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Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the normal values of the optic nerve in different segments of the nerve trace in the pediatric population using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods: Two radiologists retrospectively reviewed images obtained with a 1.5 tesla MR device of 426 youngsters (213 males/213 girls). Measurements were performed on the T2 sequence. Parts of the orbital region, prechiasmatic region, and optic tract were measured. Participants were divided into 5 different age groups. Results: The mean age of the population is 8.3 ± 1.5 years. The average diameter of the orbital segment of the entire population was 3.58 ± 0.53 mm, 4.74 ± 0.48 mm for the prechiasmatic segment, and 3.61 ± 0.48 mm for the optic tract section. Age correlates positively with the orbital plane (OP), prechiasmatic portion (PP), and optic tract (OT) values. All age groups have considerably varying mean OP, PP, and OP diameters. Good interobserver reliability was observed for all 3 diameter measurements (OP cap value = 0.62, PP cap value = 0.58, OT cap value = 0.67). Conclusion: Normal diameters of the optic nerve can be measured by MRI at above mentioned sections with a good interobserver reliability. These normal values can be used to detect obscure thickness changes/abnormalities in optic nerves of the children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Coronavirus disease 2019, caused by the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has affected millions of people worldwide since its emergence in late 2019. Although children generally experience milder symptoms compared to adults, there have been reports of severe cases and post-infectious complications, including neurological manifestations. This article discusses the role of magnetic resonance imaging in detecting cranial complications in pediatric patients with a history of coronavirus disease 2019 infection. Methods: In our study, we retrospectively scanned the images of 246 pediatric patients who had coronavirus disease 2019 between April 2020 and June 2022 and then underwent cranial magnetic resonance imaging with diverse complaints at a tertiary healthcare center. Pathologies that were identified were classified and recorded as final data. Results: In a study of 246 pediatric coronavirus disease 2019 patients, neurological complications were relatively rare. Most children experience mild or asymptomatic cases. Serious complications such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children developed in 8 patients (3%), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis developed in 10 patients (4%), a cerebral vascular infarct developed in 20 patients (8%), non-specific T2 Weight imaging and Fluid attenuated Inversion Recovery(T2WI -Flair) hyperintensity developed in 120 patients (48.6%), and meningoencephalitis developed in 10 patients (4%). Conclusion: Of the patients examined in our study, 67.8% exhibited pathology. T2WI and FLAIR sequences revealed non-specific hyperintensity foci as the most prevalent pathology. Further research is needed to determine the optimal timing and indications for magnetic resonance imaging in this population, as well as the correlation between magnetic resonance imaging findings and long-term neurological outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The evaluation of the morphometric features of the Achilles tendon with magnetic resonance imaging is an essential aspect of musculoskeletal imaging, with significant implications for the diagnosis and management of Achilles tendon injuries. The aim of this study is to investigate the morphology of the Achilles tendon in normal and healthy individuals and establish a standard value using specific measurement techniques. Methods: The sagittal images were used to compute the free Achilles tendon length between the most distal portion of the soleus muscle fibers and the proximalsuperior calcaneal insertion of the Achilles tendon. On the axial images, the most distal portion of the soleus muscle fibers was identified, and the free Achilles tendon length was measured between this location and the Achilles tendon's most distal calcaneal insertion. In the axial section, the thickest portion of the unrestricted portion of the Achilles tendon in the anteroposterior plane was measured. The distance between the point at which the Achilles tendon attained its maximum thickness and its proximal insertion into the calcaneus was measured. Results: The thickest portion of the unconstrained portion of the Achilles tendon, known as the APM distance, was measured to be 5 ± 0.2 mm in the anteroposterior plane. The MKPM distance, which is the distance from the point where the Achilles tendon reaches its maximal thickness to the proximal insertion of the calcaneus, was measured to be 18.4 ± 4.7 mm. Conclusion: Future research should aim to expand our understanding of the factors influencing Achilles tendon morphology and their impact on tendon health and injury risk. Such knowledge can inform the development of personalized strategies for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of Achilles tendon disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the association of age, gender, HbA1c level, fasting plasma glucose level, and ultrasonographic findings in patients with shoulder tendinosis. Methods: Patients with tendinosis (n = 178) in the biceps brachii and/or supraspinatus tendon and healthy controls (n = 181) were included. The demographic and clinical characteristics were recorded. Two blinded radiologists performed the ultrasonographic evaluation on the shoulders bilaterally. Also, HbA1c and fasting blood glucose levels were measured. Results: In the tendinosis group, 54.7% of the participants were females and 37.1% of participants were males (P = .002). The number of participants over the age of 50 years was found to be increased in the tendinosis group than in the control group (P = .004). The number of patients with HbA1c levels between 5.7 and 6.4 was found to be increased in the tendinosis group (P = .014). Bilateral biceps and supraspinatus tendon thicknesses were significantly increased in the tendinosis group over 50 years old (P < .05). Right and left biceps tendon calcifications were found to be increased in those over 50 years old in the tendinosis group (P = .011 and P = .027, respectively). In the tendinosis group, right and left supraspinatus tendon calcifications were found to be increased in those over 50 years old (P = .009 and P = .013, respectively). Conclusions: This study shows that being female and over 50 years old and having HbA1c levels between 5.7 and 6.4 increased the development of tendinosis susceptibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To reveal the relationship between the increase in the number of patient admission to the emergency department and the number of radiological examinations requested from emergency department. Methods: In this study, we obtained the annual number of admissions to the emergency department between 2013 and 2017 in 2 different hospitals in Erzincan province. We obtained also the number of ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging examinations requested in the emergency and non-emergency departments and performed the basic statistical analysis. Results: While the annual number of patients admitted to emergency department was 209 814 in 2013, this number increased to 288 595 in 2017, which means an increase of approximately 38% in the number of emergency department patients between 2013 and 2017. There had always been an increase in the number of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging examinations in emergency department over the years between 2013 and 2017 without any decrease. The number of computed tomography utilization increased from 10 699 in 2013 to 22 510 in 2017, which means a proportional increase of 110%. The number of magnetic resonance imaging utilization increased from 113 in 2013 to 1478 in 2017, with a proportional increase of 1220%. The number of ultrasonography utilization in emergency department increased from 593 in 2013 to 867 in 2017, with a proportional increase of 46%. However, the number of ultrasonography examinations in emergency department had been decreasing regularly since 2014. Conclusion: The rate of increase in radiology examinations performed in the emergency department is higher than the rate of increase in the number of admissions to the emergency department. In this sense, an increase in the number of physicians in emergency department and an improvement in examination times per patient can reduce and optimize the number of radiology examinations requested from emergency departments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the normal Apperent Difussion Coefficient (ADC) values of the parotid gland in relation to age and gender. Methods: Fifty female and 50 male patients of the same age were retrospectively analyzed. After inspecting the parotid glands of patients from the same age range, measurements were made using a 30 mm² Region of Interest (ROI) in the superficial region. The research was conducted by a single radiologist. Results: There is no difference between average ages of men and women (P = .844). There was no difference between mean ADC values of men and women (P = .715). The average ADC for the entire group was 1069.1 ± 89.5 mm²/s. Conclusion: In our study, the average ADC for the entire group was 1069.1 ± 89.5 mm². If these values are considered in accordance with the device, technique, age, and gender and used as a reference, hypocellular formations can be anticipated above this value and hypercellular formations below this value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]