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The hydraulic bulge test provides a useful tool to characterize the mechanical behavior of sheet metal under nearly equibiaxial loading, such as the material hardening response. However, the kinematic relationships during bulge tests of anisotropic sheets are still less understood and need further clarification. To this end, extensive numerical simulations of bulge tests are first performed, covering different die geometries and materials that exhibit distinct hardening features and Hill48 anisotropy. Based on the general scaling laws of the kinematic relationships, the numerical results are then used to establish an analytical model that explicitly relates the dome height, apex strain, and radii of curvatures in terms of the die ratio, material hardening parameter, and anisotropy. In addition, the general extraction procedure, which incorporates the analytical model to obtain the hardening responses of anisotropic sheets, is also provided. Finally, the effectiveness of the analytical model is confirmed based on representative results of AA6061 and DP600 sheet experiments and supplementary numerical simulations. The proposed model is expected to help facilitate the application of bulge tests in characterizing the plasticity and forming behavior of anisotropic sheet materials.

Many laboratory studies have shown that particle size distribution (PSD) affects the liquefaction susceptibility of granular materials. However, few studies have focused on the impact of PSD on coral particles. In this study, two different soil families were prepared: one with three levels of mean particle size (D50) with identical uniformity coefficient (Cu)and the other with four levels of Cu with the same D50 for coral gravelly soils. In addition, a series of undrained cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on coral gravelly particles with two groups of PSDs at a relative density of 40% and an adequate confining pressure of 100 kPa. The test results indicated that D50 with identical Cu can affect the undrained cyclic behavior of coral gravelly particles. In contrast, Cu with identical D50 does not impact the undrained cyclic behavior of coral gravelly particles. The developing pore water pressure was uniform when the sample was subjected to the same cyclic loading. For samples with changing D50 values of 2.35, 4.70, and 7.05 mm, increasing D50 improved the cyclic liquefaction resistance. For samples with changing Cu, increasing Cu in the range of 1.06–5.00 first increased and then decreased the liquefaction resistance.

Potassium (K) has an important effect on the growth and development of plants. Banana contains high K content than many other fruits, and its plant requires more K nutrient in soil. However, the soil in the banana-producing areas in China is generally deficient in K. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of banana K absorption may assis in providing effective strategy to solve this problem. This study used two banana varieties with contrasting K tolerance, ‘Guijiao No. 1’ (low-K tolerant), and ‘Brazilian banana’ (low-K sensitive)to investigate K absorption mechanisms in response to low K stress through miRNA and mRNA sequencing analysis. Under low K condition, ‘Guijiao No.1’ showed higher plant height, dry weight, tissue K content and ATPase activity. Transcription factor analysis results showed that it was mainly concentrated in MYB, AP2-EREBP, bHLH, etc. The sequencing results showed that ‘Guijiao No. 1’ had 776 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 27 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs), and ‘Brazilian banana’ had 71 DEGs and 14 DEMs. RT-qPCR results showed that all miRNAs and mRNAs showed similar expression patterns with RNA-Seq and transcriptome. miRNA regulatory network was constructed by integrated analysis of miRNA-mRNA data. miR160a was screened out as a key miRNA, and preliminary functional validation was performed. Arabidopsis overexpressed miRNA160a reduced tolerance to low K, and inhibited phenotypical traits such as root length, and reduced K accumulation. The overexpressed miR160a had a targeting relationship with ARF10 and ARF16 in Arabidopsis. These results indicate that miRNA160a may regulate K absorption in bananas through the auxin pathway. This study provides a theoretical basis for further research on the molecular mechanism underlying the response of banana plants to low-K stress and for molecular breeding.

