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Since April 2017 UK employers with over 250 employees have been required to publicly report their gender pay gap each year. We exploit this recent source of panel data on employer-level gender pay gaps to provide new insights for the established literature on the gender pay gap based predominately on employee information. More specifically, we explore the factors associated with changing organisational gender pay gaps in the period immediately following transparency. Consistent with information, reflection and pressure brought by the legislation, we find greater narrowing of gender pay gaps in organisations with a larger initial gender pay gap. Moreover, this relationship is magnified over time, consistent with gradual and longer-term adjustment. We further find evidence that inter-organisational comparisons matter. For organisations with higher gender pay gaps than the average of their intra-industry comparators, lower comparator gender pay gaps are associated with further narrowing, suggesting relative comparisons enabled by transparency per se provide a channel through which the impact of the legislation operates.

Since April 2017 UK employers with over 250 employees have been required to publicly report their gender pay gap each year. We exploit this recent source of panel data on employer-level gender pay gaps to provide new insights for the established literature on the gender pay gap based predominately on employee information. More specifically, we explore the factors associated with changing organisational gender pay gaps in the period immediately following transparency. Consistent with information, reflection and pressure brought by the legislation, we find greater narrowing of gender pay gaps in organisations with a larger initial gender pay gap. Moreover, this relationship is magnified over time, consistent with gradual and longer-term adjustment. We further find evidence that interorganisational comparisons matter. For organisations with higher gender pay gaps than the average of their intra-industry comparators, lower comparator gender pay gaps are associated with further narrowing, suggesting relative comparisons enabled by transparency per se provide a channel through which the impact of the legislation operates.

This paper explores the role of performance-related pay to the UK gender pay gap at the mean and across the earnings distribution. Applying decomposition methods to data from the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, we find that performance-related pay is an important but neglected factor, with the lower probability of females being employed in performance-related pay jobs explaining 12 per cent of the observed mean gender pay gap and making a larger contribution than many work-related characteristics routinely included in studies of this nature. Driven by its influence in the private sector, employment in performance-related pay jobs is more important in explaining the gender pay gap at the top end of the wage distribution, consistent with gender differences in receipt of bonus payments. Gender differences in the reward to performance-related pay jobs have a further, but more modest, role in widening the national and private sector mean gender pay gap.

Motivated by the introduction of the UK Gender Pay Gap Reporting legislation to large firms, defined as over 250 employees, we use linked employee-employer panel data from the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings to explore pre-legislation variation in the gender pay gap by firm size. In doing so, we integrate two prominent but distinct empirical regularities in the labour economics literature, namely the gender pay gap and firm-size wage premium. We find evidence of both a larger raw and unexplained gender pay gap among large relative to smaller firms in the UK private sector even after controlling for unobserved worker heterogeneity, consistent with the legislation being effectively targeted. However, this conclusion changes after accounting for unobserved firm level heterogeneity and focusing on within-firm gender pay gaps. Large firms have smaller within-firm raw gender pay gaps and similar unexplained gender pay gaps when compared to smaller firms. We find that this conclusion is not specific to the current firm size threshold of 250 employees but holds more generally, including at proposed extensions of the legislation to smaller firms.

This paper examines the ongoing impact of gender pay gap transparency legislation using a sudden COVID-19-induced temporary suspension to legislation in the UK. Compared to organisations that did not report during the suspension year, reporting organisations have a 6% lower gender pay gap a year later. This is driven by a relative increase in females in the top pay quartile at the same time as rising female concentration in the workforce overall. Further analysis supports the hypothesis that ongoing reporting is most effective in organisations with weaker pre-existing pressures to narrow their gender pay gap through female representation and voice.

