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Abstract Background The post-insertion clinical course of esophageal self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) in initially frail patients with esophageal carcinoma (EC) with dysphagia remains unclear. This study aimed to assess dysphagia improvement and evaluate prognosis in initially frail patients with advanced EC following SEMS insertion. Methods We retrospectively reviewed EC patients with EC who underwent esophageal SEMS insertion at our institution between January 2014 and March 2023. Inclusion criteria comprised Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG PS) ≥ 3 or ECOG PS 2 for individuals aged ≥ 75 years and recommendation for best supportive care by a multidisciplinary team. Results Forty-six patients met the inclusion criteria. Among them, 37 patients (80.4%) were ≥ 75 years old, and 21 patients (45.7%) exhibited ECOG PS 3 or 4. Dysphagia score (DS) ≥ 3 was observed in 27 patients (58.7%). All esophageal SEMS insertions were successfully completed. Post-procedure, there were two fatal cases of aspiration pneumonia and one perforation incident. DS improved to ≤ 1 in 25 patients (54.3%), with multivariate analysis indicating DS 3–4 and Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS) 1–2 as negative predictive factors. The median overall survival was 4.1 months (95% confidence interval 1.8–6.5). Conclusions Esophageal SEMS insertion effectively alleviated dysphagia in initially frail EC patients, yet prognosis remained poor, with occurrences of some fatal adverse events. Careful selection of candidates for esophageal SEMS insertions is crucial in this demographic, particularly considering the challenges in improving dysphagia for patients with DS 3–4 and GPS 1–2.

Abstract Toxoplasma gondii is a global protozoan pathogen. Clonal lineages predominate in Europe, North America, Africa, and China, whereas highly recombinant parasites are endemic in South/Central America. Far East Asian T. gondii isolates are not included in current global population genetic structure analyses at WGS resolution. Here we report a genome-wide population study that compared eight Japanese and two Chinese isolates against representative worldwide T. gondii genomes using POPSICLE, a novel population structure analyzing software. Also included were 7 genomes resurrected from non-viable isolates by target enrichment sequencing. Visualization of the genome structure by POPSICLE shows a mixture of Chinese haplogroup (HG) 13 haploblocks introgressed within the genomes of Japanese HG2 and North American HG12. Furthermore, two ancestral lineages were identified in the Japanese strains; one lineage shares a common ancestor with HG11 found in both Japanese strains and North American HG12. The other ancestral lineage, found in T. gondii isolates from a small island in Japan, is admixed with genetically diversified South/Central American strains. Taken together, this study suggests multiple ancestral links between Far East Asian and American T. gondii strains and provides insight into the transmission history of this cosmopolitan organism.

A half-metallic full-Heusler Mn2VAl alloy is a potential p-type thermoelectric material that can directly generate electricity from waste heat via the Seebeck effect. For practical use, the Seebeck coefficient S of Mn2VAl should be increased while maintaining a high electrical conductivity σ from its half-metallic character. Herein, we achieved this objective through antisite defect engineering. Theoretically, it was predicted that the S was maximized by regulating partial density of states of majority-spin sp-electrons through the control of the fraction of antisite defect, fAD, between V and Al atoms in Mn2VAl. Experimentally, a significant increase in S and a slight decrease in σ were observed for an Mn2VAl sample with an optimal fAD = 33%, enhancing the thermoelectric power factor PF by 2.7 times from an Mn2VAl sample with fAD = 14%. Furthermore, we combined the antisite defect engineering with a partial substitution method. An Mn2V(Al0.96Si0.04) sample with fAD = 33% exhibited the highest PF = 4.5 × 10−4 W·m−1·K−2 at 767 K among the samples. The maximum dimensionless figure-of-merit zT of the Mn2V(Al0.96Si0.04) sample with fAD = 33% was measured to be 3.4 × 10−2 at 767 K, which is the highest among the p-type half-metallic full-Heusler alloys.