We propose an experimental method to identify anisotropic coefficients in non-principal axis directions of thin-walled tubes. The method involves extracting specimens from the parent tubes and machining a hole in the axial center. The specimens are then inserted into a tube without a hole. The inner diameter of the specimen is theoretically equal to the outer diameter of the inner tube. The double-layer tube undergoes free bulging under internal pressure in our self-developed experimental equipment, with the hole on the specimen expanding simultaneously. The stress states around the hole are uniaxial, and the hole deformation can reflect the anisotropic plastic flow characteristics of the tube. Furthermore, based on the information obtained from the proposed experimental method, a hybrid numerical–experimental method was used to identify the anisotropic coefficients of tubes. Through FE simulations, the relationships between the thickness, stress, and strain states around the hole, the hole shape, and anisotropic coefficients of non-principal axis directions are revealed, and the factors that affect the hole deformation are analyzed. Finally, the hole bulging experiments and FE simulations of AA6061-O extruded tube were conducted, and modeled with Hill48 and calibrated by uniaxial tensile and hoop tensile tests. Its in-plane anisotropy coefficients in any direction are given for the first time which first increase and then decrease from 0° to 90°, reaching a maximum of 1.13 in 60° and a minimum of 0.69 in 0°. This work can provide the key experimental data for establishing an accurate anisotropic plastic constitutive model of thin-walled tubes.

The simple shear test shows significant advantages when measuring the hardening and shear properties of thin sheet metal at large strains. However, previous shear tests had an end effect caused by local stress concentration and a boundary effect caused by deformation overflow, resulting in non-uniform strain distribution in the shear zone. Therefore, a unique V-shaped double-shear-zone specimen is proposed to measure the Bauschinger effect under cyclic shear loading conditions in this paper. Simple shear experiments and three different types of cycle shear experiments are conducted to analyze the uniformity of deformation in the shear zone and the effect of pre-strain and the number of cyclic loads on the Bauschinger effect of Q890 high-strength steel sheets. The results indicate that the proposed V-shaped double-shear-zone specimen can still maintain uniform shear deformation in forward/reverse cyclic loading experiments, even at large strains. Q890 high-strength steel exhibits a significant Bauschinger effect, which is more pronounced with the increase in shear pre-strain and loading cycles. The results of this paper provide a new approach for studying the hardening characteristics under large strain and the mechanical properties under cyclic shear loading for metal sheets.

Hydrogen isotopes are the main fuel in the fusion reactor, and the separation of hydrogen isotope gas mixture is the key process for the operation of fusion reactor. Cryogenic gas chromatography is an effective method which can be used for both separation and analysis of hydrogen isotopes. The chromatographic stationary phase determines the hydrogen isotopes separation performance. In this study, a series of pillared-layer MOFs Ni2(L)2 (dabco) (H2L: 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (H2bdc), 1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid (H2ndc), 9,10-anthracenedicarboxylic acid (H2adc); dabco: 1,4-diazabicyclo-[2.2.2]octane) were synthesized by changing the bridging dicarboxylate ligands with different steric hindrance. The effect of MOFs structure on hydrogen isotope interaction strength was studied by isothermal adsorption experiments of pure H2 and D2 at 77 K and 87 K, and programmed temperature desorption experiments of H2-D2 mixture from 25 K to 120 K. The enrichment factor for D2 over H2 up to 6.8 was obtained for Ni2(adc)2 (dabco) by static adsorption experiment of H2-D2 mixture. Finally, the MOFs composites Ni2(L)2 (dabco)@γ-Al2O3 were obtained by in situ solvothermal reaction loading MOFs on γ-Al2O3, and cryogenic gas chromatographic separation performance of H2-D2 and H2-HD-D2 mixtures using three composites-packed columns at liquid nitrogen temperature was investigated. The optimum separation was achieved when Ni2(adc)2 (dabco)@γ-Al2O3 was used as stationary phase due to strongest interaction strength with hydrogen isotope. The separation resolution R (H2/HD) and R (HD/D2) is up to 1.31 and 3.26 respectively.

To meet the requirement of lighter weight and better performance in tube hydroforming, one of the most important tasks is to accurately predict the forming limit of thin-walled tubes under nonlinear loading paths. This work established the M-K+DF2012 model, a combination of the M-K model and the DF2012 ductile fracture criterion, for the forming limit prediction of thin-walled tubes under nonlinear loading paths. In this model, the failure of the groove is determined by the DF2012 criterion, and the corresponding strains in the uniform region are the limit strains. The limit strains of an AA6061 aluminum alloy tube under a set of linear loading paths and two typical nonlinear loading paths were tested. Parameter values of the M-K+DF2012 model for the tube were determined based on the experimental limit strains under linear loading paths, and the limit strains under the two nonlinear loading paths were predicted. Then the strain-based forming limit diagram (ε-FLD) and the polar effective plastic strain FLD (PEPS-FLD) of the tube under different pre-strains were predicted and discussed. The results show that the limit strains of the tube are obviously path-dependent, and the M-K+DF2012 model can reasonably capture the limit strains of the tube under both linear and nonlinear loading paths. The predicted ε-FLD shows a strong dependence on the pre-strain, while the predicted PEPS-FLD is weakly strain path-dependent and almost path-independent on the right-hand side for the AA6061 tube.

