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1. Experimental study of extended timescale dynamics of a plasma wakefield driven by a self-modulated proton bunch

Author

Chappell, J., Adli, E., Agnello, R., Aladi, M., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. -M., Baistrukov, M. A., Batsch, F., Bergamaschi, M., Blanchard, P., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Djotyan, G. P., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Turno, I., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Goddard, B., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hafych, V., Hartin, A., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Howling, A., Hüther, M., Jacquier, R., Jolly, S., Kargapolov, I. Yu., Kedves, M. Á., Keeble, F., Kelisani, M. D., Kim, S. -Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Li, Y., Liang, L., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Godoy, D. Medina, Minakov, V. A., Moody, J. T., Guzmán, P. I. Morales, Moreira, M., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Asmus, F. Peña, Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pucek, J., Pukhov, A., Ráczkevi, B., Ramjiawan, R. L., Rey, S., Ruhl, H., Saberi, H., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Spitsyn, R. I., Tuev, P. V., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Dia, G., Zepp, M., and Della Porta, G. Zevi

Subjects
Physics - Plasma Physics, Physics - Accelerator Physics
Abstract

Plasma wakefield dynamics over timescales up to 800 ps, approximately 100 plasma periods, are studied experimentally at the Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE). The development of the longitudinal wakefield amplitude driven by a self-modulated proton bunch is measured using the external injection of witness electrons that sample the fields. In simulation, resonant excitation of the wakefield causes plasma electron trajectory crossing, resulting in the development of a potential outside the plasma boundary as electrons are transversely ejected. Trends consistent with the presence of this potential are experimentally measured and their dependence on wakefield amplitude are studied via seed laser timing scans and electron injection delay scans., Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures

Published
2020
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2. Proton beam defocusing in AWAKE: comparison of simulations and measurements

Author

Gorn, A. A., Turner, M., Adli, E., Agnello, R., Aladi, M., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. -M., Baistrukov, M. A., Batsch, F., Bergamaschi, M., Blanchard, P., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschon, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Djotyan, G. P., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Furno, I., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Goddard, B., Gorgisyan, I., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hafych, V., Hartin, A., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Howling, A., Huther, M., Jacquier, R., Kargapolov, I. Yu., Kedves, M. A., Keeble, F., Kelisani, M. D., Kim, S. -Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Liang, L., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Godoy, D. Medina, Minakov, V. A., Moody, J. T., Guzman, P. I. Morales, Moreira, M., Nechaeva, T., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Asmus, F. Pena, Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pucek, J., Pukhov, A., Raczkevi, B., Ramjiawan, R. L., Rey, S., Ruhl, H., Saberi, H., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Spitsyn, R. I., Tuev, P. V., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Zepp, M., and Della Porta, G. Zevi

Subjects
Physics - Accelerator Physics, Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract

In 2017, AWAKE demonstrated the seeded self-modulation (SSM) of a 400 GeV proton beam from the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) at CERN. The angular distribution of the protons deflected due to SSM is a quantitative measure of the process, which agrees with simulations by the two-dimensional (axisymmetric) particle-in-cell code LCODE. Agreement is achieved for beam populations between $10^{11}$ and $3 \times 10^{11}$ particles, various plasma density gradients ($-20 \div 20\%$) and two plasma densities ($2\times 10^{14} \text{cm}^{-3}$ and $7 \times 10^{14} \text{cm}^{-3}$). The agreement is reached only in the case of a wide enough simulation box (at least five plasma wavelengths)., Comment: 8 pages, 9 figures, 1 table

Published
2020

3. Measurement and application of electron stripping of ultrarelativistic $^{208}\textrm{Pb}^{81+}$

Author

Cooke, D. A., Bauche, J., Cascella, M., Chappell, J., Fernandez, R. A., Gorgisyan, I., Gschwendtner, E., Jolly, S., Kain, V., Keeble, F., Krasny, M. W., La Penna, P., Mazzoni, S., Petrenko, A., Quattri, M., and Wing, M.

Subjects
Physics - Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

New measurements of the stripping cross-section for ultrarelativistic hydrogen-like lead ions passing through aluminium and silicon have been performed at the Advanced Wakefield experiment at CERN. Agreement with existing measurements and theory has been obtained. Improvements in terms of electron beam quality and ion beam diagnostic capability, as well as further applications of such an electron beam, are discussed.

Published
2020
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4. A magnetic spectrometer to measure electron bunches accelerated at AWAKE

Author

Bauche, J., Biskup, B., Cascella, M., Chappell, J., Chritin, N., Cooke, D., Deacon, L., Deliege, Q., Gorgisyan, I., Hansen, J., Jolly, S., Keeble, F., La Penna, P., Mazzoni, S., Godoy, D. Medina, Petrenko, A., Quattri, M., Schneider, T., Sherwood, P., Vorozhtsov, A., and Wing, M.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Physics - Accelerator Physics, Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract

A magnetic spectrometer has been developed for the AWAKE experiment at CERN in order to measure the energy distribution of bunches of electrons accelerated in wakefields generated by proton bunches in plasma. AWAKE is a proof-of-principle experiment for proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration, using proton bunches from the SPS. Electron bunches are accelerated to $\mathcal{O}$(1 GeV) in a rubidium plasma cell and then separated from the proton bunches via a dipole magnet. The dipole magnet also induces an energy-dependent spatial horizontal spread on the electron bunch which then impacts on a scintillator screen. The scintillation photons emitted are transported via three highly-reflective mirrors to an intensified CCD camera, housed in a dark room, which passes the images to the CERN controls system for storage and further analysis. Given the known magnetic field and determination of the efficiencies of the system, the spatial spread of the scintillation photons can be converted to an electron energy distribution. A lamp attached on a rail in front of the scintillator is used to calibrate the optical system, with calibration of the scintillator screen's response to electrons carried out at the CLEAR facility at CERN. In this article, the design of the AWAKE spectrometer is presented, along with the calibrations carried out and expected performance such that the energy distribution of accelerated electrons can be measured.

Published
2019
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5. Particle physics applications of the AWAKE acceleration scheme

Author

Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Crivelli, P., Depero, E., Gall, J., Gninenko, S., Gschwendtner, E., Hartin, A., Keeble, F., Osborne, J., Pardons, A., Petrenko, A., Scaachi, A., and Wing, M.

Subjects
Physics - Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract

The AWAKE experiment had a very successful Run 1 (2016-8), demonstrating proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration for the first time, through the observation of the modulation of a long proton bunch into micro-bunches and the acceleration of electrons up to 2 GeV in 10 m of plasma. The aims of AWAKE Run 2 (2021-4) are to have high-charge bunches of electrons accelerated to high energy, about 10 GeV, maintaining beam quality through the plasma and showing that the process is scalable. The AWAKE scheme is therefore a promising method to accelerate electrons to high energy over short distances and so develop a useable technology for particle physics experiments. Using proton bunches from the SPS, the acceleration of electron bunches up to about 50 GeV should be possible. Using the LHC proton bunches to drive wakefields could lead to multi-TeV electron bunches, e.g. with 3 TeV acceleration achieved in 4 km of plasma. This document outlines some of the applications of the AWAKE scheme to particle physics and shows that the AWAKE technology could lead to unique facilities and experiments that would otherwise not be possible. In particular, experiments are proposed to search for dark photons, measure strong field QED and investigate new physics in electron-proton collisions. The community is also invited to consider applications for electron beams up to the TeV scale., Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures, submitted to the European Particle Physics Strategy Update process. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1810.12254

Published
2018

6. Experimental observation of proton bunch modulation in a plasma, at varying plasma densities

Author

Adli, E., Ahuja, A., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. -M., Barrientos, D., Barros, M. M., Batkiewicz, J., Batsch, F., Bauche, J., Olsen, V. K. Berglyd, Bernardini, M., Biskup, B., Boccardi, A., Bogey, T., Bohl, T., Bracco, C., Braunmüller, F., Burger, S., Burt, G., Bustamante, S., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Cascella, M., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D., Damerau, H., Deacon, L., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fedosseev, V. N., Fior, G., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Guerrero, A., Hansen, J., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Hessler, C., Hoe, W., Hüther, M., Ibison, M., Jensen, L., Jolly, S., Keeble, F., Kim, S. -Y., Kraus, F., Lefevre, T., LeGodec, G., Li, Y., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Brun, L. Maricalva, Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Godoy, D. Medina, Minakov, V. A., Mitchell, J., Molendijk, J. C., Mompo, R., Moody, J. T., Moreira, M., Muggli, P., Mutin, C., Öz, E., Ozturk, E., Pasquino, C., Pardons, A., Asmus, F. Pena, Pepitone, K., Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pitman, S., Plyushchev, G., Pukhov, A., Rey, S., Rieger, K., Ruhl, H., Schmidt, J. S., Shalimova, I. A., Shaposhnikova, E., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Soby, L., Sosedkin, A. P., Speroni, R., Spitsyn, R. I., Tuev, P. V., Turner, M., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Vincke, H., Welsch, C. P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Woolley, B., and Xia, G.

