Search

Robel Mekonnen Yimer,1 Mesfin Kebede Alemu2 1Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; 2Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Robel Mekonnen Yimer, P.O.Box 1362, 3000 Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia, Tel +251 913 278 009, Fax +251 25 112 79 71, Email robelmekonnen@gmail.com; rebel.mekonnen@ddu.edu.etPurpose: This study investigated the bacterial contamination level of the indoor air and surface of the operation room, surgical, and gynecology wards of Dilchora Referral hospitals between January and August 2020.Methods: A laboratory based cross-sectional study was carried out on the OR and wards of Dilchora referral hospital in Eastern Ethiopia. A passive air sampling method was used to collect 128 indoor air samples; the bacterial load was enumerated and the result was expressed as colony forming units (CFU/m3). Additional qualitative analysis was carried out to identify particular bacterial species that were isolated from the indoor air and swabs taken from the surface of the equipment using conventional techniques. All laboratory data were entered and analyzed using MS Excel 2007 and SPSS version 20.Results: The mean bacterial counts of 94.63 CFU/dm/hr in major OR during active time as well as 509.75 and 509.38 CFU/dm/hr in male and female clothing rooms during the afternoon were unacceptable (> 450 CFU/dm2). Similarly, 43.75% of the bacterial counts found in the afternoon samples fell short of Fisher’s criterion. The difference between the bacterial counts recorded in the morning and afternoon was significant (p=0.000). A total of 54 (42.2%) indoor air samples and 28 (93.3%) cotton swabs were positive for bacterial growth, with S. aureus (51.04%) and Bacillus sp (55%) being the dominant bacteria isolated from indoor air and the surface of equipment, respectively.Conclusion: The bacterial load of investigated wards is considerably “high” to “very high”, which implies a significant risk of hospital acquired infections. Therefore, devising effective control strategies targeted on surface cleansing and sterilizing of the air environment and practicing periodic microbial surveillance of the hospital environment is a paramant.Keywords: bacterial contamination, operation room, Dilchora referral hospital

The aim of this research was to investigate the important features of teff straw and its utilization in the pulp and paper industry via soda-anthraquinone pulping process. Morphological characterization indicated that the average length of teff straw fibers (1230μm), average fibers width (15.28μm), cell wall thickness (3.83μm), lumen diameter (21.28μm) and acceptable derived indices of slenderness ratio (80.78), Runkle ratio (0.36), flexibility coefficient (138.7) and wall rigidity coefficient (25) which were comparable to the most non-wood plants and Eucalyptus. The chemical composition of teff straw showed that the cellulose content (39.4%), hemicellulose (29.6%), lignin (14%), extractives (7.2%) and ash content (6.78%). It contained lower lignin and higher hemicellulose contents than most of non-wood plants which reflected that teff straw requires mild cooking conditions. For experimental design, Response Surface Methodology/Central Composite Design was used to compare the effects of cooking temperature (130, 140 and 150℃), cooking time (60, 90, and 120 minutes) and active alkali concentration (10, 15, and 20%) on pulp yield and Kappa number. The results indicated that sodium hydroxide concentration had a higher significant influence on both pulp yield and Kappa number followed by cooking time and temperature respectively. Greater interaction effects (temperature-time, temperature-active alkali concentration and time-alkali concentration) of factors were also seen on pulp yield and Kappa number both positively and negatively. Over cooking, extended time pulping and high active alkali concentration gave the lower pulp yield. The optimization results of pulping processes gave the optimal operating condition of 13.76% active alkali at 145.13℃ for 71.5 minutes and 33.15% pulp yield (based on oven dried teff straw) of 25.85 Kappa number. The paper hand sheets of 60 g/m were prepared from the pulps produced at optimum conditions and tested for its mechanical properties that showed breaking length (4294 m), tensile strength (11.6 kN/m), tensile index (42.1 Nm/g), tear index (5.2 mN.m 2 /g) and burst index (1.41 kPa.m 2 2 /g), and porosity (19.5 se/100 air). The results indicated that the tested strength properties were acceptable and make teff straw an alternative material for pulp and paper application.