Background and Purpose: This study tests whether patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysm who underwent stent placement benefitted from platelet function monitoring–guided adjustment of antiplatelet therapy. Methods: We conducted a randomized, open-label, parallel group, assessor-blinded trial. Patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysm who underwent stent placement were assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either drug adjustment (patients who had high on-treatment platelet reactivity to antiplatelet therapy on the basis of platelet function monitoring [monitoring group]) or conventional therapy (without monitoring and drug adjustment [conventional group]). The second monitoring was performed 14 days after randomization in patients with drug adjustment. The primary outcome was the composite frequency of ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, stent thrombosis, urgent revascularization, and cerebrovascular death within 7 days after stent implantation. The safety outcome was the composite frequency of major, minor, or minimal bleeding within 1 month after stent implantation. Results: In total, 314 patients were included (n=157 per group). The primary combined outcome occurred in 19 patients (12.1%) in the conventional group and 8 patients (5.1%) in the monitoring group (hazard ratio, 0.39 [95% CI, 0.17–0.92]; P =0.03). Ischemic stroke occurred at a lower frequency in the monitoring group compared with that in the conventional group (4.5% versus 12.1%; hazard ratio, 0.34 [95% CI, 0.14–0.83]; P =0.01), which drove the overall primary combined outcome. The safety outcome occurred in the monitoring group (7.0%) and in the conventional group (1.9%; hazard ratio, 3.87 [95% CI, 1.06–14.14]; P =0.03). A significant difference was observed in the frequency of minor or minimal bleeding events between the two groups (monitoring group versus conventional group, 6.4% versus 1.3%; P =0.02) but not in the frequency of major bleeding events between the two groups. Conclusions: Platelet function monitoring–guided antiplatelet therapy reduces thromboembolic events in patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysm after stent placement, significantly enhancing minor or minimal bleeding events but not major bleeding events. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT03989557.

Multicentric carpotarsal osteolysis syndrome (MCTO; MIM #166300) is a rare skeletal disorder characterized by osteolysis affecting particularly the carpal, metacarpal, and tarsal bones, although other bones might be involved. MCTO is an autosomal dominant disease caused by heterozygous variants in the MAFB gene, frequently misdiagnosed as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis due to similar clinical manifestations. This study reports the first Brazilian family diagnosed with MCTO with progressive osteolysis of the carpal and tarsal bones, presenting a c.161C>T (p.Ser54Leu) heterozygous variant in the MAFB gene, describing the clinical, radiological, and molecular findings, compared with literature data, and discussing the different clinical and molecular diagnosis, as well as the natural history of the disease. Since MCTO is a disorder with progressive symptoms, an early diagnosis is important to avoid unnecessary investigations and treatments and to provide the proper follow-up.

Background and purposeRapid genotyping is useful for guiding early antiplatelet therapy in patients with high-risk nondisabling ischaemic cerebrovascular events (HR-NICE). Conventional genetic testing methods used in CYP2C19 genotype-guided antiplatelet therapy for patients with HR-NICE did not satisfy the needs of the Clopidogrel in High-Risk Patients with Acute Nondisabling Cerebrovascular Events (CHANCE)-2 trial. Therefore, we developed the rapid-genotyping GMEX (point-of-care) system to meet the needs of the CHANCE-2 trial.MethodsHealthy individuals and patients with history of cardiovascular diseases (n=408) were enrolled from six centres of the CHANCE-2 trial. We compared the laboratory-based genomic test results with Sanger sequencing test results for accuracy verification. Next, we demonstrated the accuracy, timeliness and clinical operability of the GMEX system compared with laboratory-based technology (YZY Kit) to verify whether the GMEX system satisfies the needs of the CHANCE-2 trial.ResultsGenotypes reported by the GMEX system showed 100% agreement with those determined by using the YZY Kit and Sanger sequencing for all three CYP2C19 alleles (*2, *3 and *17) tested. The average result’s turnaround times for the GMEX and YZY Kit methods were 85.0 (IQR: 85.0–86.0) and 1630.0 (IQR: 354.0–7594.0) min (pConclusionsOur data suggest that the GMEX system is a reliable and feasible point-of-care system for rapid CYP2C19 genotyping for the CHANCE-2 trial or related clinical and research applications.