Subjects
Physics - Accelerator Physics, Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract

We give direct experimental evidence for the observation of the full transverse self-modulation of a relativistic proton bunch propagating through a dense plasma. The bunch exits the plasma with a density modulation resulting from radial wakefield effects with a period reciprocal to the plasma frequency. We show that the modulation is seeded by using an intense laser pulse co-propagating with the proton bunch which creates a relativistic ionization front within the bunch. We show by varying the plasma density over one order of magnitude that the modulation period scales with the expected dependence on the plasma density., Comment: 4 figures, AWAKE collaboration paper, Submitted to PRL

Published
2018
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7. Acceleration of electrons in the plasma wakefield of a proton bunch

Author

The AWAKE Collaboration, Adli, E., Ahuja, A., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. -M., Barrientos, D., Batsch, F., Bauche, J., Olsen, V. K. Berglyd, Bernardini, M., Bohl, T., Bracco, C., Braunmueller, F., Burt, G., Buttenschoen, B., Caldwell, A., Cascella, M., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D., Damerau, H., Deacon, L., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hansen, J., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Huether, M., Ibison, M., Jensen, L., Jolly, S., Keeble, F., Kim, S. -Y., Kraus, F., Li, Y., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Brun, L. Maricalva, Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Godoy, D. Medina, Minakov, V. A., Mitchell, J., Molendijk, J. C., Moody, J. T., Moreira, M., Muggli, P., Oez, E., Pasquino, C., Pardons, A., Asmus, F. Pena, Pepitone, K., Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pitman, S., Pukhov, A., Rey, S., Rieger, K., Ruhl, H., Schmidt, J. S., Shalimova, I. A., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Soby, L., Sosedkin, A. P., Speroni, R., Spitsyn, R. I., Tuev, P. V., Turner, M., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Woolley, B., and Xia, G.

Subjects
Physics - Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract

High energy particle accelerators have been crucial in providing a deeper understanding of fundamental particles and the forces that govern their interactions. In order to increase the energy or reduce the size of the accelerator, new acceleration schemes need to be developed. Plasma wakefield acceleration, in which the electrons in a plasma are excited, leading to strong electric fields, is one such promising novel acceleration technique. Pioneering experiments have shown that an intense laser pulse or electron bunch traversing a plasma, drives electric fields of 10s GV/m and above. These values are well beyond those achieved in conventional RF accelerators which are limited to ~0.1 GV/m. A limitation of laser pulses and electron bunches is their low stored energy, which motivates the use of multiple stages to reach very high energies. The use of proton bunches is compelling, as they have the potential to drive wakefields and accelerate electrons to high energy in a single accelerating stage. The long proton bunches currently available can be used, as they undergo self-modulation, a particle-plasma interaction which longitudinally splits the bunch into a series of high density microbunches, which then act resonantly to create large wakefields. The AWAKE experiment at CERN uses intense bunches of protons, each of energy 400 GeV, with a total bunch energy of 19 kJ, to drive a wakefield in a 10 m long plasma. Bunches of electrons are injected into the wakefield formed by the proton microbunches. This paper presents measurements of electrons accelerated up to 2 GeV at AWAKE. This constitutes the first demonstration of proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration. The potential for this scheme to produce very high energy electron bunches in a single accelerating stage means that the results shown here are a significant step towards the development of future high energy particle accelerators., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures. Updated acknowledgements and one reference

Published
2018
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8. Proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration in AWAKE.

Author

Gschwendtner, E, Turner, M, Adli, E, Ahuja, A, Apsimon, O, Apsimon, R, Bachmann, A-M, Batsch, F, Bracco, C, Braunmüller, F, Burger, S, Burt, G, Buttenschön, B, Caldwell, A, Chappell, J, Chevallay, E, Chung, M, Cooke, D, Damerau, H, Deubner, LH, Dexter, A, Doebert, S, Farmer, J, Fedosseev, VN, Fiorito, R, Fonseca, RA, Friebel, F, Garolfi, L, Gessner, S, Goddard, B, Gorgisyan, I, Gorn, AA, Granados, E, Grulke, O, Hartin, A, Helm, A, Henderson, JR, Hüther, M, Ibison, M, Jolly, S, Keeble, F, Kelisani, MD, Kim, S-Y, Kraus, F, Krupa, M, Lefevre, T, Li, Y, Liu, S, Lopes, N, Lotov, KV, Martyanov, M, Mazzoni, S, Minakov, VA, Molendijk, JC, Moody, JT, Moreira, M, Muggli, P, Panuganti, H, Pardons, A, Peña Asmus, F, Perera, A, Petrenko, A, Pukhov, A, Rey, S, Sherwood, P, Silva, LO, Sosedkin, AP, Tuev, PV, Velotti, F, Verra, L, Verzilov, VA, Vieira, J, Welsch, CP, Wendt, M, Williamson, B, Wing, M, Woolley, B, and Xia, G

Subjects
Nuclear and Plasma Physics, Synchrotrons and Accelerators, Physical Sciences, AWAKE, plasma wakefield acceleration, seeded self modulation, AWAKE Collaboration, physics.acc-ph, General Science & Technology
Abstract

In this article, we briefly summarize the experiments performed during the first run of the Advanced Wakefield Experiment, AWAKE, at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research). The final goal of AWAKE Run 1 (2013-2018) was to demonstrate that 10-20 MeV electrons can be accelerated to GeV energies in a plasma wakefield driven by a highly relativistic self-modulated proton bunch. We describe the experiment, outline the measurement concept and present first results. Last, we outline our plans for the future. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Directions in particle beam-driven plasma wakefield acceleration'.

Published
2019

9. Physics case of the very high energy electron--proton collider, VHEeP

Author

Caldwell, A., Keeble, F., Dore, E. Simpson, and Wing, M.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Physics - Accelerator Physics, Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract

The possibility of a very high energy electron-proton (VHEeP) collider with a centre-of-mass energy of 9 TeV has been presented at previous workshops. These proceedings briefly summarise the VHEeP concept, which was recently published, and developments since then, as well as future directions. At the VHEeP collider, with a centre-of-mass energy 30 times greater than HERA, parton momentum fractions, $x$, down to about $10^{-8}$ are accessible for photon virtualities, $Q^2$, of 1 GeV$^2$. This extension in the kinematic range to low $x$ complements proposals for other electron-proton or electron-ion colliders., Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures, for proceedings of DIS 2017 workshop

Published
2017

10. AWAKE readiness for the study of the seeded self-modulation of a 400\,GeV proton bunch

Author

Muggli, P., Adli, E., Apsimon, R., Asmus, F., Baartman, R., Bachmann, A. -M., Marin, M. Barros, Batsch, F., Bauche, J., Olsen, V. K. Berglyd, Bernardini, M., Biskup, B., Boccardi, A., Bogey, T., Bohl, T., Bracco, C., Braunmuller, F., Burger, S., Burt, G., Bustamante, S., Buttenschon, B., Butterworth, A., Caldwell, A., Cascella, M., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Damerau, H., Deacon, L., Dexter, A., Dirksen, P., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fedosseev, V., Feniet, T., Fior, G., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R., Friebel, F., Gander, P., Gessner, S., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Guerrero, A., Hansen, J., Hessler, C., Hofle, W., Holloway, J., Huther, M., Ibison, M., Islam, M. R., Jensen, L., Jolly, S., Kasim, M., Keeble, F., Kim, S. -Y., Krause, F., Lasheen, A., Lefevre, T., LeGodec, G., Li, Y., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Godoy, D. Medina, Mete, O., Minakov, V. A., Mompo, R., Moody, J., Moreira, M. T., Mitchell, J., Mutin, C., Norreys, P., Oz, E., Ozturk, E., Pauw, W., Pardone, A., Pasquino, C., Pepitone, K., Petrenko, A., Pitmann, S., Plyushchev, G., Pukhov, A., Rieger, K., Ruhl, H., Schmidt, J., Shalimova, I. A., Shaposhnikova, E., Sherwood, P., Silva, L., Sosedkin, A. P., Spitsyn, R. I., Szczurek, K., Thomas, J., Tuev, P. V., Turner, M., Verzilov, V., Vieira, J., Vincke, H., Welsch, C. P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Xia, G., and Zhang, H.

Subjects
Physics - Plasma Physics, Physics - Accelerator Physics
Abstract

AWAKE is a proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration experiment. % We show that the experimental setup briefly described here is ready for systematic study of the seeded self-modulation of the 400\,GeV proton bunch in the 10\,m-long rubidium plasma with density adjustable from 1 to 10$\times10^{14}$\,cm$^{-3}$. % We show that the short laser pulse used for ionization of the rubidium vapor propagates all the way along the column, suggesting full ionization of the vapor. % We show that ionization occurs along the proton bunch, at the laser time and that the plasma that follows affects the proton bunch. %, Comment: Presented as an invited talk at the EPS=Plasma Physics Conference 2017

Published
2017
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11. Acceleration of electrons in the plasma wakefield of a proton bunch

Author

Adli, E, Ahuja, A, Apsimon, O, Apsimon, R, Bachmann, A-M, Barrientos, D, Batsch, F, Bauche, J, Berglyd Olsen, VK, Bernardini, M, Bohl, T, Bracco, C, Braunmüller, F, Burt, G, Buttenschön, B, Caldwell, A, Cascella, M, Chappell, J, Chevallay, E, Chung, M, Cooke, D, Damerau, H, Deacon, L, Deubner, LH, Dexter, A, Doebert, S, Farmer, J, Fedosseev, VN, Fiorito, R, Fonseca, RA, Friebel, F, Garolfi, L, Gessner, S, Gorgisyan, I, Gorn, AA, Granados, E, Grulke, O, Gschwendtner, E, Hansen, J, Helm, A, Henderson, JR, Hüther, M, Ibison, M, Jensen, L, Jolly, S, Keeble, F, Kim, S-Y, Kraus, F, Li, Y, Liu, S, Lopes, N, Lotov, KV, Maricalva Brun, L, Martyanov, M, Mazzoni, S, Medina Godoy, D, Minakov, VA, Mitchell, J, Molendijk, JC, Moody, JT, Moreira, M, Muggli, P, Öz, E, Pasquino, C, Pardons, A, Peña Asmus, F, Pepitone, K, Perera, A, Petrenko, A, Pitman, S, Pukhov, A, Rey, S, Rieger, K, Ruhl, H, Schmidt, JS, Shalimova, IA, Sherwood, P, Silva, LO, Soby, L, Sosedkin, AP, Speroni, R, Spitsyn, RI, Tuev, PV, Turner, M, Velotti, F, Verra, L, Verzilov, VA, Vieira, J, Welsch, CP, Williamson, B, Wing, M, Woolley, B, and Xia, G