Abstract Bullous pemphigoid is a rare complication of immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment. We report a case of pembrolizumab‐induced bullous pemphigoid in a patient with malignant melanoma and concomitant cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma that regressed. A 77‐year‐old woman with metastatic malignant melanoma and a 3‐year history of a growing skin nodule on her left calf was treated with pembrolizumab. Histopathological examination of the skin nodule established the diagnosis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Seven months after the initiation of pembrolizumab treatment, the patient developed bullous pemphigoid. Discontinuation of pembrolizumab and initiation of oral prednisolone resulted in the resolution of the skin blisters. Additionally, complete response of the metastatic malignant melanoma was noted after pembrolizumab treatment. Furthermore, the cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma completely resolved after the development of bullous pemphigoid. This case supports the hypothesis that the development of bullous pemphigoid is indicative of a sufficient antitumor response after immunotherapy.

Abstract Porokeratosis plantaris palmaris et disseminata (PPPD) is a rare variant of porokeratosis that begins on the palms and soles and subsequently spreads to the trunk and extremities. We report a case of PPPD with pruritic inflammatory changes in a 48‐year‐old man, presenting with a 3‐year history of pruritic papules that initially appeared on his soles and palms and later spread to his limbs as hyperkeratotic erythematous papules and confluent thick plaques. Skin biopsies revealed cornoid lamellae, along with an inflammatory infiltrate consisting of lymphocytes and histocytes in the upper dermis.

Background: Numerous cementless total hip replacement systems are available for application in dogs and one of the potential differences among these systems is the technique for performing a femoral osteotomy and the amount of bone preserved in the calcar region. However, no quantitative comparison of osteotomy level has been performed for canine THRs to date. Objectives: 1) To develop and validate a method for quantifying the level of the osteotomy at its most distomedial aspect in conjunction with canine total hip replacement (THR) and 2) to compare osteotomy level between multiple different THRs. Methods: Immediate post-operative cranial-caudal or caudal-cranial radiographs of 33 dogs treated with 17 Helica and 17 BFX THR were assessed and osteotomy level was quantified using a novel radiographic assessment by 3 independent observers. Correlation among observers was quantified using a Spearman rank order correlation. Osteotomy location was subsequently quantified for an additional 10 Zurich THRs. The osteotomy level for each THR was subsequently compared between Helica, BFX, and Zurich THRs using one-way non-parametric Mann-Whitney rank sum tests and significance set at p [Open Vet J 2022; 12(6.000): 975-979]

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This study assessed the effects of concurrent intra-articular injection and Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO) plate surface treatment with leukoreduced platelet rich plasma (lPRP) on outcomes of dogs undergoing TPLO. A retrospective study of medical records for cases presenting from January 2018 to December 2020 was performed. Client-owned dogs with naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament rupture that underwent TPLO surgery were divided into two groups. The lPRP group included cases that underwent intra-articular injection and plate surface treatment at the time of their TPLO. The control group (C) underwent TPLO without PRP treatment. Data analyzed included: presence of surgical site infection, implant removal rate, degree of change in OA progression score, lameness score progression and radiographic bone healing. The short- and long-term complication rate, hospitalization and antibiotic therapy were also compared between the groups. Descriptive statistics, comparison analyses (Chi square test, t-test, Fisher's exact test) and multi-level logistic regression models were used for statistical analysis. A total of 110 cases met the study inclusion criteria: 54 = lPRP, 56 = C. There were no significant differences between groups with regard to gender, age, presence of meniscal tear, weight, or body condition score. Significant findings included: improved radiographic healing of the osteotomy in the lPRP group, improved global OA scores in the lPRP group, and improved lameness score at recheck examination in the lPRP group. There was no significant difference between the lPRP and C group with regard to surgical site infection and implant removal rate. Concurrent intra-articular injection and plate surface treatment with leukocyte reduced PRP at the time of TPLO, is beneficial in slowing the progression of OA, hastening the radiographic evidence of osteotomy healing, and improved lameness score on recheck examination. Leukocyte reduced PRP was not a significant factor in reducing SSI or implant removal rate.

Extremely low lattice thermal conductivity is always the pursuit of thermoelectric materials research. In this work, we reported an exceptional effect of Ag2S addition in MnTe, an emerging promising mid-temperature thermoelectric material, to enable the realization of minimum lattice thermal conductivity, namely ∼0.4 Wm−1K−1. Such a low lattice thermal conductivity is guaranteed by the incorporation of in-situ formed Ag rich phase (Ag2Te) with ultralow lattice thermal conductivity and further scattering of phonons from the partial doping effects induced point defects and boundaries between various phases. Apart from the dramatically decreased lattice thermal conductivity, the partial doping of Ag and S simultaneously enhance the electrical conductivity, further contributing to enhanced thermoelectric performance. Meanwhile, an inverse sign of Seebeck and Hall coefficient was observed and rationalized by the influence of highly electron-conductive Ag2Te phase. Thanks to the synergetic modulation of electrical and thermal transport properties by in-situ formed composite, a high ZT value of 1.1 was achieved in MnTe based thermoelectric materials, which also demonstrates the importance of compositing approaches to design state-of-the-art thermoelectric materials.