In this study we quantify the size and drivers of the contemporary gender pay gap among medical doctors employed in the UK public sector. In using nationally representative data from the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, we make comparisons to doctors employed in the private sector, as well as to other public sector medical professionals. We find that the substantial 20 per cent hourly gender pay gap among public sector doctors is far larger than in either of these comparator occupations. Decomposing the mean gender pay gap for public sector doctors, we find that it is largely unexplained by personal and work-related characteristics, consistent with evidence of potential substantial gender inequality in rewards. It is at the top end of the wage distribution where this is most pronounced indicating the presence of a ‘glass ceiling’ in UK medicine.

The aim of this study is to examine the distribution reading comprehension questions in secondary school Turkish textbooks by inference types. In the research, 94 texts and 492 questions related to these texts were handled. The reading comprehension questions were evaluated according to the lexical, propositional and pragmatic inference categories suggested by Chikalanga (1992). According to the results of the research, in addition to the questions that require making inference in Turkish textbooks, there are also questions called verbatim questions that can be answered without making an inference. 51% of the questions require making pragmatic inference and 17% require making propositional inference. There are no lexical inference questions in the Turkish textbooks. 32% of the questions are verbatim questions. These results show that the end of text questions in the books are not properly distributed among the inference types. In addition, it can be said that the high rate of verbatim questions will limit the contribution of reading comprehension questions to deep understanding., Bu araştırmanın amacı ortaokul Türkçe ders kitaplarında yer alan metin sonu sorularının çıkarım türlerine dağılımını incelemektir. Araştırmada 94 metin ve bu metinlere bağlı 492 soru ele alınmıştır. Metin sonu sorular Chikalanga’nın (1992) önerdiği sözcüksel, önermesel ve kullanımsal çıkarım ulamlarına göre değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları Türkçe ders kitaplarında çıkarım yapmayı gerektiren soruların yanında herhangi bir çıkarım yapılmadan yanıtlanabilecek bağımlı bilgi sorularının da yer aldığını göstermektedir. Soruların %51’i kullanımsal, %17’si önermesel çıkarım yapmayı gerektirmektedir. Türkçe ders kitaplarında sözcüksel çıkarım sorularına yer verilmemiştir. Soruların %32’si ise bağımlı bilgi sorularıdır. Bu sonuçlar kitaplarda yer alan metin sonu sorularının çıkarım türlerine dengeli bir biçimde dağıtılmadığını göstermektedir. Ayrıca bağımlı bilgi soru oranının yüksek olmasının metin sonu sorularının derin anlamaya katkısını sınırlayacağı söylenebilir.

In this study we quantify the size and drivers of the contemporary gender pay gap among medical doctors employed in the UK public sector. In using nationally representative data from the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, we make comparisons to doctors employed in the private sector, as well as to other public sector medical professionals. We find that the substantial 20 per cent hourly gender pay gap among public sector doctors is far larger than in either of these comparator occupations. Decomposing the mean gender pay gap for public sector doctors, we find that it is largely unexplained by personal and work-related characteristics, consistent with evidence of potential substantial gender inequality in rewards. It is at the top end of the wage distribution where this is most pronounced indicating the presence of a 'glass ceiling' in UK medicine.

Northern Ireland forms an important outlier to the established international pattern of a pronounced gender pay gap in favour of men. Using contemporary data from the Quarterly Labour Force Survey we provide a comprehensive analysis of the gender pay gap in Northern Ireland and make comparisons to the rest of the UK. Despite the relatively common institutional and policy context, the gender pay gap in Northern Ireland is found to be far smaller than in the rest of the UK. This can largely be attributed to the superior productivity-related characteristics of women relative to men in Northern Ireland, which partially offset the influence of gender differences in the returns to these characteristics. Our analysis highlights the importance of occupation – both in terms of occupational allocation and the returns to occupations – in explaining the cross-country differential. This is reinforced by the impact of lower earnings inequality in Northern Ireland.

