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International audience; This study examines the relationship between women directors and the cost of equity (COE). Investigating the French firm’s sample, we find a significant negative effect of women directors on the cost of equity. Our results also document that the effect of women directors on reducing the cost of equity is significant for firms that have a critical mass of at least four women directors. Using the difference-in-difference (DID) and propensity score matching (PSM) approach, we find that the relationship between female directors and lower equity costs is significant for the period following the Copé–Zimmermann gender quota law. The results show that women directors’ presence on corporate boards is also supported by economic reasons. The study provides implications in relation to the Copé–Zimmermann law in France.

International audience; In anthropology, a rite of passage is a process voluntarily initiated to allow an individual or a group move through a difficult stage of transformation. The liminal period is the intermediate stage of this process (Van Gennep, 1909). The idea of liminality has been widely used in the social sciences and in management. However, although it initially had a strong operational dimension for carrying out a transformation, it has become a simple concept describing the situation of individuals who are disoriented and sidelined. Nonetheless, organizational management needs operational tools to facilitate the integration of individuals during transition phases. This article seeks to understand how rituals can facilitate the integration process of liminal individuals. We study a case of ritual of passage within a highly ritualized non-religious organization: a Masonic lodge. We identify several mechanisms, activated through the ritual, that help to integrate liminal individuals. We analyze them through the ventriloquial perspective of communication, borrowed from the theory called Communicative Constitution of Organization (CCO). The results show that the ritual favors (1) the integration of individuals by reducing the ambiguity of the liminal situation, (2) the affirmation of a temporality, (3) the alignment of individual and collective objectives, (4) the recognition of otherness, (5) the lesser hierarchization of individuals, (6) the reduction of hyper-subjectivity, (7) the use of declarative statements, and (8) the rise in authority. We discuss the discrepancies between these results and works on liminality in management and the possible transposition of these mechanisms to various organizations.; En anthropologie, un rituel de passage est un processus enclenché volontairement pour permettre à un individu ou un groupe de franchir une étape de transformation difficile. La période liminaire est l’étape intermédiaire de ce processus (Van Gennep, 1909). L’idée de liminalité a été largement mobilisée en sciences sociales et en management. Mais, alors qu’initialement elle présentait une dimension opérationnelle forte pour mener à bien une transformation, elle est devenue un simple concept décrivant la situation d’individus désorientés et mis à l’écart. Le management des organisations a pourtant besoin d’outils opérationnels pour faciliter l’intégration d’individus lors de phases de transition. Cet article cherche à comprendre comment les rituels peuvent favoriser le processus d’intégration des individus liminaires. Pour ce faire, nous avons réalisé l’étude d’un cas de rituel de passage, au sein d’une organisation non religieuse très ritualisée : une loge maçonnique. Nous avons identifié plusieurs mécanismes, actionnés au travers du rituel, et agissant sur l’intégration des individus liminaires. Nous les avons analysés grâce à la mobilisation d’une perspective ventriloque de la communication, empruntée à la théorie dite Communicative Constitution of Organization (CCO). Les résultats montrent que le rituel favorise l’intégration des individus par la réduction de l’ambiguïté de la situation liminaire, l’affirmation d’une temporalité, l’alignement des objectifs individuels et collectifs, la reconnaissance de l’altérité, la moindre hiérarchisation des individus, la réduction de l’hypersubjectivité, le recours à des déclaratifs et des montées en autorité. Nous discutons les écarts entre ces résultats et certains travaux sur la liminalité en management ainsi que la possible transposition de ces mécanismes à des organisations diverses.

International audience; This paper investigates the effects of e-procurement on firm corruption to secure public contracts, highlighting the moderating roles of the quality of governance institutions and supranational support in that relationship. Taking transaction cost economics as our theoretical lens, and building on a sample of 8,373 firms in 72 countries from 2008 to 2019, we find that the adoption of an e-procurement system in fact reduces firm corruption. However, this effect is only unveiled once one accounts in the analysis for the quality of country-level governance institutions, which also makes the relationship stronger. We also find an eprocurement system only to effectively address firm corruption when it benefits from supranational support. The study contributes to the ongoing academic debate on the impact of digitalization on corruption.

International audience; Currently, there is serious political support for the decarbonization of transport locally, nationally and even internationally. Public transport operators are focusing on the use of electric buses as an opportunity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve air quality. However, using electric buses requires a functional infrastructure of urban charging points. Fast-charging can be made available thanks to the progress made on the major technological charging devices in recent years. In this study, we consider an optimization problem of the design of an infrastructure for a fast-charge city electric bus service. The decisions which have to be made include determining a mixed fleet of conventional and electric buses, points for electric chargers and power stations, quantities of charging plug devices, a distribution of electric buses between the routes, and matching chargers with power stations. The objective is to maximize the route-weighted total passenger capacity of electric buses. An Integer Linear Programming model has been developed to complement the existing non-linear model. The new model is efficient if the number of possible charging spots is small, which is natural and frequent in practice. Extensive computer experiments demonstrate that our approach delivers near-optimal solutions of the studied problem in ten minutes for real-world instances on a standard PC and it outperforms the earlier approach on every instance.

International audience; Why take an interest in corporate governance? This topic does not necessarily make the news every day and tends to be brought to the forefront only in events of failures of scandals: for instance, when top executives are fired, or when their extraordinary remunerations (taking the form of complex mechanisms of bonuses, golden parachutes or other stock options) are revealed. Corporate governance seems to be a second-rate economic subject compared to macro-economic topics such as growth, unemployment, monetary policy, fiscal policy or public debt management.However, chapter 2 has shown that corporations have become a central player of contemporary economies. The collapse of planned economies has relegated States to the background, with governments intervening mostly to regulate the functioning of the markets (through laws, regulations or incentives). In this context, it becomes crucial to look at the way companies are managed, and the question of the orientation and interests pursued by the company becomes essential. Should corporations only pursue private interests and seek maximum profit, as taught by neoclassical economics? Can they pursue common good objectives, or would this be incompatible with their very nature, as asserted by Milton Friedman asserted in a famous 1970 article? Who decides on their strategy? How and to what extent should company open up to stakeholders and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)? All these questions refer, in one way or another to issues of governance. As we shall see in this chapter, governance is a determining factor for the economic, strategic and even political orientation of private companies.