Abstract Heterotopic gastric gland (HGG)‐originating early gastric cancer was endoscopically resected. We resected the HGG, widely marked the perimeter outside the submucosal tumor‐like area, injected from outside the markings into the submucosa, dissected the muscular layer, and used fine‐tip hood. HGG removal and ensuring negative horizontal and vertical margins are critical.

Introduction: Duodenal neuroendocrine tumors (DNETs) smaller than 1 cm in diameter, without invasion to the muscularis propria, have a low risk of metastasis. Therefore, DNETs are frequently resected endoscopically. However, among the various procedures, the best fit for DNET in terms of feasibility, effectiveness, and simplicity is unclear. Methods: Patients with DNET who underwent endoscopic submucosal resection using a ligation device (ESMR-L) at Kanagawa Cancer Center between May 2003 and December 2020 were studied retrospectively to evaluate clinical characteristics and short-term and long-term outcomes. Results: Eleven consecutive patients with 12 lesions were treated with 12 sessions of ESMR-L. Lesions were discovered in patients at a median age of 68 (range, 50–83) years. One patient had two lesions at the time of the initial ESMR-L session. Eleven of the 12 lesions (91.7%) existed in the duodenal bulb, of which 10 (83.3%) were in the anterior wall, and the remaining one (8.3%) existed in the descending part of the duodenum. The en bloc and R0 resection rates were 100% and 75%, respectively. The rates of bleeding and perforation were both 0%. Among the four patients who had non-curative resections, two patients underwent additional surgery after ESMR-L. One patient had a local remnant tumor, and the other had lymph node metastasis. In cases of local remnant tumors, the vertical margin was positive in the ESMR-L specimen. In that case, ligation by the O-ring was insufficient, retrospectively. All patients had no recurrence during the median follow-up period of 5.7 years. Discussion: ESMR-L was the best fit for DNET within the indications for endoscopic resection. It is a simple procedure that enables easy and complete resection of DNETs without complications.

ABSTRACT Bone marrow lesions are abnormalities in magnetic resonance images that have been associated with joint pain and osteoarthritis in clinical studies. Increases in the volume of bone marrow lesions have been associated with progression of joint degeneration, leading to the suggestion that bone marrow lesions may be an early indicator of—or even a contributor to—cartilage loss preceding irreversible damage to the joint. Despite evidence that bone marrow lesions play a role in osteoarthritis pathology, very little is known about the natural history of bone marrow lesions and their contribution to joint degeneration. As a result, there are limited data regarding the cell activity within a bone marrow lesion and any associated bone‐cartilage cross‐talk. Animal models provide the best approach for understanding bone marrow lesions at their early, reversible stages. Here, we review the few animal studies of bone marrow lesions. An ideal animal model of a bone marrow lesion occurs in joints large enough to accurately measure bone marrow lesion volume. Additionally, the ideal animal model would facilitate the study of bone‐cartilage cross‐talk by generating the bone marrow lesion immediately adjacent to subchondral bone and would do so without causing direct damage to neighboring soft tissues to isolate the effects of the bone marrow lesion on cartilage loss. Early reports demonstrate the feasibility of such an animal model. Given the irreversible nature of osteoarthritic changes in the joint, factors such as bone marrow lesions that are present early in disease pathogenesis remain an enticing target for new therapeutic approaches. © 2022 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