Bu çalışmada öğrenme ve öğretme süreci içerisinde uygulanan proje tabanlı öğrenme yöntemine ilişkin yaşanılan sorunlar ve güçlüklerin belirlenmesi ve bu problem ile güçlüklerin çözülmesi için çözüm önerileri geliştirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışma nicel ve nitel verilerin birlikte kullanıldığı karma araştırma yöntemlerinden açıklayıcı desen yöntemine göre tasarlanmıştır. Çalışma, 2017-2018 eğitim-öğretim yılı bahar yarıyılında Ankara ili ve ilçelerine bağlı Milli Eğitim Müdürlüğü bünyesinde yer alan eğitim-öğretim kurumlarında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada örneklem seçimi amaçsal örnekleme yöntemlerinden tipik durum örneklemesine göre yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın nicel bölümü kapsamında 81 Fen Bilimleri, 107 İlköğretim Matematik öğretmenine, nitel bölümü kapsamında ise 4 Fen Bilimleri, 4 İlköğretim Matematik öğretmenine ulaşılmıştır. Öğretmenlere nicel veri toplama aracı olarak `Proje Tabanlı Öğrenme Yaklaşımı Üzerine Uygulama Güçlük Ölçeği`, nitel veri toplama aracı olarak `Proje Tabanlı Öğrenme Yöntemine İlişkin Görüşme Formu` uygulanmıştır. Çalışmada nicel veriler SPSS 22.0 paket programı kullanılarak bağımsız gruplar t-Testi ve Tek yönlü ANOVA testleri ile analiz edilmiştir. Nitel verilerin çözümlenmesinde ise içerik analizi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın nicel analizi sonucunda cinsiyet açısından öğretmenlerden kaynaklı sorunlar alt boyut puanlarının istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Buna göre bayan öğretmenlerin proje tabanlı öğrenme konusunda erkek öğretmenlere oranla daha fazla sorunla karşılaştığı, bu sorunlara yönelik uyguladıkları çözüm yöntemlerinde daha fazla zorlandıkları tespit edilmiştir. Öğrenim durumları açısından fiziki çevre yapısından kaynaklı sorunlar, branş açısından ise öğretmenlerden kaynaklı sorunlar alt boyut puanlarının istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu alt boyut sonuçlarına göre lisansüstü mezunu olan öğretmenler ile ilköğretim matematik öğretmenleri proje tabanlı öğrenme yöntemi konusunda daha fazla güçlük yaşamaktadır. Diğer yandan mezun olunan fakülte, mezun olunan bölüm, mesleki deneyim değişkenlerinin öğretmenlerin proje tabanlı öğrenme yöntemi konusunda yaşadıkları zorluklarda istatistiksel anlamlı farklılık göstermemektedir. Kurum değişkeni açısından ise fiziki çevre yapısından kaynaklı sorunlar alt boyut puanlarının istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu alt boyut sonucuna göre özel okuldaki öğretmenler proje tabanlı öğrenme yöntemi konusunda daha fazla güçlük yaşamaktadır. Araştırmanın nitel analizi sonucunda, devlet ve özel okullardaki öğretmenlerin proje sürecine ilişkin görüşleri zamanın yeterli olmaması ve konu bulmakta zorlanılması üzerine yoğunlaşırken öğrencilere yönelik görüşleri ise öğrencilerin sorumluluk almada yaşadığı sıkıntılar üzerine olmuştur. Öğretmenlerin fiziki koşullara yönelik görüşlerinde devlet okulu öğretmenleri proje tabanlı öğretim yönteminin uygulamasında özellikle fen bilgisi tabanlı projelerde materyal yetersizliğine dikkat çekerken özel okul öğretmenleri böyle bir sorunla karşılaşmadıklarını belirtmişlerdir. Özel ve devlet okulu öğretmenlerinin proje çalışmalarına ilişkin programdaki yeterlilik düzeyine ilişkin görüşlerinde öne çıkan görüş, matematik projelerinin genellikle teori tabanlı olması ve uygulamaya yönelik projelerin yetersizliği olmuştur.Anahtar Kelimeler: Öğretmen, Proje tabanlı