National audience; This study aims at identifying emergent secondary centers within the Lyon and Bordeaux metropolitan areas and measuring their impact on residential real estate values, through the estimate of hedonic gradients. The various scales of the urban polycentrism are explored through the analysis of two types of subcenters: the emergence of secondary centers and the integration of satellite towns. The main subcenters are identified in both metropolitan areas using contiguity, job density and a minimum threshold for the number of jobs. The impact of subcenters on residential real estate values are estimated using semi-parametric hedonic models with three different specifications: a model with the distance to the main center and the nearest subcenter only, a polycentric model with the distance to every subcenters and a model of general accessibility to jobs rather than distance to subcenters. The results highlight the combination of two main trends to explain the recomposition of urban centrality: the effect of accessibility and amenities. The results suggest a “decoupling” between the effect of amenities with immediate proximity to the centers and the effect of accessibility with a wider distance on both metropolitan areas. The main centers of Bordeaux and Lyon systematically induce a gradient with a break in slope that we interpret as the superposition of a gradient of amenity (with a steep slope) reflecting the enhancement of central amenities at immediate proximity to the center and a gradient of accessibility to employment, with a greater distance. This decoupling between gradients of amenities and accessibility can be compared to the usual distinction in environmental economics between a logic of exposure to amenities (which assumes immediate proximity) and a logic of accessibility to amenities.; Cette étude vise à mesurer l’impact des centralités émergentes sur les valeurs immobilières résidentielles dans les aires urbaines de Lyon et Bordeaux, à travers l’estimation de gradients de prix immobiliers polycentriques. Les différentes échelles du polycentrisme sont prises en compte à travers la prise en compte de deux types de centralités secondaires (par émergence et par intégration de villes satellites). Deux types de découplages de la centralité urbaine sont explorés, notamment par l’usage d’estimations semi-paramétriques. La centralité résidentielle se recompose par l’influence des centres secondaires sur les gradients de prix immobiliers, par le double effet d’une logique d’accessibilité et d’une logique d’aménités.

In anthropology, a rite of passage is a process voluntarily initiated to allow an individual or a group move through a difficult stage of transformation. The liminal period is the intermediate stage of this process. The idea of liminality has been widely used in the social sciences and in management. However, although it initially had a strong operational dimension for carrying out a transformation, it has become a simple concept describing the situation of individuals who are disoriented and sidelined. Nonetheless, organizational management needs operational tools to facilitate the integration of individuals during transition phases. This article seeks to understand how rituals can facilitate the integration process of liminal individuals. We study a case of ritual passage within a highly ritualized nonreligious organization: a Masonic lodge. We identify several mechanisms, activated through the ritual, that help to integrate liminal individuals. We analyze them through theventriloquialperspective of communication, borrowed from the theory called Communicative Constitution of Organization (CCO). The results show that the ritual favors (1) the integration of individuals by reducing the ambiguity of the liminal situation, (2) the affirmation of a temporality, (3) the alignment of individual and collective objectives, (4) the recognition of otherness, (5) the lesser hierarchization of individuals, (6) the reduction ofhyper-subjectivity, (7) the use ofdeclarative statements, and (8) therise in authority. We discuss the discrepancies between these results and works on liminality in management and the possible transposition of these mechanisms to various organizations., En anthropologie, un rituel de passage est un processus enclenché volontairement pour permettre à un individu ou un groupe de franchir une étape de transformation difficile. La période liminaire est l’étape intermédiaire de ce processus (Van Gennep, 1909). L’idée de liminalité a été largement mobilisée en sciences sociales et en management. Mais, alors qu’initialement elle présentait une dimension opérationnelle forte pour mener à bien une transformation, elle est devenue un simple concept décrivant la situation d’individus désorientés et mis à l’écart. Le management des organisations a pourtant besoin d’outils opérationnels pour faciliter l’intégration d’individus lors de phases de transition. Cet article cherche à comprendre comment les rituels peuvent favoriser le processus d’intégration des individus liminaires. Pour ce faire, nous avons réalisé l’étude d’un cas de rituel de passage, au sein d’une organisation non religieuse très ritualisée : une loge maçonnique. Nous avons identifié plusieurs mécanismes, actionnés au travers du rituel, et agissant sur l’intégration des individus liminaires. Nous les avons analysés grâce à la mobilisation d’une perspective ventriloque de la communication, empruntée à la théorie dite Communicative Constitution of Organization (CCO). Les résultats montrent que le rituel favorise l’intégration des individus par la réduction de l’ambiguïté de la situation liminaire, l’affirmation d’une temporalité, l’alignement des objectifs individuels et collectifs, la reconnaissance de l’altérité, la moindre hiérarchisation des individus, la réduction de l’hypersubjectivité, le recours à des déclaratifs et des montées en autorité. Nous discutons les écarts entre ces résultats et certains travaux sur la liminalité en management ainsi que la possible transposition de ces mécanismes à des organisations diverses.

En France, on estime à plus de 9 millions le nombre de proches-aidants déclarés qui apportent une aide régulière (vie quotidienne, soutien moral, aide financière ou matérielle) à un proche en situation de handicap ou âgé. Bien que considéré comme indispensable à la coordination du parcours de santé, peu d’étude s’intéressent aux pratiques de coordination du proche aidant et à son rôle particulier. A l’aune du droit, de l’approche émergente de la coordination et de la perspective forte des théories de la pratique, cette étude cherche ainsi à interroger le rythme d’apparition et de disparition des pratiques de coordination développées par les proches aidants selon les phases du parcours de santé de son proche. Les résultats obtenus permettent de distinguer trois phases dans le parcours de santé (le tâtonnement, la prise en charge évolutive et le parcours de soin) et d’identifier les pratiques de coordination développées par le proche aidant durant chacune des phases. Si les pratiques de coordination révèlent que le proche aidant détient un rôle d’expert du parcours de santé (connaissance du cadre légal, développement du savoir-expérientiel, pilotage des informations, etc.), ses pratiques de coordination sont mises en sommeil durant le parcours de soin et les professionnels soignants demeurent les experts de ce parcours. L’article conclut en introduisant la notion de pratiques de coordination induites (par le cadre en vigueur) et déduites (par l’expérience du proche aidant).