Subjects
Nuclear and Plasma Physics, Physical Sciences, Affordable and Clean Energy, General Science & Technology
Abstract

High-energy particle accelerators have been crucial in providing a deeper understanding of fundamental particles and the forces that govern their interactions. To increase the energy of the particles or to reduce the size of the accelerator, new acceleration schemes need to be developed. Plasma wakefield acceleration1-5, in which the electrons in a plasma are excited, leading to strong electric fields (so called 'wakefields'), is one such promising acceleration technique. Experiments have shown that an intense laser pulse6-9 or electron bunch10,11 traversing a plasma can drive electric fields of tens of gigavolts per metre and above-well beyond those achieved in conventional radio-frequency accelerators (about 0.1 gigavolt per metre). However, the low stored energy of laser pulses and electron bunches means that multiple acceleration stages are needed to reach very high particle energies5,12. The use of proton bunches is compelling because they have the potential to drive wakefields and to accelerate electrons to high energy in a single acceleration stage13. Long, thin proton bunches can be used because they undergo a process called self-modulation14-16, a particle-plasma interaction that splits the bunch longitudinally into a series of high-density microbunches, which then act resonantly to create large wakefields. The Advanced Wakefield (AWAKE) experiment at CERN17-19 uses high-intensity proton bunches-in which each proton has an energy of 400 gigaelectronvolts, resulting in a total bunch energy of 19 kilojoules-to drive a wakefield in a ten-metre-long plasma. Electron bunches are then injected into this wakefield. Here we present measurements of electrons accelerated up to two gigaelectronvolts at the AWAKE experiment, in a demonstration of proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration. Measurements were conducted under various plasma conditions and the acceleration was found to be consistent and reliable. The potential for this scheme to produce very high-energy electron bunches in a single accelerating stage20 means that our results are an important step towards the development of future high-energy particle accelerators21,22.

Published
2018

12. Correction to ‘Proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration in AWAKE’

Author

The AWAKE Collaboration, Gschwendtner, E., Turner, M., Adli, E., Ahuja, A., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A.-M., Batsch, F., Bracco, C., Braunmüller, F., Burger, S., Burt, G., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D., Damerau, H., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Goddard, B., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Grulke, O., Hartin, A., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Hüther, M., Ibison, M., Jolly, S., Keeble, F., Kelisani, M. D., Kim, S.-Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Li, Y., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Minakov, V. A., Molendijk, J. C., Moody, J. T., Moreira, M., Muggli, P., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Asmus, F. Peña, Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pukhov, A., Rey, S., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Sosedkin, A. P., Tuev, P. V., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Wendt, M., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Woolley, B., and Xia, G.

Published
2020

13. AWAKE, The Advanced Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Experiment at CERN

Author

Gschwendtner, E., Adli, E., Amorim, L., Apsimon, R., Assmann, R., Bachmann, A. -M., Batsch, F., Bauche, J., Olsen, V. K. Berglyd, Bernardini, M., Bingham, R., Biskup, B., Bohl, T., Bracco, C., Burrows, P. N., Burt, G., Buttenschon, B., Butterworth, A., Caldwell, A., Cascella, M., Chevallay, E., Cipiccia, S., Damerau, H., Deacon, L., Dirksen, P., Doebert, S., Dorda, U., Farmer, J., Fedosseev, V., Feldbaumer, E., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R., Friebel, F., Gorn, A. A., Grulke, O., Hansen, J., Hessler, C., Hofle, W., Holloway, J., Huther, M., Jaroszynski, D., Jensen, L., Jolly, S., Joulaei, A., Kasim, M., Keeble, F., Li, Y., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Mandry, S., Martorelli, R., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Mete, O., Minakov, V. A., Mitchell, J., Moody, J., Muggli, P., Najmudin, Z., Norreys, P., Oz, E., Pardons, A., Pepitone, K., Petrenko, A., Plyushchev, G., Pukhov, A., Rieger, K., Ruhl, H., Salveter, F., Savard, N., Schmidt, J., Seryi, A., Shaposhnikova, E., Sheng, Z. M., Sherwood, P., Silva, L., Soby, L., Sosedkin, A. P., Spitsyn, R. I., Trines, R., Tuev, P. V., Turner, M., Verzilov, V., Vieira, J., Vincke, H., Wei, Y., Welsch, C. P., Wing, M., Xia, G., and Zhang, H.

Subjects
Physics - Accelerator Physics, Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract

The Advanced Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Experiment (AWAKE) aims at studying plasma wakefield generation and electron acceleration driven by proton bunches. It is a proof-of-principle R&D experiment at CERN and the world's first proton driven plasma wakefield acceleration experiment. The AWAKE experiment will be installed in the former CNGS facility and uses the 400 GeV/c proton beam bunches from the SPS. The first experiments will focus on the self-modulation instability of the long (rms ~12 cm) proton bunch in the plasma. These experiments are planned for the end of 2016. Later, in 2017/2018, low energy (~15 MeV) electrons will be externally injected to sample the wakefields and be accelerated beyond 1 GeV. The main goals of the experiment will be summarized. A summary of the AWAKE design and construction status will be presented., Comment: 7 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables

Published
2015
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14. Path to AWAKE: Evolution of the concept

Author

Caldwell, A., Adli, E., Amorim, L., Apsimon, R., Argyropoulos, T., Assmann, R., Bachmann, A. -M., Batsch, F., Bauche, J., Olsen, V. K. Berglyd, Bernardini, M., Bingham, R., Biskup, B., Bohl, T., Bracco, C., Burrows, P. N., Burt, G., Buttenschon, B., Butterworth, A., Cascella, M., Chattopadhyay, S., Chevallay, E., Cipiccia, S., Damerau, H., Deacon, L., Dirksen, P., Doebert, S., Dorda, U., Elsen, E., Farmer, J., Fartoukh, S., Fedosseev, V., Feldbaumer, E., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R., Friebel, F., Geschonke, G., Goddard, B., Gorn, A. A., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hansen, J., Hessler, C., Hillenbrand, S., Hofle, W., Holloway, J., Huang, C., Huther, M., Jaroszynski, D., Jensen, L., Jolly, S., Joulaei, A., Kasim, M., Keeble, F., Kersevan, R., Kumar, N., Li, Y., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Lu, W., Machacek, J., Mandry, S., Martin, I., Martorelli, R., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Meddahi, M., Merminga, L., Mete, O., Minakov, V. A., Mitchell, J., Moody, J., Muller, A. -S., Najmudin, Z., Noakes, T. C. Q., Norreys, P., Osterhoff, J., Oz, E., Pardons, A., Pepitone, K., Petrenko, A., Plyushchev, G., Pozimski, J., Pukhov, A., Reimann, O., Rieger, K., Roesler, S., Ruhl, H., Rusnak, T., Salveter, F., Savard, N., Schmidt, J., von der Schmitt, H., Seryi, A., Shaposhnikova, E., Sheng, Z. M., Sherwood, P., Silva, L., Simon, F., Soby, L., Sosedkin, A. P., Spitsyn, R. I., Tajima, T., Tarkeshian, R., Timko, H., Trines, R., Tueckmantel, T., Tuev, P. V., Turner, M., Velotti, F., Verzilov, V., Vieira, J., Vincke, H., Wei, Y., Welsch, C. P., Wing, M., Xia, G., Yakimenko, V., Zhang, H., and Zimmermann, F.

Subjects
Physics - Plasma Physics, Physics - Accelerator Physics
Abstract

This report describes the conceptual steps in reaching the design of the AWAKE experiment currently under construction at CERN. We start with an introduction to plasma wakefield acceleration and the motivation for using proton drivers. We then describe the self-modulation instability --- a key to an early realization of the concept. This is then followed by the historical development of the experimental design, where the critical issues that arose and their solutions are described. We conclude with the design of the experiment as it is being realized at CERN and some words on the future outlook. A summary of the AWAKE design and construction status as presented in this conference is given in [1]., Comment: 15 pages, 24 figures, 1 table, 111 references, 121 author from 36 organizations

Published
2015
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16. Proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration in AWAKE

Author

The AWAKE Collaboration, Gschwendtner, E., Turner, M., Adli, E., Ahuja, A., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A.-M., Batsch, F., Bracco, C., Braunmüller, F., Burger, S., Burt, G., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D., Damerau, H., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Goddard, B., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Grulke, O., Hartin, A., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Hüther, M., Ibison, M., Jolly, S., Keeble, F., Kelisani, M. D., Kim, S.-Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Li, Y., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Minakov, V.A., Molendijk, J. C., Moody, J. T., Moreira, M., Muggli, P., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Asmus, F. Peña, Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pukhov, A., Rey, S., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Sosedkin, A. P., Tuev, P. V., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Wendt, M., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Woolley, B., and Xia, G.

