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Due to the scarcity of literature data on the DNA content of different human tissues, this study aimed to isolate DNA from different tissues and fluids of the human body together with the determination of its content in the samples studied. Material was collected and tests were performed between 1990 and 2010, during autopsies performed for prosecutor's offices in the Department of Forensic Medicine. Goiter and thyroid cancer tissues were obtained from the Department of General Surgery, Gastroenterology and Endocrinology of Wroclaw Medical University. Isolated samples were measured spectrophotometrically, yielding an R 260/280 nm between 1.5 and 1.6. In some cases (when a sufficiently pure preparation could not be obtained), isolation was continued using the silica-based commercial QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen). If the sampling tissues showed signs of decomposition such as bad odour or colour, the results were calibrated by Real-Time PCR, using the Quantifiler DNA assay (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Applied Biosystems). The results have shown that the maximum amount of genetic material was obtained from hair roots, adrenal glands, gonads and lymph nodes. The lowest DNA content per gram or milliliter of tissue or body fluid was found in adipose tissue, blood, saliva, bile, sweat, tears and the vitreous body of the eye. The presented findings indicate the best sources of high-quality DNA from the human body: gonads, kidneys, muscle (including heart), blood and bones (after decalcification). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, as the third of the series, is devoted to gauge ammunition, which may be a problem in ballistic opinions. The paper reviews existing cartridges of the type used in smoothbore weapons (bullet cartridges, non-penetrating, compressed powder, flash-bang, signal, adapter-type, and training cartridges). The paper also presents homemade special cases of gauge ammunition, as well as ammunition used for "peculiar" purposes. The second part of the paper discusses other uses of specialty gauge ammunition, specifically its use as mortar ammunition, propelling charges, pyrotechnic tools, and to start combustion engines.

The analysis of gunshot injuries in prisoners who were executed in Wroclaw penitentiary in the years 1949-1954 shows divergences from legal regulations describing the method of execution. This observation leads to the conclusion that the predominant method of execution of the death penalty was a gunshot or gunshots to the back of the head, which is analogous to the results of exhumation works on collective graves of war prisoners executed during World War II in the territory of the former Soviet Union.

In this paper, the authors review the types of air soft gun replicas depending on the type of drive and ammunition, showing the possibilities of altering the M4A1 rifle replica's technical parameters and the effect of such modifications on initial energy of the projectile. A PJ4 CQB NAVY replica's inner barrel, spring, motor and cylinder kit were replaced. Subsequently, the muzzle velocity was determined and compared to the initial muzzle velocity. This example showed that amateur modifications can greatly increase the initial energy of the pellet. The authors suggest that especially in terms of determining the exposure to direct danger of death or grave detriment to health, the manufacturer's data about pellet energy should not be taken without question, but one should strive for an individual assessment of the ASG replica constituting the evidence.

Background: Tibia shaft fractures are among the most common fractures. However, the incidence of tibia fractures does not increase in the elderly. Osteoporotic bone resorption is possibly compensated for by periosteal apposition, which improves the mechanical properties of the bone. The purpose of this study was to identify a correlation between geometric indices of transverse bone scans and radiologic bone density based in CT studies., Material and Methods: 12 human cadaver tibiae were CT examined. Radiological density in Hounsfield units was evaluated in transverse bone scans taken at the junction of the distal and middle third of the tibial shaft. The average and maximum radiological density and area of cortical bone were evaluated., Results: Average radiological bone density decreased with age. This was not accompanied by a corresponding increase in cortical bone area., Conclusion: The study did not provide direct confirmation that age-related osteoporotic bone resorption is compensated for by periosteal apposition.

The aim of the paper was to investigate and compare the speed and energy of a bullet from 4 mm cal. cartridges of central ignition type M20, both original and transformed by addition of different kinds of propellants. Original cartridges are characterized by an average speed of the bullet of 144 m/s and average energy of 4.8 J. After transformation by the addition of on an average 31.3 mg of smokeless powder from a cartridge type LR'22, a maximum bullet speed of 299 m/s (average) and maximum energy of 21.2 joule (average) were reached. Our test showed that shots using transformed ammunition type M 20 cal. 4 mm can be dangerous for both health and life. Multiple M20 shot wounds may be very similar to single shot wounds caused by a shotshell cartridge fired from a shotgun weapon.