± 3.47*10-6 °C year-1, accounting for a total deep temperature increase of about 0.114 °C from 2003 to 2019. The salinity trend also shows a salinification at a rate of 0.0032 ± 2.02*10-6 year-1, with a total deep salinity increase of about 0.054 from 2003 to 2019. The density trend component shows a continuous densification at a rate of 0.0011± 9.60*10-7 kg m-3 year-1, with a total deep density increase of about 0.0187 kg m-3 from 2003 to 2019.The ongoing climate change has amplified the scientific interest in time series and their importance is increasingly recognized even at the political level. Nonetheless, due to their high maintenance costs and the difficulty in maintaining them, they are still widely lacking. It is important to stress that an understanding of physical-chemical-biological processes in the oceans requires regular and long-term observations, that enable us to separate real long-term trends in environmental drivers from the natural variability of the system.

A major change in winter sea surface heat loss between two key Mediterranean dense water formation sites, the North–West Mediterranean (NWMed) and the Aegean Sea, since 1950 is revealed using atmospheric reanalyses. The NWMed heat loss has weakened considerably (from −154 Wm−2 in 1951–1985 to −137 Wm−2 in 1986–2020) primarily because of reduced latent heat flux. This long-term weakening threatens continued dense water formation, and we show by evaluation of historical observations that winter-time ocean convection in the NWMed has declined by 40% from 1969 to 2018. Extension of the heat flux analysis reveals changes at other key dense water formation sites that favour an eastward shift in the locus of Mediterranean convection towards the Aegean Sea (where heat loss has remained unchanged at −172 Wm−2). The contrasting behaviour is due to differing time evolution of sea-air humidity and temperature gradients. These gradients have weakened in the NWMed due to more rapid warming of the air than the sea surface but remain near-constant in the Aegean. The different time evolution reflects the combined effects of global heating and atmospheric circulation changes which tend to offset heating in the Aegean but not the NWMed. The shift in heat loss has potentially significant consequences for dense water formation at these two sites and outflow to the Atlantic. Our observation of differential changes in heat loss has implications for temporal variations in the balance of convection elsewhere e.g. the Labrador-Irminger-Nordic Seas nexus of high latitude Atlantic dense water formation sites.

Ocean straits connect basins characterized by different fluid properties. They are important exchange areas showing peculiar phenomena that often strongly influence physical as well as biogeochemical exchange processes. These are mostly unique for each strait, depending on its specific bathymetry, local air-sea interactions, and remote forcing. Consequently, different methods for observing straits dynamics and fluxes have been developed. Starting from analogue current meters, technological development has led to the use of increasingly complex instruments, such as acoustic as well as microwave devices. Hence, in situ measurements are complemented by remote sensing methods to accurately determine current velocities across the straits. The advent of very high-resolution numerical models, which are able to reproduce small-scale features of the near surface as well as of the interior water masses, yielded a strong improvement in the understanding of straits dynamics. Starting from the 1960s, much work has been devoted at developing an integrated approach to the study of sea straits, including in situ and remote sensing observations, and modelling analysis. In this work, we examine different methods used to observe, monitor and simulate the dynamics of sea straits and their biogeochemical impact, focusing particularly on integrated approaches.

Long-term time-series are a fundamental prerequisite to understand and detect climate shifts and trends. Understanding the complex interplay of changing ocean variables and the biological implication for marine ecosystems requires extensive data collection for monitoring and hypothesis testing and validation of modelling products. In marginal seas, such as Mediterranean Sea, there are still monitoring gaps, both in time and in space. To contribute filling these gaps, an extensive dataset of dissolved inorganic nutrients profiles (nitrate, NO3; phosphate, PO43−; and silicate, SiO2) have been collected between 2004 and 2017 in the Western Mediterranean Sea and subjected to quality control techniques to provide to the scientific community a publicly available, long-term, quality controlled, internally consistent biogeochemical data product. The database includes 870 stations of dissolved inorganic nutrients sampled during 24 cruises, including temperature and salinity. Details of the quality control (primary and secondary quality control) applied are reported. The data are available in PANGAEA (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.904172, Belgacem et al. 2019).