öğrenme, Öğrenme yaklaşımı, Karşılaşılan güçlükler In this study, it is aimed to identify problems and difficulties related to project-based learning method applied in the learning and teaching process and to develop solutions for solving these problems and difficulties. The study was designed according to the explanatory pattern method from mixed research methods where quantitative and qualitative data are used together. The study was carried out in the spring semester of the 2017-2018 academic year at the educational institutions within the National Education Directorate of Ankara province and its districts. In the study, sample selection was made according to typical case sampling from objective sampling methods. In the quantitative part of the study, 81 Science and 107 Elementary Mathematics teachers were reached, while in the qualitative part 4 Science and 4 Elementary Mathematics teachers were reached. `Application difficulty scale on Project-Based Learning Approach` was applied to teachers as a quantitative data collection tool and `Interview form on Project-based learning method` was applied as a qualitative data collection tool. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 package program using independent groups t-test and one-way ANOVA tests. Content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. As a result of quantitative analysis of the study, gender-related problems from teachers were found that lower size scores differ statistically significantly. Accordingly, it was determined that female teachers faced more problems in project-based learning than male teachers, and that they had more difficulty in their solution methods for these problems. In terms of learning conditions, problems arising from physical environment structure and problems arising from teachers in terms of branch, lower dimension scores were found to differ statistically significantly. According to these lower dimension results, teachers with graduate degrees and primary mathematics teachers have more difficulty with the project-based learning method. On the other hand, the graduated faculty, the graduated Department and the vocational experience variables do not differ statistically significantly in the difficulties experienced by teachers regarding the project-based learning method. In terms of institution variables, it was determined that the lower dimension scores differ significantly in terms of the problems arising from the physical environment structure. According to this lower dimension result, teachers in private schools have more difficulty with the project-based learning method. As a result of the qualitative analysis of the research, teachers in public and private schools focused on the lack of time and difficulty in finding subjects, while their views on the students were on the difficulties they experienced in taking responsibility. In their views on physical conditions, public school teachers pointed out the lack of material in the application of project-based teaching method, especially in science-based projects, while private school teachers stated that they did not encounter such a problem. The prominent view of private and public school teachers regarding the level of proficiency in the program for project work was that mathematics projects are generally theory-based and lack of implementation-oriented projects.Keywords: Teachers, Project based learning, Learning approach, Difficulties encountered 145