Published
2019

17. The electron accelerators for the AWAKE experiment at CERN—Baseline and Future Developments

Author

Pepitone, K., Doebert, S., Apsimon, R., Bauche, J., Bernardini, M., Bracco, C., Burt, G., Chauchet, A., Chevallay, E., Chritin, N., Curt, S., Damerau, H., Kelisani, M. Dayyani, Delory, C., Fedosseev, V., Friebel, F., Galleazzi, F., Gorgisyan, I., Gschwendtner, E., Hansen, J., Jensen, L., Keeble, F., Maricalva, L., Mazzoni, S., McMonagle, G., Mete, O., Pardons, A., Pasquino, C., Verzilov, V., Schmidt, J.S., Soby, L., Williamson, B., Yamakawa, E., Pitman, S., and Mitchell, J.

Published
2018
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18. AWAKE, The Advanced Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Experiment at CERN

Author

Gschwendtner, E., Adli, E., Amorim, L., Apsimon, R., Assmann, R., Bachmann, A.-M., Batsch, F., Bauche, J., Berglyd Olsen, V.K., Bernardini, M., Bingham, R., Biskup, B., Bohl, T., Bracco, C., Burrows, P.N., Burt, G., Buttenschön, B., Butterworth, A., Caldwell, A., Cascella, M., Chevallay, E., Cipiccia, S., Damerau, H., Deacon, L., Dirksen, P., Doebert, S., Dorda, U., Farmer, J., Fedosseev, V., Feldbaumer, E., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R., Friebel, F., Gorn, A.A., Grulke, O., Hansen, J., Hessler, C., Hofle, W., Holloway, J., Hüther, M., Jaroszynski, D., Jensen, L., Jolly, S., Joulaei, A., Kasim, M., Keeble, F., Li, Y., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K.V., Mandry, S., Martorelli, R., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Mete, O., Minakov, V.A., Mitchell, J., Moody, J., Muggli, P., Najmudin, Z., Norreys, P., Öz, E., Pardons, A., Pepitone, K., Petrenko, A., Plyushchev, G., Pukhov, A., Rieger, K., Ruhl, H., Salveter, F., Savard, N., Schmidt, J., Seryi, A., Shaposhnikova, E., Sheng, Z.M., Sherwood, P., Silva, L., Soby, L., Sosedkin, A.P., Spitsyn, R.I., Trines, R., Tuev, P.V., Turner, M., Verzilov, V., Vieira, J., Vincke, H., Wei, Y., Welsch, C.P., Wing, M., Xia, G., and Zhang, H.

Published
2016
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19. Path to AWAKE: Evolution of the concept

Author

Caldwell, A., Adli, E., Amorim, L., Apsimon, R., Argyropoulos, T., Assmann, R., Bachmann, A.-M., Batsch, F., Bauche, J., Berglyd Olsen, V.K., Bernardini, M., Bingham, R., Biskup, B., Bohl, T., Bracco, C., Burrows, P.N., Burt, G., Buttenschön, B., Butterworth, A., Cascella, M., Chattopadhyay, S., Chevallay, E., Cipiccia, S., Damerau, H., Deacon, L., Dirksen, P., Doebert, S., Dorda, U., Elsen, E., Farmer, J., Fartoukh, S., Fedosseev, V., Feldbaumer, E., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R., Friebel, F., Geschonke, G., Goddard, B., Gorn, A.A., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hansen, J., Hessler, C., Hillenbrand, S., Hofle, W., Holloway, J., Huang, C., Hüther, M., Jaroszynski, D., Jensen, L., Jolly, S., Joulaei, A., Kasim, M., Keeble, F., Kersevan, R., Kumar, N., Li, Y., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K.V., Lu, W., Machacek, J., Mandry, S., Martin, I., Martorelli, R., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Meddahi, M., Merminga, L., Mete, O., Minakov, V.A., Mitchell, J., Moody, J., Müller, A.-S., Najmudin, Z., Noakes, T.C.Q., Norreys, P., Osterhoff, J., Öz, E., Pardons, A., Pepitone, K., Petrenko, A., Plyushchev, G., Pozimski, J., Pukhov, A., Reimann, O., Rieger, K., Roesler, S., Ruhl, H., Rusnak, T., Salveter, F., Savard, N., Schmidt, J., von der Schmitt, H., Seryi, A., Shaposhnikova, E., Sheng, Z.M., Sherwood, P., Silva, L., Simon, F., Soby, L., Sosedkin, A.P., Spitsyn, R.I., Tajima, T., Tarkeshian, R., Timko, H., Trines, R., Tückmantel, T., Tuev, P.V., Turner, M., Velotti, F., Verzilov, V., Vieira, J., Vincke, H., Wei, Y., Welsch, C.P., Wing, M., Xia, G., Yakimenko, V., Zhang, H., and Zimmermann, F.

Published
2016
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20. Measurement and application of electron stripping of ultrarelativistic Pb-208(81+)

Author

Cooke, DA, Bauche, J, Cascella, M, Chappell, J, Alemany-Fernandez, R, Gorgisyan, I, Gschwendtner, E, Jolly, S, Kain, V, Keeble, F, Krasny, MW, La Penna, P, Mazzoni, S, Petrenko, A, Quattri, M, and Wing, M

Abstract

An electron beam derived from stripping of ultrarelativistic lead ions has been used to perform calibration measurements on the electron spectrometer of the Advanced Wakefield experiment at CERN. As part of this study, new measurements of the stripping cross-section for ultrarelativistic hydrogen-like lead ions passing through aluminium and silicon have been obtained which demonstrate good agreement with existing measurements and theory. Improvements in terms of electron beam quality and ion beam diagnostic capability, as well as further applications of such an electron beam, are discussed.

Published
2021

23. Experimental study of extended timescale dynamics of a plasma wakefield driven by a self-modulated proton bunch

Author

Chappell, J., Adli, E., Agnello, R., Aladi, M., Andrebe, Y, Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A.-M., Baistrukov, M. A., Batsch, F., Bergamaschi, M., Della Porta, G. Z., Blanchard, P., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Djotyan, G. P., Doebert. S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Furno, I., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Goddard, B., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hafych, V., Hartin, A., Helm, A, Henderson, J. R., Howling, A., Hüther, M ., Jacquier, R., Jolly, S. W., Kargapolov, I. Y., Kedves, M. Á., Keeble, F., Kelisani, M. D., Kim, S.-Y, Krausz, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T ., Li, Y., Liang, L., Liu, S., Lopes, N. C., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Medina Godoy, D., Militsyn, B. L., Minakov, V. A., Moody, J. T., Morales Guzmán, P. I., Moreira, M. T., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Peña Asmus, F., Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pucek, J., Pukhov, A., Ráczkevi, B., Ramjiawan, R. L., Rey, S., Ruhl, H., Saberi, H., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Spitsyn, R. I., Tuev, P. V., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G. X., and Zepp, M.

Subjects
Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph), Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Proton, Other Fields of Physics, FOS: Physical sciences, Electron, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, law, Electron injection, Physics::Plasma Physics, physics.plasm-ph, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, physics.acc-ph, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Dynamics (mechanics), Surfaces and Interfaces, Plasma, Laser, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Physics - Plasma Physics, ddc, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Amplitude, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Physics - Accelerator Physics, Atomic physics, Excitation
Abstract

Plasma wakefield dynamics over timescales up to 800 ps, approximately 100 plasma periods, are studied experimentally at the Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE). The development of the longitudinal wakefield amplitude driven by a self-modulated proton bunch is measured using the external injection of witness electrons that sample the fields. In simulation, resonant excitation of the wakefield causes plasma electron trajectory crossing, resulting in the development of a potential outside the plasma boundary as electrons are transversely ejected. Trends consistent with the presence of this potential are experimentally measured and their dependence on wakefield amplitude are studied via seed laser timing scans and electron injection delay scans., 11 pages, 8 figures

Published
2021

24. Measurement and application of electron stripping of ultrarelativistic 208Pb81+

Author

Cooke, D.A., primary, Bauche, J., additional, Cascella, M., additional, Chappell, J., additional, Alemany–Fernández, R., additional, Gorgisyan, I., additional, Gschwendtner, E., additional, Jolly, S., additional, Kain, V., additional, Keeble, F., additional, Krasny, M.W., additional, La Penna, P., additional, Mazzoni, S., additional, Petrenko, A., additional, Quattri, M., additional, and Wing, M., additional

Published
2021
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25. Measurement and application of electron stripping of ultrarelativistic $^{208}\textrm{Pb}^{81+}$

Author

Cooke, D.A., Bauche, J., Cascella, M., Chappell, J., Alemany–Fernández, R., Gorgisyan, I., Gschwendtner, E., Jolly, S., Kain, V., Keeble, F., Krasny, M.W., La Penna, P., Mazzoni, S., Petrenko, A., Quattri, M., Wing, M., and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph), beam monitoring, hep-ex, Ion stripping, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ACC-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Accelerator Physics [physics.acc-ph], Novel electron source, FOS: Physical sciences, silicon, ion: beam, Accelerators and Storage Rings, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), quality, aluminum, AWAKE, lead: ion, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Physics::Accelerator Physics, Physics - Accelerator Physics, electron: beam, Particle Physics - Experiment, physics.acc-ph
Abstract

An electron beam derived from stripping of ultrarelativistic lead ions has been used to perform calibration measurements on the electron spectrometer of the Advanced Wakefield experiment at CERN. As part of this study, new measurements of the stripping cross-section for ultrarelativistic hydrogen-like lead ions passing through aluminium and silicon have been obtained which demonstrate good agreement with existing measurements and theory. Improvements in terms of electron beam quality and ion beam diagnostic capability, as well as further applications of such an electron beam, are discussed. An electron beam derived from stripping of ultrarelativistic lead ions has been used to perform calibration measurements on the electron spectrometer of the Advanced Wakefield experiment at CERN. As part of this study, new measurements of the stripping cross-section for ultrarelativistic hydrogen-like lead ions passing through aluminium and silicon have been obtained which demonstrate good agreement with existing measurements and theory. Improvements in terms of electron beam quality and ion beam diagnostic capability, as well as further applications of such an electron beam, are discussed. New measurements of the stripping cross-section for ultrarelativistic hydrogen-like lead ions passing through aluminium and silicon have been performed at the Advanced Wakefield experiment at CERN. Agreement with existing measurements and theory has been obtained. Improvements in terms of electron beam quality and ion beam diagnostic capability, as well as further applications of such an electron beam, are discussed.