International audience

International audience; Given the emergence of two-echelon distribution systems in several practical contexts, this paper tackles, at the strategic level, a distribution network design problem under uncertainty. This problem is defined as the two-echelon stochastic multi-period capacitated location-routing problem (2E-SM-CLRP). It considers a network partitioned into two capacitated distribution echelons: each echelon involves a specific location-assignment-transportation schema that must cope with the future demand. It aims to decide the number and location of warehousing/storage platforms (WPs) and distribution/fulfillment platforms (DPs), and on the capacity allocated from first echelon to second echelon platforms. In the second echelon, the goal is to construct vehicle routes that visit ship-to locations (SLs) from operating distribution platforms under a stochastic and time-varying demand and varying costs. This problem is modeled as a two-stage stochastic program with integer recourse, where the first-stage includes location and capacity decisions to be fixed at each period over the planning horizon, while routing decisions of the second echelon are determined in the recourse problem. We propose a logic-based Benders decomposition approach to solve this model. In the proposed approach, the location and capacity decisions are taken by solving the Benders master problem. After these first-stage decisions are fixed, the resulting sub-problem is a capacitated vehicle-routing problem with capacitated multiple depots (CVRP-CMD) that is solved by a branch-cut-and-price algorithm. Computational experiments show that instances of realistic size can be solved optimally within a reasonable time and provide relevant managerial insights on the impact of the stochastic and multi-period settings on the 2E-CLRP.

We add to the literature on notable individuals (famous, prominent, distinguished) in collecting first a massive amount of data from various editions of Wikipedia and Wikidata along with deduplication techniques; and then using these partially overlapping sources to cross-verify each retrieved information. This strategy results in a cross-verified database of 2.2 million individuals, including a third who are not present in the English edition of Wikipedia. An extension to 4.7 million entries is currently not recommended given the inaccuracy of the information and discrepancies between Wikidata and other sources. A non-negligible fraction of newly-added individuals were collected from non-English editions of Wikipedia. We adopt a social science approach: data collection is driven by specific social questions on gender, economic and cul- tural development and quantitative exploration of cultural trends, that we document in this paper. A sample of 100,000 individuals is available here http://medialab.github.io/bhht-datascape, together with the most recent version of this paper.

International audience; La représentation des travailleurs au sein des conseils d’administration s’est progressivement imposée en France. Cette ouverture de la gouvernance des entreprises traduit des idées développées par le courant de la Réforme de l’entreprise depuis 1945. Ce courant conclue à la nécessité de la participation aux décisions, aux profits et au capital des salariés au sein de l’entreprise. De ces trois formes de participation, la participation des salariés à la gouvernance ou codétermination fait encore débat. Cette forme de participation suppose de considérer que les décisions stratégiques de l’entreprise ne concernent pas seulement les dirigeants et les actionnaires, comme cela existe dans d’autres pays étrangers. Cet ouvrage retrace l’histoire de la Réforme de l’entreprise pour mieux éclairer les débats présents et à venir et les suites notamment de la loi PACTE. L’ouvrage identifie tout d’abord les principales sources d’inspiration de la Réforme de l’entreprise qui convergent sur l’analyse de la nature de l’entreprise et la participation des travailleurs. Le débat sur la Réforme de l’entreprise a notamment été porté au niveau national par le rapport Sudreau et les lois Auroux dont nous avons interrogé des acteurs de premier plan. La postérité et les enseignements de la Réforme de l’entreprise demeurent et peuvent accompagner les transformations actuelles que traversent les entreprises.Cet ouvrage s’adresse aux étudiants des classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles, de licence et de master de droit, d’histoire, de sciences politiques, d’économie et de management.

International audience; Sustainable entrepreneurship is becoming an increasingly established topic within the entrepreneurship literature. The phenomenon of businesses incorporating social and environmental agendas within their core activities has gathered an increasing academic interest. However, few empirical studies have explored the stage of opportunity identification in the sustainable entrepreneurship process in a more systematic manner, even more so in non-Western contexts such as India. We structure our analysis using a framework situated in the conventional entrepreneurship literature and the literature on National Business Systems (NBS). We conduct a qualitative study to explore the motivations of Indian sustainable entrepreneurs in two sectors: sustainable energy and ethical clothing. While we find that the conventional entrepreneurship based framework provides crucial insights to understand opportunity identification within sustainable entrepreneurship, we alsoobserve a number of features unique to sustainable entrepreneurship in the Indian context—including the personal backgrounds of the participants as well as prioritization of motivational factors. Importantly, we find notable within-country variation in the contextual factors that appear to shape motivational dynamics. In the words of one participant, “there are many Indias” rather than one monolithic approach to sustainable entrepreneurship in India.

International audience; The phenomenon of brand communities has been well documentedby researchers during the last two decades; however, little attentionhas been paid to the phase during which brand communities firstemerge. Facilitating this emergence is particularly crucial for businessesoperating in countries or regions in which large segments ofthe consumer population live at the bottom of the pyramid (BoP). Buthow can a brand community be generated in a BoP context? Andhow can organisations mobilise people living at the BoP to participatein creating and maintaining a brand community? To respond tothese questions, we study the case of a Cameroonian music platformcreated in 2015 that was quickly able to mobilise Cameroonian musicfans to spread its reputation by word of mouth and to producecontent. Our case study shows that to create a brand community,startups should follow three precise steps.