Purpose: We aimed to investigate the prognostic significance of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), an indirect indicator for the immune response and AST/ALT ratio (De Ritis), liver enzymes that are commonly used in various clinical fields, in patients with advanced-stage pancreatic cancer.

Bu çalışmanın amacı İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi'nin iştirak şirketlerinden Spor İstanbul çalışanlarının mutluluk ve sosyalleşme düzeylerinin incelenmesidir. Bu çalışmaya, Spor İstanbul bünyesinde aktif olarak çalışan 617 spor eğitmeni, 214 rezervasyon personeli, 324 temizlik personeli, 64 halı saha personeli, 28 engelli personel, 47 tesis işletme amiri ve 73 tesis işletme amir yardımcısı olmak üzere toplam 1367 çalışan personel katılmıştır. Gönüllü olarak 91 kişi anket sorularını yanıtlamıştır. Yapılan araştırmada kullanılan yöntem nicel nitelikte olan ilişkisel tarama modelidir. Araştırma kapsamında personelin demografik özelliklerine (yaş, cinsiyet, medeni durum, süresi, eğitim durumu, mezuniyet durumu,) göre sosyalleşme ve mutluluk düzeylerinin incelenmesi ve anlamlı bir farklılık gösterip göstermediği incelenmiştir. Personellerin, mutluluk düzeylerinin incelenmesinde ölçek Oxford Mutluluk Ölçeği (OMÖ), kişilerin sosyalleşme alanındaki düzeylerini incelemek için ise; Sosyalleşme Ölçeği (SÖ) kullanılmıştır. İç tutarlılık kat sayısı (Cronbach Alpha) 0,77 olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırmanın evrenini simgelemek için örneklem sayısının saptanmasında Eşitlik 1 uygulanmıştır. n0=(t2PQ)/d2 eşitliği ile hesaplanmakta ve p anlamlılık değeri 0,05 alındığında, pq=0,25 olacağından ve tabloda karşılık gelen t değeri ise 1,96 olduğundan 0,05 anlamlılık düzeyinde = 384,16 olarak hesaplanmaktadır. Spor İstanbul personellerinin medeni durumları ve cinsiyetleri ile mutluluk ve sosyalleşme düzeyleri arasındaki farklılığa ilişkin Mann Whitney-U testi uygulanmış, eğitim durumları ve yaş grupları ile sosyalleşme ve mutluluk düzeyleri arasındaki farklılığa ilişkin Kruskall Wallis testi ile sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. İstatistiksel hesaplamalarda anlamlılık düzeyi 0,05 olarak belirlenmiştir. Sosyokültürel değişkenler ile sosyalleşme ve mutluluk düzeyi arasındaki farklılık ve ilişkiye yönelik nonparametrik testler kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak bulgulardan elde edilen verilere göre sosyalleşme ve mutluluk düzeyleri arasında cinsiyet, yaş, eğitim faktörlerinde (p>0,05) anlamlı farklılık bulunmazken, medeni durum faktöründe ise; (p=0,05) anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur. Sosyalleşme ve mutluluk düzeyleri her iki faktörün doğru orantıda olduğu saptanırken, göz önünde bulundurulan demografik özellikler ile oluşturulan istatistik analizler ile personellerin medeni durumlarındaki farklılık sosyalleşme ve mutluluk düzeylerinde etkilidir. Personelin mutluluklarının yüksek olması sosyalleşmeyi büyük oranda etkileyip arttırdığı söylenebilir. Mutluluk ve sosyalleşme düzeyleri arasında pozitif yönde kuvvetli bir ilişki olduğu saptanmıştır. The aim of this scientific study is to search to the level of happiness and socializing of the staff of Spor İstanbul that is one of the subsidiary companies of İstanbul Metropolitan Municipilaty. In this study process, there are totally 1367 staffs working within Spor İstanbul who are 617 trainers, 214 booking staff, 324 cleaning staff, 64 pitch staff, 28 disabled staff, 47 plant management chief, 73 plant management chief assistant. 91 persons have attended to this study voluntarily. In this survey, quantitative relational scanning model has been used as research method. In this study, within the process of being searched of the level of happiness and socializing, Oxford Happiness Scale has been used. For searching the level of socializing area of people, socializing scale has been used and internal consistency parameter has been defined as as 0.77. To symbolize the scope of the research, Equation 1 has applied in determining paradigm quantity. Computated by n0=(t2PQ)/d2 equation and because when significance value of P taken as 0,05, pq=0,25 will be and equivalent of t value at table is 1,96, hence 0,05, at the level of significance calculated as=384,16. Mann Whitney-U test has been carried out for the difference between socializing and happiness level with sexes and marital status of Spor İstanbul staffs. Kruskall Wallis test has been carried out for the difference between socializing and happiness level with age groups and educational background. The significance level in statistical accounting has been defined as 0.05. Nonparametric test statistics have been used for the difference and the relation between the level of socializing and happiness with the socio cultural factors. According to the datas acquired by the end of the study, meaningful difference at sex, age and education factors(p>0,05) has not been occured between the socializing and happiness level but in marital status factor(p=0,05), it has been occured. While socialising and happiness levels- both factors-are detemined to be directly proportionate, the date-which is formed with considered demographic features and the differences between marital Stratus of the personnel are effective on socialising an happiness levels. It can be said that being happier of the personnel substantially affects and increases socialising. There is a strongrelation in positive way between the level of happiness and socializing levels of Spor Istanbul staffs (p