The neodymium isotopic composition (εNd) of seawater is one of the most important geochemical tracers to investigate water mass provenance, which can also serve as a proxy to reconstruct past variations in ocean circulation. Nd isotopes have recently also been used to reconstruct past circulation changes in theMediterranean Sea on different time scales. However, the modern seawater ε Nd dataset for the Mediterranean Sea, which these reconstructions are based on, is limited and up to now only 160 isotopic measurements are available for the entire basin. The lack of present-day data also limits our understanding of the processes controlling the Nd cycle and Nd isotopic distribution in this semi-enclosed basin. Here we present new εNd data from 24 depth profiles covering all Mediterranean sub-basins, which significantly increases the available dataset in the Mediterranean Sea. The main goal of our study is to better characterize the relationship between the dissolved Nd isotope distributions and major water masses in the Mediterranean Sea and to investigate the impact and relative importance of local non-conservative modifications, which include input of riverine particles and waters, aeolian-derived material and exchange with the sediments at continental margins . This comprehensive εNd dataset reveals a clear εNd – salinity correlation and a zonal and depth gradient with εNd systematically increasing from the western to the eastern Mediterranean basin (average εNd = −8.8 ± 0.8 and −6.7 ± 1 for the entire water column, respectively), reflecting the large-scale basin circulation. We have evaluated the conservative εNd behaviour in theMediterranean Sea and quantified the non-conservative components of the ε Nd signatures by applying an Optimum Multiparameter (OMP) analysis and results from the Parametric Optimum Multiparameter (POMP) analysis of Jullion et al. (2017). The results of the present study combined with previously published Nd isotope values indicate that dissolved εNd behaves overall conservatively in the open Mediterranean Sea and show that its water masses are clearly distinguishable by their Nd isotope signature. However, misfits between measured and OMP- and POMP-derived εNd values exist in almost all sub-basins, especially in the eastern Levantine Basin and Alboran Sea at intermediate-deep depths, which can be explained by the influence of detrital lithogenic εNd signatures through interaction with highly radiogenic Nile sourced volcanic fractions and unradiogenic sediments, respectively. The radiogenic signature acquired in the eastern Levantine Basin is carried by the Levantine Intermediate Water and transferred conservatively to the entire Mediterranean at intermediate depths. Our measured εNd values and OMP- and POMP-derived results indicate that non-conservative contributions originating from sediment sources are then propagated by water mass circulation (with distinct preformed εNd) along the Mediterranean Sea through advection and conservative mixing. Mediterranean εNd effectively traces the mixing between the different water masses in this semi-enclosed basin and is a suitable water mass tracer.

Issue sup1: Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report, Issue 5 Supplement.-- Karina von Schuckmann (Editor), Pierre-Yves Le Traon (Editor), Neville Smith (Chair) (Review Editor), Ananda Pascual (Review Editor), Samuel Djavidnia (Review Editor), Jean-Pierre Gattuso (Review Editor), Marilaure Grégoire (Review Editor), The work was supported by the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) LATEMAR project. CMEMS is implemented by Mercator Ocean in the framework of a delegation agreement with the European Union. This work has also been conducted as part of the bilateral project EOLO-1 (“Extreme Oceanic waves during tropical, tropical-like, and bomb cyclones”) between CNR-ISMAR and the University of Tokyo (Japan; Prof. Takuji Waseda). Antonio Ricchi funding have been provided via the PON “AIM” - Attraction and international mobility program AIM1858058. Joanna Staneva acknowledges H2020 IMMERSE Project, Arno Behrens was supported by CMEMS Waveflow project and G. Gayer by ESA Black Sea and Danube Regional Initiative (EO4BS).

Microstructure and CTD/LADCP measurements from the Western Mediterranean basin east of revealed two types of dynamical regions (Ferron et al., 2017, Geophysical Research Letters, 44:7845-7854, Ferron et al., 2017), contrasted in terms of current magnitude, vertical shear, stratification and turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate: energetic regions (Corsica Channel, Egadi Valley and Sicily Channel) and quiescent regions (Ligurian Sea, around Sardinia, and Tyrrhenian Sea). On average, the current speed and the buoyancy frequency in the energetic regions were twice as large as in the quiescent regions, and the vertical shear was five times as large. Turbulence properties inferred from the microstructure measurements were also contrasted, dissipation rates in the energetic regions being two orders of magnitude larger than in the quiescent regions. The present study investigates the variability of the dissipation flux coefficient, a measure of the mixing efficiency, in a rich assortment of dynamical regimes. This dataset covers the full range of turbulence intensities observed in previous studies based on field measurements, direct numerical simulations, and laboratory experiments alike. The dependency of the dissipation flux coefficient as a function of turbulence intensity for the quiescent and energetic regions frames the previously observed lower and upper bounds, respectively. A contrasting behaviour was revealed between the two types of regions. In the quiescent regions, the dissipation flux coefficient linearly decreases on average by one order of magnitude with turbulence intensity increasing by four orders of magnitude. On the other hand, in the energetic regions the dissipation flux coefficient exhibits a nearly constant value over 4 decades of turbulence intensity, before decreasing for very strong turbulence intensities. In contrast with other studies, this dataset shows no relationship between the Richardson number and the dissipation flux coefficient. This may be due to inadequate vertical sampling resolution of the currents, or to the high diversity of sampled turbulent regimes, contrary to previous studies focused on a single type of dynamical region or framework (such as the thermocline or shear instabilities).