This study aimed to determine the effects of long-term and high-dose administration of glucocorticoids (GCs) on the histological and mechanical properties of the cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) in healthy beagle dogs. A synthetic corticosteroid at 2 mg/kg every 12 h was administered for 84 days in nine dogs (18 CrCLs) (GC group). Twenty CrCLs from 12 healthy male beagles were used as the normal control (control group). CrCLs were histologically examined (n = 12 in the GC group and n = 14 in the control group) using hematoxylin-eosin, Alcian-Blue, Elastica-Eosin stains, and immunohistological staining of type 1 collagen and elastin. An additional 12 CrCLs were mechanically tested (n = 6 in the GC and n = 6 in the control groups) to determine failure pattern, maximum tensile strength, maximum stress, elastic modulus, and stress and strain at the transition point. The histological examination revealed a significant increase in interfascicular area and fibrillar disorientation at the tibial attachment in both groups. The ratios of mucopolysaccharide-positive area and positive areas of elastic fibers were significantly higher in the control group than in the GC group. The biomechanical examination demonstrated significantly lower stress at the transition point in the GC group than in the control group. The present study results indicate that high-dose corticosteroids may affect metabolism, such as mucopolysaccharides and elastic fibers production, although the effect on type 1 collagen production is small. These changes of the extracellular matrix had a small effect on the strength of the ligament. This study suggested that the ligamentous changes associated with GC are different from the degeneration observed in spontaneous canine CrCL disease.

Lattice defect engineering has attracted attention due to its ability to develop thermoelectric materials with low thermal conductivity. For Mg2Si single crystals (SCs), Si vacancy (VSi) defects can be introduced and consequently result in the formation of dislocation cores. These lattice defects confer Mg2Si SCs with a lower thermal conductivity compared to Mg2Si polycrystals. To reveal a mechanism for the stabilisation of VSi in the Mg2Si SCs, we investigated the effects of oxygen (O) on lattice defects by performing electronic structure calculations, secondary ion mass spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and photoelectron holography. On the basis of these calculations, we predicted that O stabilised the formation of VSi when it was located at the Si site or at an interstitial site. All experiments confirmed the presence of O inside the Mg2Si SCs. However, O was suggested to be located not at the specific site in the crystal lattice of Mg2Si but at dislocation cores. The interaction between O and the dislocation cores in the Mg2Si SC is expected to immobilise dislocation cores, leading to the stabilisation of VSi formation.

Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) and rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament (RCCL) are two complex inherited orthopedic traits of dogs. These two traits may occur concurrently in the same dog. Genomic prediction of these two diseases would benefit veterinary medicine, the dog’s owner, and dog breeders because of their high prevalence, and because both traits result in painful debilitating osteoarthritis in affected joints. In this study, 842 unique dogs from 6 breeds with hip and stifle phenotypes were genotyped on a customized Illumina high density 183 k single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array and also analyzed using an imputed dataset of 20,487,155 SNPs. To implement genomic prediction, two different statistical methods were employed: Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (GBLUP) and a Bayesian method called BayesC. The cross-validation results showed that the two methods gave similar prediction accuracy (r = 0.3–0.4) for CHD (measured as Norberg angle) and RCCL in the multi-breed population. For CHD, the average correlation of the AUC was 0.71 (BayesC) and 0.70 (GBLUP), which is a medium level of prediction accuracy and consistent with Pearson correlation results. For RCCL, the correlation of the AUC was slightly higher. The prediction accuracy of GBLUP from the imputed genotype data was similar to the accuracy from DNA array data. We demonstrated that the genomic prediction of CHD and RCCL with DNA array genotype data is feasible in a multiple breed population if there is a genetic connection, such as breed, between the reference population and the validation population. Albeit these traits have heritability of about one-third, higher accuracy is needed to implement in a natural population and predicting a complex phenotype will require much larger number of dogs within a breed and across breeds. It is possible that with higher accuracy, genomic prediction of these orthopedic traits could be implemented in a clinical setting for early diagnosis and treatment, and the selection of dogs for breeding. These results need continuous improvement in model prediction through ongoing genotyping and data sharing. When genomic prediction indicates that a dog is susceptible to one of these orthopedic traits, it should be accompanied by clinical and radiographic screening at an acceptable age with appropriate follow-up.