Tacrolimus (FK506) is a calcineurin inhibitor, macrolide group, immunosuppressive agent, commonly used to prevent tissue rejection after organ transplants. In recent studies, the use of topical tacrolimus has been shown to be effective in the treatment of atopic dermatitis, idiopathic dermatitis of cats, proliferative and necrotizing otitis externa, eosinophilic granuloma complex, lupus erythematosus and pemphigus erythematosus. This review aims to review the pharmacological properties of tacrolimus and its use in veterinary dermatology., Takrolimus (FK506), organ nakillerinden sonra doku reddini önlemek için yaygın olarak kullanılan, kalsinörin inhibitörü, makrolid grubu, immunsupresif bir ajandır. Son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalarda atopik dermatitis, kedilerin idiyopatik dermatiti, proliferatif nekrotize otitis eksterna, eozinofilik granuloma kompleks, lupus eritematozus, pemfigus eritematozus gibi deri hastalıklarının tedavisinde topikal takrolimus kullanımının etkili olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu derlemede takrolimusun farmakolojik özellikleri ve veteriner dermatolojideki kullanımının gözden geçirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

The total fertility rate is well below its replacement level of 2.1 children in high-income countries. Why do women choose such low fertility levels? We study how labor market frictions affect the fertility of college-educated women. We focus on two frictions: uncertainty created by dual labor markets (the coexistence of jobs with temporary and open-ended contracts) and inflexibility of work schedules. Using rich administrative data from the Spanish Social Security records, we show that women are less likely to be promoted to permanent jobs than men. Temporary contracts are also associated with a lower probability of first birth. With Time Use data, we also show that women with children are less likely to work in jobs with split-shift schedules, which come with a fixed time cost. We then build a life-cycle model in which married women decide whether to work or not, how many children to have, and when to have them. In the model, women face a trade-off between having children early and waiting and building their careers. We show that reforms that reduce the labor market duality and eliminate split-shift schedules increase the completed fertility of college-educated from 1.52 to 1.88. These reforms enable women to have more children and have them early in their life-cycle. They also increase the labor force participation of women and eliminate the employment gap between mothers and non-mothers.

This research uses ASHE data to compare the gender pay gap in the public and private sectors in the UK. This research was commissioned from Cardiff Business School under OME’s 2018 Open Call procurement exercise. It uses ASHE data to look at the size and possible causes of the gender pay gap in the public and private sectors, with a focus on pay review body occupations. It finds that, once personal characteristics are controlled for, the gender pay gap is larger in the public sector. It also finds a much higher pay gap at the top end of the earnings distribution.

This paper explores the impact of the 2007 EU enlargement on the consumption behavior of immigrant households. Using data from a unique Italian survey and a diff-in-diff approach, we find that the enlargement induced a consumption increase for immigrants from new member states. This effect concerned both undocumented and documented immigrants, albeit through different channels. Detailed information on immigrants’ legal status and sector of employment allows us to shed light on the exact mechanisms. Following the enlargement, previously undocumented immigrants experienced increases in labor income by moving away from the informal sector, whereas immigrants who were already working legally in Italy benefited from an increased probability of getting permanent contracts. Enhanced employment stability in turn reduced uncertainty, leading to an increase in documented immigrants’ consumption.

For a given a simple connected graph, we present some new bounds via a new approach for the number of spanning trees. Usage this approach presents an advantage not only to derive old and new bounds on this topic but also gives an idea how some previous results in similar area can be developed.

In this paper, we explore the role of firm segregation on the gender wage gap. Using linked employee-employer data for Turkey, we investigate whether female segregation into low-paying firms and into low-paying jobs within a firm influence the gender wage gap across the wage distribution. We find that there is a ‘glass ceiling’ effect in the Turkish labour market, but this effect is more apparent within a firm than between firms. We also find a ‘sticky floor’ effect, but only among workers employed at the same firm. Our results imply that the allocation of women into low-paying jobs within each firm accounts for the existence of these effects more than the segregation of women into low-paying firms.