Published
2020

26. Evolution of a plasma column measured through modulation of a high-energy proton beam

Author

Gessner, S., Adli, E., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A.-M., Batsch, F., Bracco, C., Braunmuller, F., Burger, S., Burt, G., Buttenschon, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D., Damerau, H., Demeter, G., Deubner, L.H., Dexter, A., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fedosseev, V.N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R.A., Friebel, F., Garolfi, L., Goddard, B., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A.A., Granados, E., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hartin, A., Helm, A., Henderson, J.R., Huther, M., Ibison, M., Jolly, S., Keeble, F., Kelisani, M.D., Khudyakov, V.K., Kim, S.-Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Li, Y., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K.V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Minakov, V.A., Molendijk, J.C., Moody, J.T., Moreira, M., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Pena Asmus, F., Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pukhov, A., Rey, S., Ruhl, H., Saberi, H., Sherwood, P., Silva, L.O., Sosedkin, A.P., Sublet, A., Tuev, P.V., Turner, M., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V.A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C.P., Wendt, M., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Woolley, B., Xia, G., and Zevi Della Porta, G.

Subjects
Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph), Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Physics::Plasma Physics, physics.plasm-ph, Other Fields of Physics, FOS: Physical sciences, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Physics - Accelerator Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Physics - Plasma Physics, physics.acc-ph
Abstract

Plasma wakefield acceleration is a method for accelerating particle beams using electromagnetic fields that are orders of magnitude larger than those found in conventional radio frequency cavities. The core component of a plasma wakefield accelerator is the plasma source, which ranges from millimeter-scale gas jets used in laser-driven experiments, to the ten-meter-long rubidium cell used in the AWAKE experiment. The density of the neutral gas is a controlled input to the experiment, but the density of the plasma after ionization depends on many factors. AWAKE uses a high-energy proton beam to drive the plasma wakefield, and the wakefield acts back on the proton bunch by modulating it at the plasma frequency. We infer the plasma density by measuring the frequency of modulation of the proton bunch, and we measure the evolution of the density versus time by varying the arrival of the proton beam with respect to the ionizing laser pulse. Using this technique, we uncover a microsecond-long period of a stable plasma density followed by a rapid decay in density. The stability of the plasma after ionization has implications for the design of much longer vapor cells that could be used to accelerate particle beams to extremely high energies.

Published
2020

27. Experimental study of wakefields driven by a self-modulating proton bunch in plasma

Author

Turner, M., Muggli, P., Adli, E., Agnello, R., Aladi, M., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. M., Baistrukov, M. A., Batsch, F., Bergamaschi, M., Blanchard, P., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Djotyan, G. P., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Furno, I., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Goddard, B., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hafych, V., Hartin, A., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Howling, A., Hüther, M., Jacquier, R., Jolly, S., Kargapolov, I. Yu, Kedves, M. A., Keeble, F., Kelisani, M. D., Kim, S. Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, Maciej, Lefevre, T., Li, Y., Liang, L., Liu, Sihang, Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Medina Godoy, D., Minakov, V. A., Moody, J. T., Morales Guzmán, P. I., Moreira, M., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Penã Asmus, F., Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pucek, J., Pukhov, A., Ráczkevi, B., Ramjiawan, R. L., Rey, S., Ruhl, H., Saberi, H., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Tuev, P. V., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Zepp, M., Zevi Della Porta, G., Turner, M., Muggli, P., Adli, E., Agnello, R., Aladi, M., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. M., Baistrukov, M. A., Batsch, F., Bergamaschi, M., Blanchard, P., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Djotyan, G. P., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Furno, I., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Goddard, B., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hafych, V., Hartin, A., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Howling, A., Hüther, M., Jacquier, R., Jolly, S., Kargapolov, I. Yu, Kedves, M. A., Keeble, F., Kelisani, M. D., Kim, S. Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, Maciej, Lefevre, T., Li, Y., Liang, L., Liu, Sihang, Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Medina Godoy, D., Minakov, V. A., Moody, J. T., Morales Guzmán, P. I., Moreira, M., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Penã Asmus, F., Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pucek, J., Pukhov, A., Ráczkevi, B., Ramjiawan, R. L., Rey, S., Ruhl, H., Saberi, H., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Tuev, P. V., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Zepp, M., and Zevi Della Porta, G.

Abstract

We study experimentally the longitudinal and transverse wakefields driven by a highly relativistic proton bunch during self-modulation in plasma. We show that the wakefields' growth and amplitude increase with increasing seed amplitude as well as with the proton bunch charge in the plasma. We study transverse wakefields using the maximum radius of the proton bunch distribution measured on a screen downstream from the plasma. We study longitudinal wakefields by externally injecting electrons and measuring their final energy. Measurements agree with trends predicted by theory and numerical simulations and validate our understanding of the development of self-modulation. Experiments were performed in the context of the Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE).

Published
2020

28. Proton Bunch Self-Modulation in Plasma with Density Gradient

Author

Braunmüller, F., Nechaeva, T., Adli, E., Agnello, R., Aladi, M., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. M., Baistrukov, M. A., Batsch, F., Bergamaschi, M., Blanchard, P., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Djotyan, G. P., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Furno, I., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Goddard, B., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hafych, V., Hartin, A., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Howling, A., Hüther, M., Jacquier, R., Jolly, S., Kargapolov, I. Yu, Kedves, M., Keeble, F., Kelisani, M. D., Kim, S. Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Li, Y., Liang, L., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Medina Godoy, D., Minakov, V. A., Moody, J. T., Morales Guzmán, P. I., Moreira, M., Muggli, P., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Peña Asmus, F., Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pucek, J., Pukhov, A., Ráczkevi, B., Ramjiawan, R. L., Rey, S., Ruhl, H., Saberi, H., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Spitsyn, R. I., Tuev, P. V., Turner, M., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Zepp, M., Zevi Della Porta, G., Braunmüller, F., Nechaeva, T., Adli, E., Agnello, R., Aladi, M., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. M., Baistrukov, M. A., Batsch, F., Bergamaschi, M., Blanchard, P., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Djotyan, G. P., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Furno, I., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Goddard, B., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hafych, V., Hartin, A., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Howling, A., Hüther, M., Jacquier, R., Jolly, S., Kargapolov, I. Yu, Kedves, M., Keeble, F., Kelisani, M. D., Kim, S. Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Li, Y., Liang, L., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Medina Godoy, D., Minakov, V. A., Moody, J. T., Morales Guzmán, P. I., Moreira, M., Muggli, P., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Peña Asmus, F., Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pucek, J., Pukhov, A., Ráczkevi, B., Ramjiawan, R. L., Rey, S., Ruhl, H., Saberi, H., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Spitsyn, R. I., Tuev, P. V., Turner, M., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Zepp, M., and Zevi Della Porta, G.

Abstract

We study experimentally the effect of linear plasma density gradients on the self-modulation of a 400 GeV proton bunch. Results show that a positive or negative gradient increases or decreases the number of microbunches and the relative charge per microbunch observed after 10 m of plasma. The measured modulation frequency also increases or decreases. With the largest positive gradient we observe two frequencies in the modulation power spectrum. Results are consistent with changes in wakefields' phase velocity due to plasma density gradients adding to the slow wakefields' phase velocity during self-modulation growth predicted by linear theory.