Mesocestoides vogae is a cestode parasite of the family Mesocestoididae (order Cyclophyllidea). Its larvae, tetrathyridium, are approximately 1 mm long and 300 μm wide and infect a wide range of host species including humans. Tetrathyridium migrate through the intestinal wall to invade the peritoneal cavity. Despite intestinal penetration by such a large-sized parasite, symptomatic intestinal disorders are not common during the migration period. In this study, the dynamics of tetrathyridia migration and their pathogenicity towards intestinal tissues were examined in mice infected orally with these parasites. Most tetrathyridia were found to migrate through the intestinal wall, moving into the peritoneal cavity or liver 24 to 48 hours after the oral infections. Next, the pathogenicity of tetrathyridium in the intestinal wall was histopathologically evaluated, and tissue injury from tetrathyridium migration was confirmed. Inflammatory foci were observed as tetrathyridium migration tracks from 48 hours after oral infection; however, the number of inflammatory foci had decreased by half more than 48 hours later. Therefore, we examined the gene expression levels of the macrophage driving cytokine, IL-1β, and the eosinophil recruiting chemokine, CCL11, by quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR. The expression levels of these genes in the infected group were significantly lower than those of the non-infected group at 48 hours post-infection. Although the immunomodulating ability of the excretory-secretory products released from tetrathyridium has been previously shown by in vitro assays, the significance of this ability in their lifecycle has remained unclear. In this study, we discovered that tetrathyridium causes temporal inflammation in the intestinal wall during penetration and large-scale migration in this organ, but tetrathyridium simultaneously suppresses the host's inflammatory gene expression, might to be a strategy that reduces inflammatory responses and increases survival of the parasite.

Mg2Si is a potential thermoelectric (TE) material that can directly convert waste energy into electricity. In expectation of improving its TE performance by increasing electron carrier concentration, the element boron (B) is doped in Mg2Si single crystals (SCs). Their detailed crystal structures are definitely determined by using white neutron holography and single-crystal x-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) measurements. The white neutron holography measurement proves that the doped B atom successfully substitutes for the Mg site. The SC-XRD measurement confirms the B-doping site and also reveals the presence of the defect of Si vacancy (VSi) in the B-doped Mg2Si SCs. The fraction of VSi increases with increasing B-doping concentration. In the case of B-doped Mg2Si polycrystals (PCs), VSi is absent; this difference between the SCs and PCs can be attributed to different preparation temperatures. Regarding TE properties, the electrical conductivity, σ, and the Seebeck coefficient, S, decreases and increases, respectively, due to the decrease in the electron carrier concentration, contrary to the expectation. The power factor of the B-doped Mg2Si SCs evaluated from σ and S does not increase but rather decreases by the B-doping. The tendencies of these TE properties can be explained by considering that the donor effect of the B atom is canceled by the acceptor effect of VSi for the B-doped Mg2Si SCs. This study demonstrates that the preparation condition of Mg2Si should be optimized to prevent the emergence of an unexpected point defect.

Cranial cruciate ligament disease (CCLD) is a complex trait. Ten measurements were made on orthogonal distal pelvic limb radiographs of 161 pure and mixed breed dogs with, and 55 without, cranial cruciate partial or complete ligament rupture. Dogs with CCLD had significantly smaller infrapatellar fat pad width, higher average tibial plateau angle, and were heavier than control dogs. The first PC weightings captured the overall size of the dog's stifle and PC2 weightings reflected an increasing tibial plateau angle coupled with a smaller fat pad width. Of these dogs, 175 were genotyped, and 144,509 polymorphisms were used in a genome-wide association study with both a mixed linear and a multi-locus model. For both models, significant (pgenome

The traditional Japanese single distilled liquor, which uses koji and yeast with designated ingredients, is called “honkaku shochu.” It is made using local agricultural products and has several types, including barley shochu, sweet potato shochu, rice shochu, and buckwheat shochu. In the case of honkaku shochu, black koji fungus (Aspergillus luchuensis) or white koji fungus (Aspergillus luchuensis mut. kawachii) is used to (1) saccharify the starch contained in the ingredients, (2) produce citric acid to prevent microbial spoilage, and (3) give the liquor its unique flavor. In order to make delicious shochu, when cultivating koji fungus during the shochu production process, we use a unique temperature control method to ensure that these three important elements, which greatly affect the taste of the produced liquor, are balanced without any excess or deficiency. This review describes in detail the production method of honkaku shochu, a distilled spirit unique to Japan and whose market is expected to expand worldwide, with special attention paid to the koji fungi cultivation step. Furthermore, we describe the history of the koji fungi used today in the production of shochu, and we provide a thorough explanation of the characteristics of each koji fungi. We also report the latest research progress on this topic.