Kongsfjorden is an Arctic fjord situated in the Svalbard archipelago. The fjord hydrography is influenced by the warm and saline Atlantic water from West Spitsbergen Current (WSC) flowing northward on the shelf slope and the cold and fresh polar waters circulating on the shelf. Once several conditions are satisfied, Atlantic waters from the WSC can extensively flood the fjord. These intrusions are majorly confined to the summer season although some strong events have been identified also in winter. In this study, a decade of continuous observations is used to examine changes in water properties and water masses variability in inner Kongsfjorden, with a special focus on Atlantic water intrusions. Data have been gathered by the National Research Council of Italy (CNR) through the Mooring Dirigibile Italia (MDI) in addition to summer CTD surveys. MDI was deployed in September 2010 at 100m depth and comprises various temperature and salinity sensors placed at different depths. Analysis of the longest temperature series reveals a positive linear trend since 2010. However, both temperature and salinity present a peak at the beginning of 2017 and decreasing values toward the end of the series. No significant trends were found when considering the monthly water column temperature as average of few sensors’ measurements. Yet, differentiating the seasonal contributions reveals that summer temperatures feature a fast warming (0.26 °C/yr) whereas winters do not show a statistically significant linear trend. Temperature and salinity observations gathered at 25 and 85m depth are used to depict water masses variability accorfing to previous water masses classifications. Some evidences are noted: first, events of Atlantic water intrusions are always confined near the bottom and they are never seen at 25m, whilst summer freshwater is found only in the near surface. Second, the timing of occurrence of these two water types seems to be related: the presence of large freshwater volumes close to the surface are preceded by the arrival of warm and saline waters. This evidence is interpreted as the melting signal of Kronebreen, the largest tidewater glacier in Kongsfjorden, triggered by the intrusion of Atlantic water. As a result, the large freshwater input manages to dilute the Atlantic water settled near the bottom. Third, the temperature and salinity peaks at the beginning of 2017 are associated to a massive Atlantic water flooding in the inner fjord lasting several months in summer/autumn 2016 and 2017. After this period, Atlantic water is seen only for few months in summer 2019. CTD measurements are used to depict the summer hydrography of Kongsfjorden and the focus is drawn on the characterisation of the seasonal cycle for each available year of measurements. Finally, the drivers of Atlantic water intrusion events are examined, as the presence of low pressure systems and the wind patterns in the region.

Ocean life relies on the loads of dissolved inorganic nutrients (nitrate, phosphate and silicate) and other micro-nutrients into the euphotic layer. They fuel phytoplankton growth that maintains the equilibrium of the food web. Ocean circulation and physical processes continually drive the large -scale distribution of chemicals toward a homogeneous distribution (Williams and Follows, 2003). The biological and biochemical processes counteract this tendency. Therefore, describing nutrient dynamics is important to understand the overall ecosystem functioning.At global scale, most of the biogeochemical descriptions are based on model simulations and satellite data, since nutrient in situ observations are generally infrequent and not homogeneously distributed in space and time. Climatological mapping is often used to understand the biogeochemical state of the ocean representing monthly, seasonally or annual averaged fields.Within this context, the western Mediterranean Sea climatology (BGC-WMED) presented here is a product derived from in situ observations, derived from various data sources: in total, 2253 in-situ inorganic nutrient profiles over the period 1981-2017 have been used (Medar/MEDATLAS, Fichaut et al., 2003; the CNR-WMED biogeochemical dataset, Belgacem et al., 2020; SeaDataNet data product, https://www.seadatanet.org; Mediterranean Ocean Observing System for the Environment, MOOSE, http://www.moose-network.fr/).Annual mean gridded nutrient fields for the period 1981-2017, and sub-periods 1981-2004 and 2005-2017, on a horizontal 1/4° × 1/4° grid have been produced. The biogeochemical climatology is built on 19 depth levels and for the dissolved inorganic nutrients nitrate, phosphate and orthosilicate. To generate smooth and homogeneous interpolated fields, an advanced N-dimensional version of DIVA, DIVAnd v2.5.1 (Barth et al., 2014), which is based on the variational inverse method (VIM) (Brasseur et al., 1996), has been used.A sensitivity analysis was carried out to assess the comparability of the data product with the observational data. The BGC-WMED has then been compared to other available data products, i.e. the medBFM biogeochemical reanalysis and the biogeochemical component of WOA18.Keywords: Mediterranean Sea, climatology, inorganic nutrient, in situ observations.