International audience; We investigated the relevance of introducing talent identification/classifications among Egyptian public business schools, as perceived by academics, and the expected outcomes of such proposed classification system. We employed thematic analysis of data collected from interviews with 49 academics from three large business schools. Our findings revealed the following themes: no clear systems for talent management; being talent means going the extra mile in research; talent identification/classification system is irrelevant due to: academic corruption; age and religious discrimination; the unique nature of higher education work; and the fears of enforcing clashes, inequality and exclusion. We confirmed that any attempt to constitute talent classifications in the Egyptian higher education does not appear to be a prioritized need for the sector. Nevertheless, we did assert the need to manage motivational, structural, consequential and social responsibility boundaries before the need for constituting any system for talent identification and classifications.

Contains fulltext : 230564.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Traditionally, scientific- and practitioner-oriented publications tend to categorize employees in groups of either "good" or "bad" employees, thereby omitting that one category of employees might engage in organizational citizenship behavior (OCB-O) and counterproductive work behavior (CWB-O). In this study, we concurrently examine the mediating role of moral credits and credentials, as well as the moderating role of subjective temporal focus. Specifically, we argue that when employees enact OCB-O, they obtain moral credits and credentials, which in turn might make employees more likely to enact CWB-O. Moreover, we argue that the latter relationships depend on an employee’s subjective temporal focus, resulting in an OCB-O - CWB-O relationship that is (1) positive for a past temporal focus, (2) negative for a future temporal focus, and (3) non-significant for a present temporal focus. We examined these hypotheses by means of a multilevel weekly survey study and largely found support for our hypotheses, especially with regard to the role of moral credentials as the mediating mechanism and the aggravating versus attenuating effect of past versus future temporal focus, respectively. We end with a discussion on implications, suggestions for future research, and recommendations for practice. 38 p.

International audience; Rosé wine consumption in France has tripled since 1992 and in 2020 accounts for a third of total national consumption. The objective of our article is to analyze the revolutionary success of rosé wine in France in the Millennial Generation. We mobilize the concept of social representation, which constitutes an understanding of the social transformations in progress for a given social group. We carry out in-depth qualitative research based on conversations with Millennial rosé wine consumers. Our results show that the representations of rosé wine for this group are based on five dimensions: (1) product quality and refusal of sophistication, (2) color of the rosé wine, (3) freedom, (4) immediate pleasure and sharing with friends, and (5) its feminine personality. This transgressive capital explains the consumption behaviors of the Millennial Generation reflecting the group’s will to break traditional wine codes familiar to previous generational groups. This sociocultural model differs from that of the Baby Boomer Generation, which was marked by the valorization of terroir and sophistication and based on masculine archetypes and red wine. Rosé wine thus marks a generational and sociological break in the representations of wine in France, which we can describe as a rosé wine revolution in the 21st century. The predictive capacity of the Millennial Generation suggests a growth in rosé wine consumption in the years to come. We recommend to rosé wine producers seven strategic axes, which reconcile the point of view of the producer and the consumer.; Rosé wine consumption in France has tripled since 1992 and in 2020 accounts for a third of total national consumption. The objective of our article is to analyze the revolutionary success of rosé wine in France in the Millennial Generation. We mobilize the concept of social representation, which constitutes an understanding of the social transformations in progress for a given social group. We carry out in-depth qualitative research based on conversations with Millennial rosé wine consumers. Our results show that the representations of rosé wine for this group are based on five dimensions: (1) product quality and refusal of sophistication, (2) color of the rosé wine, (3) freedom, (4) immediate pleasure and sharing with friends, and (5) its feminine personality. This transgressive capital explains the consumption behaviors of the Millennial Generation reflecting the group’s will to break traditional wine codes familiar to previous generational groups. This sociocultural model differs from that of the Baby Boomer Generation, which was marked by the valorization of terroir and sophistication and based on masculine archetypes and red wine. Rosé wine thus marks a generational and sociological break in the representations of wine in France, which we can describe as a rosé wine revolution in the 21st century. The predictive capacity of the Millennial Generation suggests a growth in rosé wine consumption in the years to come. We recommend to rosé wine producers seven strategic axes, which reconcile the point of view of the producer and the consumer.

Purpose This paper aims to conceptualize brand repulsion as a specific nuance of brand rejection, highlight the boundary work at play in situations of collective brand repulsion and extract implications for the brands that are at the centre of such situations and to delineate future directions for scholars. Design/methodology/approach The authors’ study of the “I Hate Apple” group on Facebook is grounded in a six-year long naturalistic enquiry designed to capture the boundary work performed by its members. The authors’ sources include netnographic data, online focus groups, observations and personal online correspondence with members and moderators. Findings This study’s findings reveal that certain brands serve the identity work of consumers by allowing them in erecting boundaries based on three major sources of repulsion: anti-fandom, anti-hegemony and anti-marketing. They show that for each type of boundary work, corporate and product brand repulsion seems prevalent. Research limitations/implications This research limits itself to considering the types of boundary work related to brand repulsion as regards a single brand: Apple. Practical implications The study can help managers identify the types(s) of boundary work related to their brand and it provides practical recommendations for these various sources of brand repulsion. It also helps them distinguish between consumer brand repulsion directed against their product and their corporation. Originality/value This study advances knowledge in the field of brand rejection by exploring a specific nuance: brand repulsion. Its close examination of consumer collective practices offers a deeper understanding of the ins and outs of the paradoxical phenomenon of repulsion/attraction for a brand. The cultural lens is used as an original approach to this under-investigated nuance of brand rejection.

International audience; The research over the past decade that has contributed to the understanding of market shaping has not sufficiently taken into consideration the negative consequences – voluntary or otherwise – of such actions on non-focal actors especially in terms of exclusion. This paper attempts first of all to address this state of affairs by building on certain key components of the notion of exclusion as theorized by the German sociologist Niklas Luhmann. ‘Cold case’ data is subsequently analyzed to investigate how, why, by whom and with what exclusionary outcomes markets are shaped. This leads to a proposal of a typology of actor responses in exclusionary market situations. This typology highlights the relative inexistence of total exclusion thus tempering nonetheless the claim of dark side in market shaping, in favour of that of downside.