Buckling of a column under pre-load restraint has been found to differ from the conventional bifurcation problems and thus requires better understanding. To this end, a simple model consisting of two collinear rigid bars connected by a rotational spring, resting on a smooth surface, loaded by an axial force and restrained by a constant force at the common joint is investigated. The energy method is adopted to establish the equilibrium and stability conditions. The post-buckling response of the simple system indicates that the load-restrained buckling problem is a snap-through problem. The minimum possible buckling force and the buckling force based on the Maxwell construction are found to increase with the restraining force, and can be approximated by power-law functions. It is further shown that an energy barrier exists for the snap-through to occur and the buckling force depends on the perturbation energy. Sensitivity of this system to initial geometric imperfections is also investigated, and an energy barrier is also found to exist for the buckling of systems with imperfection amplitudes smaller than a certain critical value. The characteristic imperfection amplitude depends on the restraining force and, interestingly, transforms the snap-through problem into an eigenvalue problem identical to the conventional one, i.e., the one without imperfection and restraining force.

Liwei Zhang,1 Ji Zhao,2 Jixin Liu,3 Kelin Chen4 1School of Public Administration, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China; 2School of International and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; 3School of Marxism, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 4Institute of Urban Governance, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Kelin ChenInstitute of Urban Governance, Shenzhen University, Huiyuan Building, 3688 Nanhai Boulevard, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518060, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 135 8192 9963Email chenkelin@szu.edu.cnPurpose: Communities are central to the practice of public health emergency preparedness and response. This article mainly focuses on COVID-19 and discusses the formation and structure of community disaster resilience, which is an effective method for coping with such a public health emergency.Methods: Based on the management of the COVID-19 outbreak in China, this article uses Shanghai’s experience to illustrate how a community disaster resilience was formed for risk management. Resorting to the analytical framework of risk city, principles of community disaster resilience are given.Results: Four actions can be recommended based on Shanghai’s experience: 1) Applying a vulnerability analysis matrix for targeted risk governance, 2) empowering volunteer groups for emergency response, 3) policy and action for public health emergency prevention, and 4) risk communication for uncertainty-oriented planning.Conclusion: Shanghai’s experience offers a reference to tackle the COVID-19 at the global level. The COVID-19 outbreak highlights that humans still face various unpredictable health risks in the future. Forming a connection-based resilience at the community level is an effective way to risk management.Keywords: community resilience, risk management, collaborative network, COVID-19

This article aims to argue that evidence-based decision-making for a public health emergency is “easier said than done” reflected on COVID-19 response in China. For the local government, the behavioral pattern is prone to blame-avoiding instead of making decision following scientific evidence and experts’ advice. However, such behavior is not based on completely subjective judgment but a rational choice for the local government. Some consequences associated with China’s response to COVID-19 reveals an inflexible administrative system. Therefore, China’s governance reform should focus on empowering local governments with more flexibility and resilience, which enables local governments to make independent and scientific decisions in an emergency.

Flange wrinkling is often seen in deep-drawing process when the applied blankholding force is too small. This paper investigates the plastic wrinkling of the flange under a constant blankholding force. The strain and stress state in the flange are first established and a plastic wrinkling reduced-order model is then proposed using energy method. The reduced-order model is implemented to predict the flange wrinkling of AA1100-O sheet by incrementally updating the flange ratio and other material parameters along the drawing process. A finite element model is developed in ABAQUS/standard to verify the results from the reduced-order model. The predicted punch displacements and wave numbers at the onset of wrinkling agree well with the simulated results for different blankholding forces, which demonstrates the accuracy of the reduced-order model and its potential application in fast prediction of wrinkling in deep-drawing process.