A history of childhood abuse and neglect (CAN) is significantly associated with psychopathologies in adulthood, including comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUD). Difficulties in emotion regulation (ER) might influence the association between CAN and PTSD. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between CAN and PTSD symptom severity in women with SUD and to investigate the mediating role of general difficulties in ER and its specific dimensions.

NADPH facilitates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in pancreatic islet (PI) b-cells by an as yet unknown mechanism. We found NADPH oxidase, isoform-4 (NOX4), to be the major producer of cytosolic H2O2, essential for GSIS, while the increase in ATP/ADP alone was insufficient. The fast GSIS phase was absent in PIs from NOX4-null, b-cell-specific knockout mice (NOX4bKO) (not NOX2KO), and NOX4-silenced or catalase-overexpressing INS-1E cells. Lentiviral NOX4 overexpression or H2O2 rescued GSIS in PIs from NOX4bKO mice. NOX4 silencing suppressed Ca2+ oscillations and the patch-clamped ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) opened more frequently at high glucose. Mitochondrial H2O2, decreasing upon GSIS, provided an alternative redox signaling when 2-oxo-isocaproate or fatty acid oxidation formed superoxide by electron-transport flavoprotein:Q-oxidoreductase. Unlike GSIS, this ceased with mitochondrial antioxidant SkQ1. Both NOX4KO and NOX4bKO strains exhibited impaired glucose tolerance and peripheral insulin resistance. Thus the redox signaling previously suggested to cause b-cell-self-checking – hypothetically induces insulin resistance when absent. In conclusion, ATP plus H2O2 elevations constitute an essential switch-on signal of insulin exocytosis for glucose and branched-chain oxoacids as secretagogues (partly for fatty acids). Redox signaling could be impaired by cytosolic antioxidants, hence those targeting mitochondria should be preferred for clinical applications to treat (pre)diabetes at any stage.

Climate change is one of the key topics of our century. The study of processes related to climate change in the atmosphere, the open ocean, the deep sea or even in shallow coastal waters require sustained long-term observations, often deploying sophisticated and expensive equipment. According to the Deep-Ocean Observing Strategy (DOOS, http://deepoceanobserving.org/), the deep ocean (below 200 m water depth) is the least observed, but largest habitat on our planet by volume and area. With more than 90% of anthropogenic heat imbalance absorbed by the oceans, monitoring long-term changes of its heat content, and over its full depth, is essential to quantify the planetary heat budget.The Mediterranean Sea is a mid-latitude marginal sea, particularly responsive to climate change as reported by recent studies. Straits and channels divide it into several sub-basins and the continuous monitoring of these choke points allows to intercept different water masses, and thus to document how they changed over time. This monitoring, in many cases, is done under the umbrella of the CIESM Hydrochanges program (http://www.ciesm.org/marine/programs/hydrochanges.htm). Here we report the long-term time series of physical data collected in two of these choke points: the Sardinia Channel (1900 m) and the Sicily Channel (400 m).The Sardinia Channel allows the Western Mediterranean Deep Water (WMDW) to enter the Tyrrhenian Sea (depths > 3000 m), connecting it with the Algerian Sea (depths > 2500 m). This water mass has experienced a significant increase of heat and salt content over the past decades, due both to a gradual process and to and abrupt event, called Western Mediterranean Transition (WMT). The monitoring at the sill (1900 m) of the Sardinia Channel since 2003 shows this very clearly, and the interannual trends are significantly stronger than the global average trends.The Sicily Channel (sill at 400 m) separates the Mediterranean in two main basins, the Eastern Mediterranean Sea and the Western Mediterranean Sea. Here the thermohaline properties of the Intermediate Water (IW) are monitored since 1993, showing increasing temperature and salinity trends at least one order of magnitude stronger than those observed at intermediate depths in the global ocean.We investigate the causes of the observed trends and in particular discuss the role of a changing climate over the Mediterranean, especially in the eastern basin, where the IW is formed. The long-term records in two Mediterranean channels reveal how fast the response to climate change can be in a marginal sea compared to the global ocean, and demonstrates the essential role of long time series in the ocean.