International audience; The liberated company—a company where employees are fully autonomous and accountable for the decisions they take—is a concept about which much has been said and written. Some observers portray it as a major managerial innovation and even as a fully-fledged organizational model for the future. Yet, despite constituting an interesting attempt to address issues related to the changing values and expectations of employees at work, the concept seems more cosmetic than something that will have a significant managerial effect. A clearly better approach is to ask what role managers should adopt, rather than fomenting the idea that the need for management is on the cusp of disappearing altogether. Adopting a more anthropological vision of the company, we suggest instead that a conceptual revision informed by a postmodern reading of this issue, suggests a new way of rethinking managerial attitudes. The main idea here being to no longer try and liberate companies, but instead to lay the foundations so that they themselves become liberating

International audience; Given the inevitable globalisation in the food sector and the specific security challenges this industry faces, designing food supply chains has become a substantial topic for academics and practitioners. The integration of food product-specific characteristics and potential disruptions has continuously gained importance because it better reflects real-world problems and responds to a crucial need for resilience, robustness, and competitiveness. In this article, a generic two-stage mixed-integer mathematical model is developed to integrate key features of location-allocation and inventory-replenishment decisions. Then, food-specific disruptions with ripple effects are incorporated through plausible scenarios. For such a setting, three resiliency strategies – namely, readiness, flexibility, and responsiveness – are used to deal with uncertainties. Based on extensive numerical experiments, the solutions obtained highlight behaviour of different design models to hedge against ripple effects as well as the importance of incorporating food-specific assumptions and risk aversion attitudes.

Analyzing a sample of 5996 firm-year observations from 1444 microfinance institutions (MFIs) worldwide over the 2001–2014 period, we find evidence that the cyclical behavior of MFIs’ lending documented in previous literature is not homogenous across MFI regulated status and lending categories. Among other things we find evidence that regulated MFIs (mostly comprised of privately-owned-MFIs) drive the cyclical behavior of lending in the microfinance industry. This might be due to regulatory pressures and the high exposure of these MFIs to economic uncertainties. Business cycles affect non-regulated and pro-poor MFIs to a lesser degree. Additionally, our findings reveal that individual loan contracts are more pro-cyclical than group loan contracts.

International audience; Money is a unique resource that provides considerable freedom and options to consumers. Restrictions on money may have a broader impact on consumers than similar restrictions to other desirable resources. In the first two studies, we show that within two different resources, money and space, only money prompts a stronger desire for a large assortment. In two subsequent studies, we find that when individuals face monetary scarcity, they place more value on their freedom of choice, in that they are dissatisfied with small assortments (study 3) and tend to prefer to keep their choice options open (study 4). Importantly, this effect is especially strong among highly reactant consumers.

Background Numerous studies have been conducted over the past 15 years to assess safety culture within healthcare facilities; in general, these studies have shown the pivotal role that managers play in its development. However, little is known about what healthcare managers actually do to support this development, and how caregivers and managers represent managers’role. Thus the objectives of this study were to explore: i) caregivers and managers’ perceptions and representations of safety, ii) the role of managers in the development of safety culture as perceived by themselves and by caregivers, iii) managers’ activities related to the development of safety culture. Methods An exploratory, multicentre, qualitative study was conducted from May 2014 to March 2015 in seven healthcare facilities in France. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with managers (frontline, middle and top level) and caregivers (doctors, nurses and nurse assistants) and on-site observations of two managers were carried out in all facilities. A thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews was performed. Observed activities were categorised using Luthans’ typology of managerial activities. Results Participants in semi-structured interviews (44 managers and 21 caregivers) expressed positive perceptions of the level of safety in their facility. Support from frontline management was particularly appreciated, while support from top managers was identified as an area for improvement. Six main categories of safety-related activities were both observed among managers and regularly expressed by participants. However, caregivers’ expectations of their managers and managerial perceptions of these expectations only partially overlapped. Conclusions The present study highlights current categories of managerial activities that foster safety culture, and points out an important gap between caregivers’ expectations of their managers, and managerial perceptions of these expectations. The findings underline the need to allow more time for managers and caregivers to talk about safety issues. The results could be used to develop training programs to help healthcare managers to understand their role in the development of safety culture.

Cet article vise a tester l’impact de l’adoption de l’approche « appliquer ou expliquer » (AOE) sur le score de conformite des entreprises cotees aux codes de gouvernance. De plus, il s’interesse aux facteurs qui favorisent le degre de compliance au code de gouvernance dans le cadre de cette approche flexible. L’etude empirique montre que la mise en place de l’approche AOE, a un impact positif sur le degre de conformite aux recommandations de bonnes pratiques de gouvernance. En outre, les resultats montrent que le degre de conformite aux codes par l’approche AOE peut etre explique par plusieurs facteurs dont la taille de l’entreprise et la structure de l’actionnariat.