Published
2020

29. Proton beam defocusing in AWAKE: comparison of simulations and measurements

Author

Gorn, A A, primary, Turner, M, additional, Adli, E, additional, Agnello, R, additional, Aladi, M, additional, Andrebe, Y, additional, Apsimon, O, additional, Apsimon, R, additional, Bachmann, A-M, additional, Baistrukov, M A, additional, Batsch, F, additional, Bergamaschi, M, additional, Blanchard, P, additional, Burrows, P N, additional, Buttenschön, B, additional, Caldwell, A, additional, Chappell, J, additional, Chevallay, E, additional, Chung, M, additional, Cooke, D A, additional, Damerau, H, additional, Davut, C, additional, Demeter, G, additional, Deubner, L H, additional, Dexter, A, additional, Djotyan, G P, additional, Doebert, S, additional, Farmer, J, additional, Fasoli, A, additional, Fedosseev, V N, additional, Fiorito, R, additional, Fonseca, R A, additional, Friebel, F, additional, Furno, I, additional, Garolfi, L, additional, Gessner, S, additional, Goddard, B, additional, Gorgisyan, I, additional, Granados, E, additional, Granetzny, M, additional, Grulke, O, additional, Gschwendtner, E, additional, Hafych, V, additional, Hartin, A, additional, Helm, A, additional, Henderson, J R, additional, Howling, A, additional, Hüther, M, additional, Jacquier, R, additional, Kargapolov, I Yu, additional, Kedves, M Á, additional, Keeble, F, additional, Kelisani, M D, additional, Kim, S-Y, additional, Kraus, F, additional, Krupa, M, additional, Lefevre, T, additional, Liang, L, additional, Liu, S, additional, Lopes, N, additional, Lotov, K V, additional, Martyanov, M, additional, Mazzoni, S, additional, Medina Godoy, D, additional, Minakov, V A, additional, Moody, J T, additional, Morales Guzmán, P I, additional, Moreira, M, additional, Nechaeva, T, additional, Panuganti, H, additional, Pardons, A, additional, Peña Asmus, F, additional, Perera, A, additional, Petrenko, A, additional, Pucek, J, additional, Pukhov, A, additional, Ráczkevi, B, additional, Ramjiawan, R L, additional, Rey, S, additional, Ruhl, H, additional, Saberi, H, additional, Schmitz, O, additional, Senes, E, additional, Sherwood, P, additional, Silva, L O, additional, Spitsyn, R I, additional, Tuev, P V, additional, Velotti, F, additional, Verra, L, additional, Verzilov, V A, additional, Vieira, J, additional, Welsch, C P, additional, Williamson, B, additional, Wing, M, additional, Wolfenden, J, additional, Woolley, B, additional, Xia, G, additional, Zepp, M, additional, and Zevi Della Porta, G, additional

Published
2020
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30. Wakefields in a cluster plasma

Author

Mayr, M. W., primary, Ceurvorst, L., additional, Kasim, M. F., additional, Sadler, J. D., additional, Spiers, B., additional, Glize, K., additional, Savin, A. F., additional, Bourgeois, N., additional, Keeble, F., additional, Ross, A. J., additional, Symes, D. R., additional, Aboushelbaya, R., additional, Fonseca, R. A., additional, Holloway, J., additional, Ratan, N., additional, Trines, R. M. G. M., additional, Wang, R. H. W., additional, Bingham, R., additional, Silva, L. O., additional, Burrows, P. N., additional, Wing, M., additional, Rajeev, P. P., additional, and Norreys, P. A., additional

Published
2019
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31. Correction to 'Proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration in AWAKE' (vol 377, 20180418, 2019)

Author

Gschwendtner, E., Turner, M., Adli, E., Ahuja, A., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A.-M., Batsch, F., Bracco, C., Braunmüller, F., Burger, S., Burt, G., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D., Damerau, H., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Goddard, B., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Grulke, O., Hartin, A., Helm, A, Henderson, J. R., Hüther, M., Ibison, M., Jolly, S., Keeble, F., Kelisani, M. D., Kim, S.-Y., Krausz, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Minakov, V., Molendijk, J. C., Moody, J. T., Moreira, M. T., Muggli, P., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Peña Asmus, F., Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pukhov, A., Rey, S., Ruhl, H., Saberi, H., Sublet, A., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Sosedkin, A. P., Tuev, P. V., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Wendt, M., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Woolley, B., Xia, G., and AWAKE Collaboration Team

Subjects
Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph), AWAKE Collaboration, Proton, General Science & Technology, General Mathematics, Engenharia e Tecnologia::Engenharia Civil [Domínio/Área Científica], FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, Electron, plasma wakefield acceleration, Ciências Naturais::Ciências Físicas [Domínio/Área Científica], 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Nuclear physics, Ciências Naturais::Matemáticas [Domínio/Área Científica], Physics::Plasma Physics, AWAKE, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, physics.acc-ph, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, General Engineering, Plasma, Plasma acceleration, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Ciências Naturais::Outras Ciências Naturais [Domínio/Área Científica], seeded self modulation, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Physics - Accelerator Physics
Abstract

In this article, we briefly summarize the experiments performed during the first run of the Advanced Wakefield Experiment, AWAKE, at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research). The final goal of AWAKE Run 1 (2013–2018) was to demonstrate that 10– 20 MeV electrons can be accelerated to GeV energies in a plasma wakefield driven by a highly relativistic self-modulated proton bunch. We describe the experiment, outline the measurement concept and present first results. Last, we outline our plans for the future. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Directions in particle beam-driven plasma wakefield acceleration'. In this article, we briefly summarize the experiments performed during the first Run of the Advanced Wakefield Experiment, AWAKE, at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research). The final goal of AWAKE Run 1 (2013 - 2018) was to demonstrate that 10-20 MeV electrons can be accelerated to GeV-energies in a plasma wakefield driven by a highly-relativistic self-modulated proton bunch. We describe the experiment, outline the measurement concept and present first results. Last, we outline our plans for the future.

Published
2019

32. Experimental Observation of Proton Bunch Modulation in a Plasma at Varying Plasma Densities

Author

Adli, E., Ahuja, A., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A.-M., Barrientos, D., Barros, M.M., Batkiewicz, J., Batsch, F., Bauche, J., Berglyd Olsen, V.K., Bernardini, M., Biskup, B., Boccardi, A., Bogey, T., Bohl, T., Bracco, C., Braunmüller, F., Burger, S., Burt, G., Bustamante, S., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Cascella, M., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D., Damerau, H., Deacon, L., Deubner, L.H., Dexter, A., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fedosseev, V.N., Fior, G., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R.A., Friebel, F., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A.A., Granados, E., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Guerrero, A., Hansen, J., Helm, A., Henderson, J.R., Hessler, C., Hofle, W., Hüther, M., Ibison, M., Jensen, L., Jolly, S., Keeble, F., Kim, S.-Y., Kraus, F., Lefevre, T., Legodec, G., Li, Y., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K.V., Maricalva Brun, L., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Medina Godoy, D., Minakov, V.A., Mitchell, J., Molendijk, J.C., Mompo, R., Moody, J.T., Moreira, M., Muggli, P., Mutin, C., Öz, E., Ozturk, E., Pasquino, C., Pardons, A., Peña Asmus, F., Pepitone, K., Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pitman, S., Plyushchev, G., Pukhov, A., Rey, S., Rieger, K., Ruhl, H., Schmidt, J.S., Shalimova, I.A., Shaposhnikova, E., Sherwood, P., Silva, L.O., Soby, L., Sosedkin, A.P., Speroni, R., Spitsyn, R.I., Tuev, P.V., Turner, M., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V.A., Vieira, J., Vincke, H., Welsch, C.P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Adli, E., Ahuja, A., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A.-M., Barrientos, D., Barros, M.M., Batkiewicz, J., Batsch, F., Bauche, J., Berglyd Olsen, V.K., Bernardini, M., Biskup, B., Boccardi, A., Bogey, T., Bohl, T., Bracco, C., Braunmüller, F., Burger, S., Burt, G., Bustamante, S., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Cascella, M., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D., Damerau, H., Deacon, L., Deubner, L.H., Dexter, A., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fedosseev, V.N., Fior, G., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R.A., Friebel, F., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A.A., Granados, E., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Guerrero, A., Hansen, J., Helm, A., Henderson, J.R., Hessler, C., Hofle, W., Hüther, M., Ibison, M., Jensen, L., Jolly, S., Keeble, F., Kim, S.-Y., Kraus, F., Lefevre, T., Legodec, G., Li, Y., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K.V., Maricalva Brun, L., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Medina Godoy, D., Minakov, V.A., Mitchell, J., Molendijk, J.C., Mompo, R., Moody, J.T., Moreira, M., Muggli, P., Mutin, C., Öz, E., Ozturk, E., Pasquino, C., Pardons, A., Peña Asmus, F., Pepitone, K., Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pitman, S., Plyushchev, G., Pukhov, A., Rey, S., Rieger, K., Ruhl, H., Schmidt, J.S., Shalimova, I.A., Shaposhnikova, E., Sherwood, P., Silva, L.O., Soby, L., Sosedkin, A.P., Speroni, R., Spitsyn, R.I., Tuev, P.V., Turner, M., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V.A., Vieira, J., Vincke, H., Welsch, C.P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Woolley, B., and Xia, G.

Abstract

We give direct experimental evidence for the observation of the full transverse self-modulation of a long, relativistic proton bunch propagating through a dense plasma. The bunch exits the plasma with a periodic density modulation resulting from radial wakefield effects. We show that the modulation is seeded by a relativistic ionization front created using an intense laser pulse copropagating with the proton bunch. The modulation extends over the length of the proton bunch following the seed point. By varying the plasma density over one order of magnitude, we show that the modulation frequency scales with the expected dependence on the plasma density, i.e., it is equal to the plasma frequency, as expected from theory. © 2019 authors. Published by the American Physical Society.