Submesoscale instabilities along oceanic fronts can cause water mass intrusions from the surface mixed layer into the stratified pycnocline. These are important drivers of vertical exchange that have a potentially significant impact on the transfer of physical properties and biological tracers.The CALYPSO (Coherent Lagrangian Pathways from the Surface Ocean to Interior) ONR research initiative focuses on observing and understanding coherent vertical pathways by which vertical exchange occurs. The Alboran Sea (located in the south-western Mediterranean, east of Gibraltar) is well known for its strong density fronts and eddies. During a research cruise, onboard R/V Pourquoi Pas? in early April 2019, we found that fronts in this area support the generation of subducting filaments. Several types of observations (using CTD, uCTD, microstructure profiles, drifters and floats) were collected along numerous cross-front transects over a period of two weeks.The analysis of the temperature profiles highlighted the presence of several intruding filaments moving along isopycnal surfaces in the proximity of the frontal area. The intrusion signal was also clearly visible in biophysical properties with elevated Chlorophyll-a concentrations, well below the deep chlorophyll maximum, in conjunction with high dissolved oxygen values. From a microstructure point of view, the upper and lower limits of the subducting filaments exhibited high turbulent dissipation rates, with values of O(10-7) W/m2. These dissipation rates are higher than what is generally observed at such depths and point to enhanced mixing activity at the boundaries of the intrusions even along isopycnal surfaces.

Globorotalia truncatulinoides oscillations have been recorded from different marine sediment cores collected in the central and western Mediterranean Sea. The abundances of this species over the last 500 yrs. demonstrates its potential value as bio-indicator of particular oceanographic condition during the Maunder Minimum (MM) event of the Little Ice Age (LIA). The comparison between the G. truncatulinoides abundance patterns of the Balearic Basin, central and south Tyrrhenian Sea and central and eastern Sicily Channel allows to highlight a similar response of this species during the MM event in the central-western Mediterranean Sea. The ecological meanings of this species and its peculiar high abundance percentages in the total assemblages suggest the development of enhanced vertical mixing conditions during MM winter season with a strong advection of nutrients from the nutrient-rich deeper layers and enhances the productivity levels in the mixed layer. The intensified vertical mixing could be linked to persistence of an atmospheric blocking event recorded by several authors during the MM.

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Eine Subgruppe von Patientinnen mit Borderline Persönlichkeitsstörung (BPS) berichtet von fraglich psychotischen Symptomen. Die Angaben zur Häufigkeit variieren beträchtlich (bis zu 50% Betroffene). Untersuchungen in Deutschland stehen bislang aus. Weiterhin sind die genaue Phänomenologie dieser Symptome und die Auswirkungen auf Suizidalität und Inanspruchnahme stationärer psychiatrischer Behandlung bisher unklar. Ziel der Arbeit Es erfolgte die Untersuchung der Prävalenzen und Phänomenologie der fraglich psychotischen Symptome. Assoziationen zwischen letzteren und Suizidalität sowie Inanspruchnahme stationärer psychiatrischer Behandlung wurden unter Berücksichtigung weiterer Einflussfaktoren überprüft. Methodik Fraglich psychotische Symptome wurden bei 95 BPS-Patientinnen mit dem Strukturierten Klinischen Interview-I erhoben. Zur Überprüfung der Assoziationen zwischen diesen Symptomen und Suizidalität sowie Inanspruchnahme stationärer psychiatrischer Behandlung wurden Korrelations- und Regressionsanalysen berechnet. PTBS-Symptomatik, Ausprägung der BPS und Depressivität wurden berücksichtigt. Ergebnisse 36% der Pat. berichteten von vielgestaltigen und langanhaltenden Wahrnehmungsveränderungen (WV) und 21% von ebensolchen Wahnvorstellungen. Die Anzahl der Suizidversuche war mit Wahnerleben, WV und Schwere der PTBS-Symptomatik, Ausprägung der BPS und Depressivität assoziiert. 25,8% der Varianz zur Vorhersage der Anzahl der Suizidversuche wurde durch Wahnerleben und PTBS-Symptomschwere erklärt. Für das Alter bei Ersthospitalisation zeigten sich weniger und für die Anzahl der Hospitalisationen keine Assoziationen. Diskussion Fraglich psychotische Symptome sollten nicht trivialisiert werden, was möglicherweise durch die Nutzung von Begrifflichkeiten wie Pseudohalluzinationen oder vorübergehende paranoide Vorstellungen geschieht und können insbesondere mit Suizidalität assoziiert sein, wodurch das klinische Bild erschwert wird.