አህፅርኦት ማንኛውም አፈር የአካባቢ ሁኔታዎች በአሇት ሊይ በሚፈጥሩት መጠነ-ሰፊ የተቀናጀ ተፅዕኖ ውጠት በመሆኑ በዓሇማችን ሊይ በሺህ የሚቆጠሩ የአፈር ዓይነቶች ይኖራለ፡፡ የአፈር አፈጣጠር ጥናት ዯግሞ ይኼንን እጅግ ስፋት ያሇውን መረጃ አቀናጅቶ ሥርዓት በማስያዝ ሇአፈር ጥናትና ስያሜ አሰጣጥ ያግዛሌ፡፡ በዚህም መሰረት በቁለምሳ ወንዝ ተፋሰስ ሊይ በባሇ 1፡50000 ሚዛን የአካባቢውን የገፀ-ምድር ካርታን መነሻ በማድረግ በተዯረገው የመስክ ጥናት 19 የአፈር ጥናት ናሙና መውሰጃ ሥፍራዎች ተሇይተውና የጥናት ጉድጓዶች ተቆፍረው የአፈር ናሙናዎችን በመውሰድና በሊቦራቶሪ በመመርመር የአፈር አፈጣጠር ጥናት ተካሂዶ 10 የአፈር ዓይነቶችን በመሇየት ከመሬት የከፍታ ሌዩነትና ከባህሊዊ የአየር ሁኔታ አመዳዯብ ጋር ያሊቸው ተፈጥሯዊ ግንኙነት ተጠንቷሌ፡፡ የጥናቱ ዉጤት እንዯሚያመሇክተዉ የአፈር ዕድገት፣ የመታጠብ ዯረጃ እና አሲዳማነት ከመሬት ከፍታ ጋር የሚጨምሩ ከመሆናቸው አንፃር በጣም ዝቅተኛ የመታጠብ ዯረጃና በጣም ከፍተኛ አሌካሉንነት ያሊቸዉ ካስተኖ዗ምስ የሚባለ የአፈር ዓይነቶች በዝቅተኛ ወይናዯጋ የአየር ሁኔታ አካባቢ በስምጥ ሸሇቆ ውስጥና በድምበሩ አካባቢ እንዯሚገኙና በተቃራኒው በጣም ከፍተኛ የመታጠብ ዯረጃና በጣም ከፍተኛ አሲዳማነት ያሊቸው ኡምብሪዞሌ የሚባለ የአፈር ዓይነቶች በከፍተኛ ውርጭ አካባቢ በጭሊል ተራራ ሊይ መኖራቸው ታውቋሌ፡፡ በጣም ከፍተኛ የመታጠብ ዯረጃና በጣም ከፍተኛ አሲዳማነት (pH 5.15) ያሊቸውየአፈርዓይነቶችበከፍተኛየጭሊልተራራአካባቢዎችቢኖሩምየእነዚህከፍተኛቦታዎችየአፈርአፈጣጠርሂዯትግንከፍተኛየአፈርማዕድናትመብሊሊትንማስከተሌባሇመቻለዝቅተኛየአሲዳማነትዯረጃባሊቸውአፈሮችውስጥበብዛትየሚገኙየአፈርማዕድናትበብዛትየሚገኙባቸውመሆኑታውቋሌ፡፡ይኼውምሇማዕድናትመብሊሊትከፍተኛአስተዋፅዖየሚያዯርገውሙቀትከመሬትከፍታመጨመርጋርየሚቀንስከመሆኑአንፃርየተከሰተመሆኑይገመታሌ፡፡በሁሇቱተቃራኒየመሬትከፍታስፍራዎች(ዝቅተኛወይናዯጋናከፍተኛውርጭ) መካከሌበሚገኙአካባቢዎች፣በመካከሇኛወይናዯጋቸርኖ዗ምናለቪዞሌ፣በከፍተኛወይናዯጋፕሊኖዞሌናቨርቲዞሌ፣በዝቅተኛዯጋቨርቲዞሌናለቪዞሌ፣በመሃከሇኛዯጋሬቲዞሌስእናበከፍተኛዯጋዯግሞአሉዞሌየተባለየአፈርዓይነቶችበቅዯምተከተሌከዝቅተኛወዯከፍተኛአካባቢተገኝተዋሌ፡፡በአጠቃሊይ፣ከዚህጥናትሇመረዳትእንዯተቻሇውበE.2.03 ዓይነትየዝናብስብጥርክሌሌውስጥየአፈርአፈጣጠርናዕድገትሁኔታከባህሊዊውየኢትዮጵያአርሶአዯሮችየአየርሁኔታአመዳዯብጋርየሚጣጣምሆኖተገኝቷሌ፡፡ቢሆንም፣የበሇጠአስተማማኝመዯምዯሚያሊይሇመድረስላልችየዝናብስብጥርክሌልችንአቀፍየሆነጠሇቅያሇጥናትሉካሄድይገባሌ፡፡AbstractAny particular soil results from the integrated action of soil-forming factors that occur in different kinds and degrees of expression that can be combined in many different ways; so that each combination produces a different soil with its unique properties resulting in the existence of thousands of different soils on earth. Soil genesis brings order to this overwhelming variety of soils aiding their classification. Soils of Kulumsa sub-watershed were surveyed and 19 representative profile locations identified, described, and sampled based on observable site and soil characteristics such as slope, topographic position, vegetation, topsoil color, texture, etc. using a topographic map of 1:50,000 scale as a base map through free survey along altitudinal and latitudinal transects. The sampled 19 pedons were categorized into 10 Reference Soil Groups through pedogenetic assessment; and the relationship of the overall pedogenesis and spatial distribution of the soil groups to altitude and the traditional agro-climates were examined. The pedogenetic assessment of the soils revealed that the degree of weathering and leaching increased with increasing altitude. Accordingly, the least leached and most alkaline Kastanozems in the Lower-Woina-Dega (1800-2100 masl) within the "rift valley" and its border escarpment areas, and the most leached and most acidic Umbrisol in the High-Wurch (>3700 masl) agro-climatic belt on Mount Chillallo, were identified. Even though there were acidic soils with pH as low as 5.15 and very strongly leached profile, the chemical weathering processes appeared to be not Agro-climate based pedogenetic assessment of soils [52] so intensive when evaluated in terms of their clay mineralogy. The acidic soil profile condition of these high altitude areas seemed not to be in a position to cause an advanced weathering of the high-activity clay minerals, so that they still dominated the clay fraction of the soils. In relation to the traditional agro-climates, from the lowest towards the highest elevation within the study area, the least leached Kastanozems in the Lower-Woina-Dega, Chernozems and Luvisols in the Proper-Woina-Dega (2100-2250 masl), Planosols and Vertisols in the Upper-Woina-Dega (2250-2400) to Lower-Dega (2400-2550 masl),Vertisols and Luvisols in Lower-Dega, Retisols in the Dega-Proper (2550-3000 masl), Umbric Alisols in the Upper-Dega (3000-3200 masl) and Hyperdystric Umbrisols in the High-Wurch (>3700 masl) agro-climatic belt, were the dominant soil groups. In inference, the results of the pedogenetic assessment denoted that the trend in pedogenesis and the spatial distribution of the soil groups was generally in concurrence with the traditional agro-climatic classification used by the Ethiopian farmers in the E.2.03-type Rainfall Pattern Region of the Arsi-Highlands. However, this needs more detailed investigations that include the other Rainfall Pattern Regions of Arsi and of the country as well for more reliable conclusion.