International audience; Feature selection and construction are important preprocessing techniques in data mining. They allow not only dimensionalityreduction but also classification accuracy and efficiency improvement. While feature selection consists inselecting a subset of relevant feature from the original feature set, feature construction corresponds to the generation of newhigh-level features, called constructed features, where each one of them is a combination of a subset of original features.Based on these definitions, feature construction could be seen as a bi-level optimization problem where the feature subsetshould be defined first and then the corresponding (near) optimal combination of the selected features should be found.Motivated by this observation, we propose, in this paper, a bi-level evolutionary approach for feature construction. Thebasic idea of our algorithm, named bi-level feature construction genetic algorithm (BFC-GA), is to evolve an upper-levelpopulation for the task of feature selection, while optimizing the feature combinations at the lower level by evolving afollower population. It is worth noting that for each upper-level individual (feature subset), a whole lower-level populationis optimized to find the corresponding (near) optimal feature combination (constructed feature). In this way, BFC-GAwould be able to output a set of optimized constructed features that could be very informative to the considered classifier. Adetailed experimental study has been conducted on a set of commonly used datasets with varying dimensions. Thestatistical analysis of the obtained results shows the competitiveness and the outperformance of our bi-level featureconstruction approach with respect to many state-of-the-art algorithms.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether a focal employee’s perception of organizational support (POS) is shaped by the social context or, more specifically, by his/her coworkers’ POS. The authors further aim to identify the conditions under which coworkers’ POS may have more influence or, on the contrary, less or even no influence. Design/methodology/approach Data were obtained from questionnaires distributed among a sample of 195 employees and among their supervisors. Findings Coworkers’ levels of POS are positively related to the focal employee’s POS with positive consequences in terms of job satisfaction and, finally, organizational citizenship behaviors. This influence of coworkers’ POS is strengthened when the focal employee experiences low voice in the workplace. Research limitations/implications Overall, this research contributes to organizational support theory by showing that POS may also develop based on a socially constructed process and not only on an individual-level psychological process. Practical implications Our findings have practical implications for HR policies employed by practitioners to socialize newcomers and to manage perceived support in a context of organizational change. Originality/value Building on a few recent studies suggesting that the social context may influence employees’ perceptions of organizational support, the present study is the first to show that the influence of the social context is more likely to occur under specific conditions, i.e. when employees experience low voice.

Contains fulltext : 218180pub.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) This study expands our understanding of employee reactions to psychological contract (PC) breach by contextualizing the relationship between PC breach and feelings of violation in a European military setting through the study of strong commitment to specific career goals, high managerial turnover, lack of clarity about the perceived responsibility and controllability of PC breach, as well as aviation restrictions. Based on interviews with 41 pilots, we found that two factors - passion for job and professional commitment - which have not been a strong focus in extant research, play critical roles in the processes involved in employee PC breach reactions. We further contribute to the literature by demonstrating when, why, and where perceptions of PC breach influence exit, loyalty, voice, and neglect reactions in a military setting (e.g., we found that certain reactions, such as neglect, are restricted due to the potential safety consequences of said reactions). This research charts new directions for psychological contract research in which more attention is placed on the context within which psychological contract processes develop and change. We provide insights to practitioners and discuss implications, limitations, and future research directions. 19 p.

International audience; Dry granulation by roll compaction is a continuum manufacturing process to produce granules with improved flowability which can further be easily used in tableting process. However, the granules are non-homogeneous in density and have non-spherical shapes which impact their densification behaviour during die-compaction. The aim of this study was to investigate both the densification mechanism and the failure strength of granules of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and mannitol using Cooper-Eaton and Adams models. For both materials, the Cooper-Eaton approach led to the quantification of fractional volume compaction by particle rearrangement and by plastic deformation respectively to explain the difference in densification behaviour of raw material and granules. Moreover, the model showed its ability to capture the effect of granule density and granule sizes and to differentiate the densification mechanisms of MCC as a plastic material and mannitol as a brittle material. The Adams model was used to compute the failure strength of single granule from in-die compression data. The obtained results of the granules were in the range [0.6–1.43 MPa]. However, regarding the effect of granule density, the model showed mixed results indicating that the model is not representative of the studied granules which are not spherical and have a relatively wide range of sizes, nevertheless, the model was derived for near spherical particles with a narrow size distribution.

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International audience; Lead-time demand forecasting constitutes the backbone of inventory control. Although there has been a considerable amount of research on forecasting the mean lead-time demand, less has centered around forecasting lead-time demand variance, especially in the case of stochastic lead-times. This represents an important gap in the literature, given that safety stock calculations rely explicitly on the lead-time demand variance (or equivalently the variance of the lead-time demand forecast error for unbiased estimators). We bridge this gap by exploring the viability of three strategies to estimate the variance of the lead-time demand forecast error under stochastic lead-times: (1) aggregating the per period variance of forecast errors over the lead-time, which is the classical approach; (2) considering the variance of the aggregated (over the lead-time) forecast error; (3) considering the variance of the forecast errors resulting from temporally aggregated (over the lead-time length) demand. Analytical results are derived for a first order autoregressive moving average ARMA(1,1) demand process for both a single exponential smoothing and the minimum mean squared error forecasting method. A numerical investigation assesses the effects of demand autocorrelation and lead-time variability on the accuracy of each strategy, and the conditions under which one outperforms the others. The results show that the classical strategy presented in textbooks appears to be the least accurate one, except for cases with a high negative demand autocorrelation. An analysis of the inventory control performance also reveals that the classical strategy often leads to higher inventory costs and lower service levels for positive autocorrelation.

International audience; Financial inclusion is a policy priority in both developed and developing countries. Yet almost one in four people remain financially excluded around the globe, with the vast majority living in the developing world. In this paper, we argue that financial resilience: an individual’s ability to function effectively in adverse financial situations, can better help us assist people to cope with financial adversity, develop effective policy and, ultimately, improve economic development. This paper builds on an existing financial resilience measurement framework and adapts it to develop a measure appropriate to the context of developing countries. Indonesia, where one in three people are financially excluded, is used as a case country from which to draw conclusions. We use the Indonesia Family Life Survey and put forward the country’s first snapshot of financial resilience. Implications for research and policy are presented.

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We present BlendHunter, a proof-of-concept for a deep transfer learning based approach for the automated and robust identification of blended sources in galaxy survey data. We take the VGG-16 network with pre-trained convolutional layers and train the fully connected layers on parametric models of COSMOS images. We test the efficacy of the transfer learning by taking the weights learned on the parametric models and using them to identify blends in more realistic CFIS-like images. We compare the performance of this method to SEP (a Python implementation of SExtractor) as function of noise level and the separation between sources. We find that BlendHunter outperforms SEP by $\sim 15\%$ in terms of classification accuracy for close blends ($, 9 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

International audience; To navigate the uncertainty inherent in science driven innovation, academic science teams must often undertake search through engagement with external actors. While both broad and narrow external engagement are beneficial to team search during innovation, it remains unclear how science teams coordinate and utilise engagement across time. To address this issue, we tracked the search activity of a publicly funded medical technology team in New Zealand over five and a half years. Our inductive analysis leads to a grounded theory process model showing how academic science teams manage their search activities during innovation across three stages of external engagement: devising and coordinating, assimilating, and distilling. Our study makes three contributions. First, we show that science team search progresses from broad engagement with clinicians, patients, and industry to narrow and stronger engagement between a select set of within team and external actors from these communities at later stages of the innovation process. Second, our research shows how science teams renew their search activities during innovation. As engagements around original project objectives are distilled to fewer and stronger engagements, other team resources are released and redeployed to pursue more exploratory avenues of research in tandem, thereby re-instating broader and more distant search within the team’s innovation activities. Third, we introduce to the literature and detail two transition points (i.e., brokering and control) through which science team search is distilled. We discuss the implications of our findings for research policy and practice.