Published
2019

33. Experimental Observation of Plasma Wakefield Growth Driven by the Seeded Self-Modulation of a Proton Bunch

Author

Turner, M., Adli, E., Ahuja, A., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. M., Barros Marin, M., Barrientos, D., Batsch, F., Batkiewicz, J., Bauche, J., Berglyd Olsen, V. K., Bernardini, M., Biskup, B., Boccardi, A., Bogey, T., Bohl, T., Bracco, C., Braunmüller, F., Burger, S., Burt, G., Bustamante, S., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Cascella, M., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D., Damerau, H., Deacon, L., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fedosseev, V. N., Fior, G., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Grulke, Olaf, Gschwendtner, E., Guerrero, A., Hansen, J., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Hessler, C., Hofle, W., Hüther, M., Ibison, M., Jensen, L., Jolly, S., Keeble, F., Kim, S. Y., Kraus, F., Lefevre, T., Legodec, G., Li, Y., Liu, Sihang, Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Maricalva Brun, L., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Medina Godoy, D., Minakov, V. A., Mitchell, J., Molendijk, J. C., Mompo, R., Moody, J. T., Moreira, M., Muggli, P., Öz, E., Ozturk, E., Mutin, C., Pasquino, C., Pardons, A., Peña Asmus, F., Pepitone, K., Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pitman, S., Plyushchev, G., Pukhov, A., Rey, S., Rieger, K., Ruhl, H., Schmidt, J. S., Shalimova, I. A., Shaposhnikova, E., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Soby, L., Sosedkin, A. P., Speroni, R., Spitsyn, R. I., Tuev, P. V., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Vincke, H., Welsch, C. P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Turner, M., Adli, E., Ahuja, A., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. M., Barros Marin, M., Barrientos, D., Batsch, F., Batkiewicz, J., Bauche, J., Berglyd Olsen, V. K., Bernardini, M., Biskup, B., Boccardi, A., Bogey, T., Bohl, T., Bracco, C., Braunmüller, F., Burger, S., Burt, G., Bustamante, S., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Cascella, M., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D., Damerau, H., Deacon, L., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fedosseev, V. N., Fior, G., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Grulke, Olaf, Gschwendtner, E., Guerrero, A., Hansen, J., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Hessler, C., Hofle, W., Hüther, M., Ibison, M., Jensen, L., Jolly, S., Keeble, F., Kim, S. Y., Kraus, F., Lefevre, T., Legodec, G., Li, Y., Liu, Sihang, Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Maricalva Brun, L., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Medina Godoy, D., Minakov, V. A., Mitchell, J., Molendijk, J. C., Mompo, R., Moody, J. T., Moreira, M., Muggli, P., Öz, E., Ozturk, E., Mutin, C., Pasquino, C., Pardons, A., Peña Asmus, F., Pepitone, K., Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pitman, S., Plyushchev, G., Pukhov, A., Rey, S., Rieger, K., Ruhl, H., Schmidt, J. S., Shalimova, I. A., Shaposhnikova, E., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Soby, L., Sosedkin, A. P., Speroni, R., Spitsyn, R. I., Tuev, P. V., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Vincke, H., Welsch, C. P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Woolley, B., and Xia, G.

Abstract

We measure the effects of transverse wakefields driven by a relativistic proton bunch in plasma with densities of 2.1×1014 and 7.7×1014 electrons/cm3. We show that these wakefields periodically defocus the proton bunch itself, consistently with the development of the seeded self-modulation process. We show that the defocusing increases both along the bunch and along the plasma by using time resolved and time-integrated measurements of the proton bunch transverse distribution. We evaluate the transverse wakefield amplitudes and show that they exceed their seed value (< 15 MV=m) and reach over 300 MV=m. All these results confirm the development of the seeded self-modulation process, a necessary condition for external injection of low energy and acceleration of electrons to multi-GeV energy levels.

Published
2019

34. Proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration in AWAKE

Author

Gschwendtner, E., Turner, M., Adli, E., Ahuja, A., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. M., Batsch, F., Bracco, C., Braunmüller, F., Burger, S., Burt, G., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D., Damerau, H., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca1, R. A., Friebel, F., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Goddard, B., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Grulke, O., Hartin, A., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Hüther, M., Ibison, M., Jolly, S., Keeble, F., Kelisani, M. D., Kim, S. Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Li, Y., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Minakov, V. A., Molendijk, J. C., Moody, J. T., Moreira, M., Muggli, P., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Asmus, F. Peña, Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pukhov, A., Rey, S., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Sosedkin, A. P., Tuev, P. V., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Wendt, M., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Gschwendtner, E., Turner, M., Adli, E., Ahuja, A., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. M., Batsch, F., Bracco, C., Braunmüller, F., Burger, S., Burt, G., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D., Damerau, H., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca1, R. A., Friebel, F., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Goddard, B., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Grulke, O., Hartin, A., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Hüther, M., Ibison, M., Jolly, S., Keeble, F., Kelisani, M. D., Kim, S. Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Li, Y., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Minakov, V. A., Molendijk, J. C., Moody, J. T., Moreira, M., Muggli, P., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Asmus, F. Peña, Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pukhov, A., Rey, S., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Sosedkin, A. P., Tuev, P. V., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Wendt, M., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Woolley, B., and Xia, G.

Abstract

In this article, we briefly summarize the experiments performed during the first run of the Advanced Wakefield Experiment, AWAKE, at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research). The final goal of AWAKE Run 1 (2013-2018) was to demonstrate that 10- 20MeV electrons can be accelerated to GeV energies in a plasma wakefield driven by a highly relativistic self-modulated proton bunch. We describe the experiment, outline the measurement concept and present first results. Last, we outline our plans for the future.

Published
2019

35. Experimental Observation of Proton Bunch Modulation in a Plasma at Varying Plasma Densities

Author

Adli, E, Ahuja, A, Apsimon, O, Apsimon, R, Bachmann, A-M, Barrientos, D, Barros, MM, Batkiewicz, J, Batsch, F, Bauche, J, Olsen, VK Berglyd, Bernardini, M, Biskup, B, Boccardi, A, Bogey, T, Bohl, T, Bracco, C, Braunmueller, F, Burger, S, Burt, G, Bustamante, S, Buttenschoen, B, Caldwell, A, Cascella, M, Chappell, J, Chevallay, E, Chung, M, Cooke, D, Damerau, H, Deacon, L, Deubner, LH, Dexter, A, Doebert, S, Farmer, J, Fedosseev, VN, Fior, G, Fiorito, R, Fonseca, RA, Friebel, F, Garolfi, L, Gessner, S, Gorgisyan, I, Gorn, AA, Granados, E, Grulke, O, Gschwendtner, E, Guerrero, A, Hansen, J, Helm, A, Henderson, JR, Hessler, C, Hofle, W, Huether, M, Ibison, M, Jensen, L, Jolly, S, Keeble, F, Kim, S-Y, Kraus, F, Lefevre, T, LeGodec, G, Li, Y, Liu, S, Lopes, N, Lotov, KV, Brun, L Maricalva, Martyanov, M, Mazzoni, S, Godoy, D Medina, Minakov, VA, Mitchell, J, Molendijk, JC, Mompo, R, Moody, JT, Moreira, M, Muggli, P, Mutin, C, Oez, E, Ozturk, E, Pasquino, C, Pardons, A, Asmus, F Pena, Pepitone, K, Perera, A, Petrenko, A, Pitman, S, Plyushchev, G, Pukhov, A, Rey, S, Rieger, K, Ruhl, H, Schmidt, JS, Shalimova, IA, Shaposhnikova, E, Sherwood, P, Silva, LO, Soby, L, Sosedkin, AP, Speroni, R, Spitsyn, RI, Tuev, PV, Turner, M, Velotti, F, Verra, L, Verzilov, VA, Vieira, J, Vincke, H, Welsch, CP, Williamson, B, Wing, M, Woolley, B, Xia, G, and Collaboration, AWAKE

Subjects
Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph), Proton, Other Fields of Physics, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Plasma oscillation, Ciências Naturais::Ciências Físicas [Domínio/Área Científica], 01 natural sciences, law.invention, law, Physics::Plasma Physics, Ionization, physics.plasm-ph, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, physics.acc-ph, Physics, Plasma, Laser, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Physics - Plasma Physics, Pulse (physics), ddc, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Modulation, Physics::Space Physics, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Physics - Accelerator Physics, Atomic physics, Frequency modulation
Abstract

We give direct experimental evidence for the observation of the full transverse self-modulation of a relativistic proton bunch propagating through a dense plasma. The bunch exits the plasma with a density modulation resulting from radial wakefield effects with a period reciprocal to the plasma frequency. We show that the modulation is seeded by using an intense laser pulse co-propagating with the proton bunch which creates a relativistic ionization front within the bunch. We show by varying the plasma density over one order of magnitude that the modulation period scales with the expected dependence on the plasma density., Comment: 4 figures, AWAKE collaboration paper, Submitted to PRL

Published
2018

36. Letter

Author

The AWAKE Collaboration, Adli, E., Ahuja, A., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. -M., Barrientos, D., Batsch, F., Bauche, J., Olsen, V. K. Berglyd, Bernardini, M., Bohl, T., Bracco, C., Braunmueller, F., Burt, G., Buttenschoen, B., Caldwell, A., Cascella, M., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D., Damerau, H., Deacon, L., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hansen, J., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Huether, M., Ibison, M., Jensen, L., Jolly, S., Keeble, F., Kim, S. -Y., Kraus, F., Li, Y., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Brun, L. Maricalva, Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Godoy, D. Medina, Minakov, V. A., Mitchell, J., Molendijk, J. C., Moody, J. T., Moreira, M., Muggli, P., Oez, E., Pasquino, C., Pardons, A., Asmus, F. Pena, Pepitone, K., Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pitman, S., Pukhov, A., Rey, S., Rieger, K., Ruhl, H., Schmidt, J. S., Shalimova, I. A., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Soby, L., Sosedkin, A. P., Speroni, R., Spitsyn, R. I., Tuev, P. V., Turner, M., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Woolley, B., and Xia, G.