Background: We sought to evaluate the associations between frequency of daily laughter with heart disease and stroke among community-dwelling older Japanese women and men. Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional data in 20 934 individuals (10 206 men and 10 728 women) aged 65 years or older, who participated in the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study in 2013. In the mail-in survey, participants provided information on daily frequency of laughter, as well as body mass index, demographic and lifestyle factors, and diagnoses of cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and depression. Results: Even after adjustment for hyperlipidemia, hypertension, depression, body mass index, and other risk factors, the prevalence of heart diseases among those who never or almost never laughed was 1.21 (95% CI, −1.03–1.41) times higher than those who reported laughing every day. The adjusted prevalence ratio for stroke was 1.60 (95% CI, 1.24–2.06). Conclusions: Daily frequency of laughter is associated with lower prevalence of cardiovascular diseases. The association could not be explained by confounding factors, such as depressive symptoms.

Full-Heusler compounds have three crystal structures with a different order degree; the highly ordered L2 _1 , partially disordered B2, and completely disordered A2 structures. To reveal the effects of the order degree on thermoelectric (TE) properties of the full-Heusler compounds, Mn _2 VAl samples with varied L2 _1 and B2 order degrees are prepared by changing preparation conditions, and their Seebeck coefficients and electrical conductivities are measured in a wide temperature range. As the B2 order degree becomes higher, the Seebeck coefficient increases, leading to the increase of the power factor (PF). The maximum PF is 2.84 × 10 ^−4 Wm ^−1 K ^−2 at 767 K for the Mn _2 VAl sample with the highest B2 order degree. This study demonstrates that the TE properties of Mn _2 VAl can be enhanced by increasing the fraction of the B2 phase. A relation between the Seebeck coefficient and crystal structures is also discussed based on the calculation of the electronic density of states of Mn _2 VAl with the L2 _1 and B2 structures.

Hip dysplasia (HD), elbow dysplasia (ED), and rupture of the cranial (anterior) cruciate ligament (RCCL) are the most common complex orthopedic traits of dogs and all result in debilitating osteoarthritis. We reanalyzed previously reported data: the Norberg angle (a quantitative measure of HD) in 921 dogs, ED in 113 cases and 633 controls, and RCCL in 271 cases and 399 controls and their genotypes at ~185,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms. A novel fixed and random model with a circulating probability unification (FarmCPU) function, with marker-based principal components and a kinship matrix to correct for population stratification, was used. A Bonferroni correction at p

Abstract Background Post-cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS) presents a multifaceted challenge in clinical practice, characterized by severe neurological injury and high mortality rates despite advancements in management strategies. One of the important critical aspects of PCAS is post-arrest lung injury (PALI), which significantly contributes to poor outcomes. PALI arises from a complex interplay of pathophysiological mechanisms, including trauma from chest compressions, pulmonary ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury, aspiration, and systemic inflammation. Despite its clinical significance, the pathophysiology of PALI remains incompletely understood, necessitating further investigation to optimize therapeutic approaches. Methods This review comprehensively examines the existing literature to elucidate the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and therapeutic strategies for PALI. A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify preclinical and clinical studies investigating PALI. Data from these studies were synthesized to provide a comprehensive overview of PALI and its management. Results Epidemiological studies have highlighted the substantial prevalence of PALI in post-cardiac arrest patients, with up to 50% of survivors experiencing acute lung injury. Diagnostic imaging modalities, including chest X-rays, computed tomography, and lung ultrasound, play a crucial role in identifying PALI and assessing its severity. Pathophysiologically, PALI encompasses a spectrum of factors, including chest compression-related trauma, pulmonary IR injury, aspiration, and systemic inflammation, which collectively contribute to lung dysfunction and poor outcomes. Therapeutically, lung-protective ventilation strategies, such as low tidal volume ventilation and optimization of positive end-expiratory pressure, have emerged as cornerstone approaches in the management of PALI. Additionally, therapeutic hypothermia and emerging therapies targeting mitochondrial dysfunction hold promise in mitigating PALI-related morbidity and mortality. Conclusion PALI represents a significant clinical challenge in post-cardiac arrest care, necessitating prompt diagnosis and targeted interventions to improve outcomes. Mitochondrial-related therapies are among the novel therapeutic strategies for PALI. Further clinical research is warranted to optimize PALI management and enhance post-cardiac arrest care paradigms. Graphical Abstract