International audience; Digital transformation has prompted some organizations to use a service businessmodel that does not require the purchase of a product but, rather, use oftheir services. Software-as-a-service (SaaS) is a method by which service providersmeet the needs of their clients via an internet server. A look at consumers'reactions to the games-as-a-service (GaaS) business model used in thecomputer games industry illustrates how the model has transformed the industry.It also highlights the importance of timeliness, transparency, and creativityin any SaaS business's efforts to attract and retain customers and optimizeprofitability.

International audience; In Japan, income, authority, and prestige are unequally distributed between men and women, even if they share the sameoccupational level. These inequalities are perceived as an ethical issue because they go against the principle of equal treatmentat work. Nowadays, Japanese companies are under growing political and regulatory pressure to increase the hiring, promotion,and empowerment of female employees. In this context, the first equity index that tracks the financial performance of thebest Japanese companies in terms of gender diversity performance—the MSCI Japan Empowering Women Index (hereafterWIN)—was launched in 2010. It aims to satisfy the growing demand of investors who want to reduce gender discriminationin Japanese workplaces. This paper compares the financial performance of the WIN stock index to the conventional parentindex over the period 2010–2018, offering a unique setting to assess the effects of gender diversity screens on portfoliorisk-adjusted performance. Our results are robust to a battery of risk-adjusted performance indicators and clearly indicatethat investing in the WIN equity index does not come at a cost compared to investing in its conventional peer. This evidenceis expected to reinforce confidence of investors who have an appetite for justice in increasing their investment in financialproducts that support the participation and the advancement of women in the Japanese workforce

Présentation :Ce texte inédit, écrit en 2006, a été conçu dans le cadre d’un séminaire de recherche appliquée créé par l’auteur, entre 2004 et 2009, pour des étudiants de trois masters professionnels de Sciences Po Bordeaux (GEA, GRPS et CID) réunis en une seule section - étudiants dont la formation les préparait à rejoindre les métiers du « développement international » (au sens large du terme) et de « l’évaluation de ses risques » au sein d’entreprises, d’institutions multilatérales ou d’organisations non gouvernementales. Rédigé, pour permettre à ses participants et à des observateurs extérieurs d’en comprendre la problématique, il était le résultat de travaux de recherche et d’expérimentation/applications que l’enseignant avait réalisés au début des années 1990 pour le programme « Ecole Supérieure de Commerce » (« Sup de Co ») de l’ESC Bordeaux (devenue BeM - Bordeaux Ecole de Management, puis Kedge Business School). Suite aux exercices susmentionnés, consacrés, à l’origine, uniquement à l’évaluation du risque-pays, il m’était apparu indispensable de faire évoluer la formation, en accord avec les responsables des masters de Sciences Po Bordeaux. L’enjeu était d’amener les étudiants à aborder un aspect plus complexe du « risque-pays » : il prendrait en compte non seulement l’impact, en termes de risques/opportunités d’un pays ou de contextes locaux sur des projets réels d’entreprises, d’ONG ou de financements et de coopération bi- ou multi- latéraux ; mais il tenterait également d’apprécier, de façon simultanée, l’impact « global » (politique, économique, social, environnemental, etc.) de ces projets sur les pays et sociétés concernées (risques/opportunités pour les pays) à l’échelle nationale et locale. L’exercice, conduirait alors les étudiants à tenter de concevoir des instruments de criblage (screening) et d’évaluation (rating) « à double détente », spécifiquement conçus dans cette optique, et taillés sur mesure en fonction de projets réels. L’intérêt, pour de futurs employeurs, à utiliser ce type d’outils, serait, le suivant : non seulement, ces outils, de par leur caractère « global » mais néanmoins très précis, permettrait à ces mêmes employeurs d’éviter d’engager leurs organisations dans des opérations dangereuses, pour les droits, la santé, l’environnement et la sécurité des personnes et sociétés impactées ; mais encore, et dans le même temps, ils contribueraient à faire de leurs organisations, des entités « responsables », un élément non négligeable d’une stratégie proactive de gestion du « risque d’image », tirée par les principes universels du « Pacte Mondial » (Global Compact) de l’ONU et leur traduction en objectifs concrets de développement pour le millénaire (Millenium Development Goals).

International audience; This paper models a single liner service design and operations problem. The model selects the portsto be included, their sequence, the sailing speed of vessels, the number of vessels and the amountsof cargo to transport by the service. The objective is to maximise profit. First, a relaxation with amixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) formulation is proposed. We show how to obtainthe optimal speed value. Once this value is obtained, the mathematical programming formulation becomes a mixed-integer linear program (MILP). Then, a two-step exact algorithm is presented to solve the problem. Using real data, the optimal solution was found in less than 1 min for small-size problems and in few hours for relatively large-size problems. More tests were carried out on randomly generated data sets with up to 25 ports. The results of these tests are rather promising, and they enabled us to identify the performance limits of the algorithm.