Subjects
Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph), Letter, High energy particle, Proton, General Science & Technology, FOS: Physical sciences, Electron, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Acceleration, Affordable and Clean Energy, Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, physics.acc-ph, Physics, Multidisciplinary, Large Hadron Collider, Plasma, Plasma acceleration, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Physics - Plasma Physics, Ciências Naturais::Outras Ciências Naturais [Domínio/Área Científica], Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Bunches, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Physics - Accelerator Physics, Experimental particle physics, Plasma-based accelerators
Abstract

High-energy particle accelerators have been crucial in providing a deeper understanding of fundamental particles and the forces that govern their interactions. To increase the energy of the particles or to reduce the size of the accelerator, new acceleration schemes need to be developed. Plasma wakefield acceleration1–5, in which the electrons in a plasma are excited, leading to strong electric fields (so called ‘wakefields’), is one such promising acceleration technique. Experiments have shown that an intense laser pulse6–9 or electron bunch10,11 traversing a plasma can drive electric fields of tens of gigavolts per metre and above—well beyond those achieved in conventional radio-frequency accelerators (about 0.1 gigavolt per metre). However, the low stored energy of laser pulses and electron bunches means that multiple acceleration stages are needed to reach very high particle energies5,12. The use of proton bunches is compelling because they have the potential to drive wakefields and to accelerate electrons to high energy in a single acceleration stage13. Long, thin proton bunches can be used because they undergo a process called self-modulation14–16, a particle–plasma interaction that splits the bunch longitudinally into a series of high-density microbunches, which then act resonantly to create large wakefields. The Advanced Wakefield (AWAKE) experiment at CERN17–19 uses high-intensity proton bunches—in which each proton has an energy of 400 gigaelectronvolts, resulting in a total bunch energy of 19 kilojoules—to drive a wakefield in a ten-metre-long plasma. Electron bunches are then injected into this wakefield. Here we present measurements of electrons accelerated up to two gigaelectronvolts at the AWAKE experiment, in a demonstration of proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration. Measurements were conducted under various plasma conditions and the acceleration was found to be consistent and reliable. The potential for this scheme to produce very high-energy electron bunches in a single accelerating stage20 means that our results are an important step towards the development of future high-energy particle accelerators21,22., Electron acceleration to very high energies is achieved in a single step by injecting electrons into a ‘wake’ of charge created in a 10-metre-long plasma by speeding long proton bunches.

Published
2018

37. A magnetic spectrometer to measure electron bunches accelerated at AWAKE

Author

Bauche, J., primary, Biskup, B., additional, Cascella, M., additional, Chappell, J., additional, Chritin, N., additional, Cooke, D., additional, Deacon, L., additional, Deliege, Q., additional, Gorgisyan, I., additional, Hansen, J., additional, Jolly, S., additional, Keeble, F., additional, La Penna, P., additional, Mazzoni, S., additional, Medina Godoy, D., additional, Petrenko, A., additional, Quattri, M., additional, Schneider, T., additional, Sherwood, P., additional, Vorozhtsov, A., additional, and Wing, M., additional

Published
2019
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38. Acceleration of electrons in the plasma wakefield of a proton bunch

Author

Adli, E., Ahuja, A., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. -M., Barrientos, D., Batsch, F., Bauche, J., Olsen, V. K. Berglyd, Bernardini, M., Bohl, T., Bracco, C., Braunmueller, F., Burt, G., Buttenschoen, B., Caldwell, A., Cascella, M., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, David, Damerau, H., Deacon, L., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hansen, J., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Huether, M., Ibison, M., Jensen, L., Jolly, S., Keeble, F., Kim, S. -Y., Kraus, F., Li, Y., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Brun, L. Maricalva, Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Godoy, D. Medina, Minakov, V. A., Mitchell, J., Molendijk, J. C., Moody, J. T., Moreira, M., Muggli, P., Oez, E., Pasquino, C., Pardons, A., Asmus, F. Pena, Pepitone, K., Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pitman, S., Pukhov, A., Rey, S., Rieger, K., Ruhl, H., Schmidt, J. S., Shalimova, I. A., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Soby, L., Sosedkin, A. P., Speroni, R., Spitsyn, R. I., Tuev, P. V., Turner, M., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Adli, E., Ahuja, A., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. -M., Barrientos, D., Batsch, F., Bauche, J., Olsen, V. K. Berglyd, Bernardini, M., Bohl, T., Bracco, C., Braunmueller, F., Burt, G., Buttenschoen, B., Caldwell, A., Cascella, M., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, David, Damerau, H., Deacon, L., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hansen, J., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Huether, M., Ibison, M., Jensen, L., Jolly, S., Keeble, F., Kim, S. -Y., Kraus, F., Li, Y., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Brun, L. Maricalva, Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Godoy, D. Medina, Minakov, V. A., Mitchell, J., Molendijk, J. C., Moody, J. T., Moreira, M., Muggli, P., Oez, E., Pasquino, C., Pardons, A., Asmus, F. Pena, Pepitone, K., Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pitman, S., Pukhov, A., Rey, S., Rieger, K., Ruhl, H., Schmidt, J. S., Shalimova, I. A., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Soby, L., Sosedkin, A. P., Speroni, R., Spitsyn, R. I., Tuev, P. V., Turner, M., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Woolley, B., and Xia, G.

Abstract

High-energy particle accelerators have been crucial in providing a deeper understanding of fundamental particles and the forces that govern their interactions. To increase the energy of the particles or to reduce the size of the accelerator, new acceleration schemes need to be developed. Plasma wakefield acceleration(1-5), in which the electrons in a plasma are excited, leading to strong electric fields (so called 'wakefields'), is one such promising acceleration technique. Experiments have shown that an intense laser pulse(6-9) or electron bunch(10,11) traversing a plasma can drive electric fields of tens of gigavolts per metre and above-well beyond those achieved in conventional radio-frequency accelerators (about 0.1 gigavolt per metre). However, the low stored energy of laser pulses and electron bunches means that multiple acceleration stages are needed to reach very high particle energies(5,12). The use of proton bunches is compelling because they have the potential to drive wakefields and to accelerate electrons to high energy in a single acceleration stage(13). Long, thin proton bunches can be used because they undergo a process called self-modulation(14-16), a particle-plasma interaction that splits the bunch longitudinally into a series of high-density microbunches, which then act resonantly to create large wakefields. The Advanced Wakefield (AWAKE) experiment at CERN17-19 uses high-intensity proton bunches-in which each proton has an energy of 400 gigaelectronvolts, resulting in a total bunch energy of 19 kilojoules-to drive a wakefield in a ten-metrelong plasma. Electron bunches are then injected into this wakefield. Here we present measurements of electrons accelerated up to two gigaelectronvolts at the AWAKE experiment, in a demonstration of proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration. Measurements were conducted under various plasma conditions and the acceleration was found to be consistent and reliable. The potential for this scheme to produce very hi

Published
2018

50. AWAKE, The Advanced Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Experiment at CERN

Author

Gschwendtner, E., Adli, E., Amorim, L., Apsimon, R., Assmann, R., Bachmann, A. M., Batsch, F., Bauche, J., Berglyd Olsen, V. K., Bernardini, M., Bingham, R., Biskup, B., Bohl, T., Bracco, C., Burrows, P. N., Burt, G., Buttenschon, B., Butterworth, A., Caldwell, A., Cascella, M., Chevallay, E., Cipiccia, S., Damerau, H., Deacon, L., Dirksen, P., Doebert, S., Dorda, U., Farmer, J., Fedosseev, V., Feldbaumer, E., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R., Friebel, F., Gorn, A. A., Grulke, O., Hessler, C., Hofle, W., Holloway, J., Huther, M., Jaroszynski, D., Jensen, L., Jolly, S., Joulaei, A., Kasim, M., Keeble, F., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Mandry, S., Martorelli, R., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Mete, O., Minakov, V. A., Mitchell, J., Moody, J., Muggli, P., Najmudin, Z., Norreys, P., Oz, E., Pardons, A., Pepitone, K., Petrenko, A., Plyushchev, G., Pukhov, A., Rieger, K., Ruhl, H., Salveter, F., Savard, N., Seryi, A., Shaposhnikova, E., Sheng, Z. M., Sherwood, P., Silva, L., Soby, L., Sosedkin, A. P., Spitsyn, R. I., Trines, R., Tuev, P. V., Turner, M., Verzilov, V., Vieira, J., Vincke, H., Welsch, C. P., Wing, M., Xia, G., Hansen, J., Li, Y., Liu, S., Schmidt, J., Wei, Y., and Zhang, H.

Subjects
CERN Lab, electron: acceleration, plasma: wake field, p: beam, stability, CERN SPS, 7. Clean energy, beam loading, CNGS, modulation, acceleration: wake field, AWAKE, proposed experiment, laser: beam, energy: low, EuCARD2
Abstract

Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research / A 829, 76 - 82(2016). doi:10.1016/j.nima.2016.02.026, The Advanced Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Experiment (AWAKE) aims at studying plasma wakefield generation and electron acceleration driven by proton bunches. It is a proof-of-principle R&D; experiment at CERN and the world׳s first proton driven plasma wakefield acceleration experiment. The AWAKE experiment will be installed in the former CNGS facility and uses the 400 GeV/c proton beam bunches from the SPS. The first experiments will focus on the self-modulation instability of the long (rms ~12 cm) proton bunch in the plasma. These experiments are planned for the end of 2016. Later, in 2017/2018, low energy (~15 MeV) electrons will be externally injected into the sample wakefields and be accelerated beyond 1 GeV. The main goals of the experiment will be summarized. A summary of the AWAKE design and construction status will be presented., Published by North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam

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