21 pages, 11 figures, 2 appendices, supporting information https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017JC01272, data are available https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.875602

Extensive liver resections are common, and bleeding is frequent in these operations. Impaired regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PHx) may contribute to liver failure. We thus assessed the impact of acute bleeding on the liver regeneration progress after PHx and explored possible contributing molecular mechanisms. In rats, the regeneration progress was delayed and attenuated with PHx and bleeding and was not restored with colloid resuscitation. Livers restored their initial volume by postoperative day (POD) 2 after PHx through hepatocyte proliferation vs. POD 4 in the PHx and bleeding group, primarily by hepatocyte hypertrophy. With bleeding, hepatocyte proliferation was hindered in two mechanisms: by inhibiting cells from starting proliferation and by causing hindrance in G1/S progression. Liver hypoxia was prominent, with significant prolonged up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) and HIF-targeted genes only in the PHx and bleeding group. Gene expression profiling revealed alterations in numerous genes that belong to critical pathways, including cell cycle, DNA replication, PI3K-Akt, purine, and pyrimidine metabolism. Because liver surgery is frequently performed in patients with a predamaged liver, an improper regenerative process after PHx and bleeding might lead to decompensation. The results hint at specific pathways to target in order to improve liver regeneration during PHx and bleeding.—Matot, I., Nachmansson, N., Duev, O., Schulz, S., Schroeder-Stein, K., Frede, S., Abramovitch, R. Impaired liver regeneration after hepatectomy and bleeding is associated with a shift from hepatocyte proliferation to hypertrophy.

The dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy e and the associated diapycnal turbulent mixing is inferred from a set of microstructure observations collected over several cruises from year 2012 to 2014. The geographical distribution of e highlights several regions of enhanced levels of turbulence ranging from 10−9 to 10−6 W kg−1: the Sicily Channel, the Corsica Channel, and the Ligurian Sea. Elsewhere, e was small, often below 10−10 W kg−1. Below 1300 m, geothermal heating provides three-fold more buoyancy than small-scale turbulence. Geothermal heating and turbulent diffusion provide enough buoyancy to balance 15% to 50% of a mean yearly deep water formation rate of 0.9 to 0.3 sverdrup (106 m3/s), respectively. The remaining part has to eventually overflow through the Strait of Gibraltar.

Es gibt Hinweise, dass sich die Psychopathologie von psychotischen Patienten mit und ohne Traumatisierungen unterscheidet. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es deshalb, Unterschiede in Bezug auf Stimmenphanomene bei N = 111 Patienten mit Schizophrenie-Spektrum-Storung mit und ohne fruhe Gewalterfahrungen zu untersuchen. Die Patienten wurden mithilfe des Strukturierten Traumainterviews in eine Gruppe mit Gewalterfahrungen vor dem 16. Lebensjahr und eine Gruppe ohne solche Gewalterfahrungen eingeteilt. Akustische verbale Halluzinationen wurden mithilfe einer modifizierten Version des Maastricht Interview for Voice Hearers erhoben. Die Gruppe mit Gewalterfahrungen empfanden Stimmenphanomene signifikant haufiger als »nicht unterscheidbar von den eigenen Gedanken« (67 % vs. 29 %), empfanden sich signifikant haufiger als »machtlos« gegenuber ihren Stimmen (100 % vs. 78 %) und hatten signifikant haufiger Stimmen mit ausschlieslich negativem Charakter (85 % vs. 51 %). Unsere Ergebnisse unterstutzen die Annahme, dass bestimmte psychotische Symptome Teil eines Reaktionsspektrums auf traumatische Lebensereignisse bilden konnten. Stimmenphanomene mit den oben genannten Charakteristika sollten fur eine etwaige Trauma-Anamnese sensibilisieren, insbesondere da inzwischen spezielle Therapieansatze fur Betroffene vorliegen.