International audience

International audience; This article studies the distribution problem of brick-and-mortar retailers aiming to integrate the online channel into their operations. The article presents an integrated modeling approach addressing the online channel-driven distribution network deployment (e-DND) problem under uncertainty. The e-DND involves decisions on operating fulfillment platforms and on assigning a fulfillment mission to those platforms, while anticipating the revenues and costs induced by order fulfillment, replenishment, delivery, and inventory holding. To model this problem while taking into account the uncertain nature of multi-item online orders, store sales, and capacities, a two-stage stochastic program with mixed-integer recourse is developed. Two alternative deployment strategies, characterized by allocation of orders, inventory positioning, delivery schema, and inbound flow pattern decisions, are investigated using this model. The first deployment strategy investigates the ship-from stores practice where the on-hand inventory is used for all sales channels. The second deployment strategy additionally considers the advanced positioning of inventory at a fulfillment center in the urban area where the online orders are requested. To solve the two-stage stochastic model with integer recourse, an exact solution approach combining scenario sampling and the integer L-shaped method is proposed. Numerical results, inspired by the case of a European retailer, are provided to evaluate the performance of the deployment strategies and the efficiency of the proposed solution approach.

International audience; This article documents how the COVID-19 crisis has affected the drinking behavior of Latin European wine consumers. Using a large online survey conducted during the first lockdown in France, Italy, Portugal, and Spain (n = 7,324 individuals), we reconstruct the purchasing and consumption patterns of the respondents. The number of people who maintained their wine consumption frequency is significantly higher than those who increased or decreased their consumption. Wine consumption frequency held up better than other types of alcohol (beer and spirits). We analyze heterogeneities among countries and individuals by employing the Marascuilo procedure and an ordered logit model. The latter identifies the impact of demographic, commercial, and psychosocial factors on wine consumption frequency. The results shed light on changes in wine consumer behavior during the first lockdown and consider possible post-lockdown trends that could be useful to industry players. (JEL Classifications: D5, L66, Q1)

International audience; Most companies store demand data periodically and make periodic demand forecasts, whereas many de- mand processes in inventory control need parameter estimates at the individual customer level. Guid- ance on estimating the parameters of a continuous-time demand process from period demand data is lacking, in particular for the popular and well-studied compound Poisson class of demand. Whereas the statistics literature typically focuses on asymptotic properties, parameters for inventory control have to be estimated based on a limited number of periodic historical demand observations. We show that the standard Method-of-Moments (MM) estimator –the default choice in applied inventory control research –is severely biased for finite samples. The Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimator –which needs to be ob- tained by a numerical search –performs better, but both estimators lack robustness to misspecification of the demand size distribution. We propose an intuitive, consistent, closed-form MM alternative that dom- inates standard MM and ML in terms of estimation accuracy and on-target inventory performance. Its closed form does not depend on the specific demand size distribution, making it robust and easily appli- cable in large-scale applications with many items. In a case study, we find that the accuracy loss due to storing demand periodically is four times as high under standard MM as under the proposed estimator.; Most companies store demand data periodically and make periodic demand forecasts, whereas many de- mand processes in inventory control need parameter estimates at the individual customer level. Guid- ance on estimating the parameters of a continuous-time demand process from period demand data is lacking, in particular for the popular and well-studied compound Poisson class of demand. Whereas the statistics literature typically focuses on asymptotic properties, parameters for inventory control have to be estimated based on a limited number of periodic historical demand observations. We show that the standard Method-of-Moments (MM) estimator –the default choice in applied inventory control research –is severely biased for finite samples. The Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimator –which needs to be ob- tained by a numerical search –performs better, but both estimators lack robustness to misspecification of the demand size distribution. We propose an intuitive, consistent, closed-form MM alternative that dom- inates standard MM and ML in terms of estimation accuracy and on-target inventory performance. Its closed form does not depend on the specific demand size distribution, making it robust and easily appli- cable in large-scale applications with many items. In a case study, we find that the accuracy loss due to storing demand periodically is four times as high under standard MM as under the proposed estimator.

When faced with the threat of negative reputation spillover from an alliance partner accused of environmental misconduct, the focal firm must decide whether to adopt a supportive or non-supportive response. We argue that this decision denotes a commitment escalation dilemma, but that factors previously found to increase escalation tendencies lead to de-escalation in our crisis contagion context. Specifically, we derive four hypotheses from this reverse effect proposition, and test these using a policy-capturing survey targeting Norwegian CEOs. We found that firms are more likely to select an adversary response when the alliance is of high strategic importance and has high termination costs. Conversely, firms are more likely to select an advocacy response when the alliance is of low strategic importance and has low termination costs and when the CEO was not involved in the formation of the alliance. Overall, our study answers a call for a more nuanced understanding of commitment escalation and the theory’s boundary conditions by introducing reputation spillover crisis as a contextual influencer of escalation behavior. It also extends the reputation literature and provides new evidence that reputation concerns can instigate ethical decision-making.

International audience; The objective of this research is to examine consumer demand for sparkling wines. We developed a laboratory experiment to collect data on consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for selected wines from France, Spain, and the United States (Finger Lakes) under different information treatments. Our results suggest that expenditures and consumption frequency for all wines are most important to WTP and notably that familiarity with sparkling wines was relatively important for the “local” U.S. wine among the consumers in our sample. We discuss the important implications of our findings for managers of small U.S. wineries building their reputations and for restaurants and other food service outlets interested in attracting a broader consumer base.

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International audience; Zinn et al. (2018) and Esper et al. (2020) call for more research about gender diversity in Supply Chain Management and our study seeks to address this research gap. We analyze the career path of 1.081 International graduates in Supply Chain Management in higher education from 2000 to 2017 to have a picture of the gender diversity in higher education. We do so by studying which variables may have effects on the graduates’ career paths, namely their gender or their choice of expatriation, and compare the relative importance of those variables. The analysis shows that there were 33.5% women on average following the MSc and that this number of women recruited has not significantly changed over the years. It shows also that gender has a significant influence both on the number of years spent at each hierarchical level and on the hierarchical level reached. With regards to expatriation choice, this variable highlights some significant impacts on career progression. Finally, statistics prove that gender has a way greater influence on career progression than expatriation choice. Overall, this study proves the difficulties for women to access the same career progression as men in the field of Supply Chain Management.