Anemia is a chronic disease that seriously affects young children and pregnant women. Knowledge of disease clustering is important because it may provide insights into the etiology of disease and risk factors operating within different levels of the clusters. In this study, we tried to identify determinants of anemia among pre-school children aged 6-59 months in the 11 regions of Ethiopia, with higher probability of occurrence of these determinant factors would be inferred to be most likely to experience anemia. To answer the objective of the research question, models that handle the complexities of correlated data were employed. Hence, both marginal and subject-specific models are employed. The models used were: Generalized Estimating Equations, Alternating Logistic Regression, Proportional Odds Model and Generalized Linear Mixed Model. Statistical findings revealed that the risk of being anemic reduced with age in girls, while boys showed higher risk. Children in rural were found to be less likely to be anemic. Children in large households were found to be more having a higher risk of anemia. Similarly, malaria occurrence was strongly correlated to anemia

Citation: Kebede Alemu, et al. (2014) Adherence to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy and Predictors of NonAdherence among Pediatrics Attending Ambo Hospital ART Clinic, West Ethiopia. J HIV AIDS Infect Dis 2: 1-7. *Corresponding author: Jimma Likisa, Ambo university, college of medicine and health sciences, department of pharmacy, clinical pharmacy course and research team Pobox 19, Ambo, Ethiopia; Tel:+251917305585; Email:jimmapharm@gmail.com

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of different levels of poultry manure loading and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis niloticus in ponds. Instantaneous growth rate and total production of groups of fish stocked at a rate of 1 fish/m 2 , and 2 fish/m 2 reared in ponds loaded with 0.5 and 1.0 kg poultry manure were studied over a period of 10 months fish culture. A 0 level of manure loading was considered as a control group. The results obtained showed that the groups of fishes from stocking density of 2 fish/m 2 and assigned to the ponds unloaded with poultry manure brought lower mean instantaneous growth rate than the others. Reduction of the stocking density by 50% and loading ponds with poultry manure resulted in improved fish growth performance. The highest mean instantaneous growth rate was recorded from the groups assigned to l kg of poultry manure and stocked at a rate of 1 fish/m 2 . However, the highest total fish production (204.54g/m 2 ) was recorded from the 2 fish/m 2 stocking density raised in ponds loaded with l kg of poultry manure. Key words/phrases: Growth performance, integrated fish-poultry farming, Oreochromis niloticus L., poultry manure loading, stocking SINET: Ethiop. J. Sci Vol.26(1) 2003: 17-23