Establishment of reference intervals (RIs) for different biomarkers is essential for clinical monitoring. The purpose of this study was to establish laboratory RIs of SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG for elder population.Performance verification was conducted with reference to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines, including linearity, imprecision, and allowable dilution ratio. Based on CLSI C28-A3 document, a total of 3,734 serum samples were collected, and 3,733 serum samples were used for the establishment of RIs for SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG. The subjects were grouped by gender and age. The age groups were as follows: 60 - 69 years, 70 - 79 years, 80 - 89 years, and 90 - 101 years. The RI was defined by nonparametric 95th percentile intervals.Percentage deviation of all the seven dilutions were all less than 12.5% during linearity evaluation. The inter-assay and intra-assay imprecision were all less than 5%. There is no significant difference between different gender and age groups for IgM (p = 0.0818, p = 0.7094), and there is significant difference between different gender and age groups for IgG (p = 0.0011, p = 0.0013). Harris-Boyd's test did not indicate partitioning for IgM and IgG. Cutoff values of RI for SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG were defined as 0.1523 S/CO and 0.2663 S/CO, respectively.RIs of SRAR-CoV-2 IgM and IgG were established for elder population, which can play an important role in the prevention and control of the epidemic.

Numerical simulation of the ductile failure of sheet metals usually requires a hardening response to large strains and a reliable failure criterion. This work investigates the material hardening and shear failure of AA6061-T6 sheet using a newly designed shear specimen. A series of numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the stress and strain states in some critical regions of the specimen, and an optimized geometry is obtained that delays the localized deformation on the edges of the specimen. The newly designed shear specimen is tested using a universal testing machine and the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique is adopted to monitor the strain field. The von Mises equivalent strain in the test section reaches 0.79 before the specimen fractures. For comparison, two simple shear tests of AA6061-T6 sheet based on two representative shear specimen designs from the literature are conducted using the same experimental setup. The two shear specimens fail at the strain level between 0.5 and 0.6, lower than the failure strain of 0.79 obtained in ours. This comparison shows the better performance of our newly designed shear specimen in the identification of the shear failure strain of this sheet. The shear stress-strain response of our specimen is also used to establish the material hardening response up to a maximum equivalent strain of 0.56, much higher than the limit strain of 0.09 from the uniaxial tension test, which demonstrates the advantage of using appropriately designed shear specimen in the material hardening identification of sheet metals.

TGA transcription factor is a member of the D subfamily of the basic region-leucine zippers (bZIP) family. It is a type of transcription factor that was first identified in plants and is the main regulator in plant development and physiological processes, including morphogenesis and seed formation in response to abiotic and biotic stress and maintaining plant growth. The present study examined the sequence of the MaTGA8 transcription factor, the sequence of which belonged to subfamily D of the bZIP and had multiple cis-acting elements such as the G-box, TCA-element, TGACG-element, and P-box. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses showed that MaTGA8 was significantly down-regulated by the soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4 (Foc TR4). Under the induction of salicylic acid (SA), MaTGA8 was down-regulated, while different members of the MaNPR1 family responded significantly differently. Among them, MaNPR11 and MaNPR3 showed an overall upward trend, and the expression level of MaNPR4, MaNPR8, and MaNPR13 was higher than other members. MaTGA8 is a nuclear-localized transcription factor through strong interaction with MaNPR11 or weaker interaction with MaNPR4, and it is implied that the MaPR gene can be activated. In addition, the MaTGA8 transgenic Arabidopsis has obvious disease resistance and higher chlorophyll content than the wild-type Arabidopsis with the infection of Foc TR4. These results indicate that MaTGA8 may enhance the resistance of bananas to Foc TR4 by interacting with MaNPR11 or MaNPR4. This study provides a basis for further research on the application of banana TGA transcription factors in Foc TR4 stress and disease resistance and molecular breeding programs.

The responses of the tubular specimens loaded under combined tension and torsion in Part I exhibited limit load instabilities followed by extensive localized deformation prior to failure. The present manuscript outlines an analytical framework that aims to establish the extent to which plasticity can reproduce the measured responses up to the onset of failure without the introduction of damage-induced softening effects. The analysis incorporates a suitably calibrated non-quadratic anisotropic yield function, a material hardening response extracted to large strains from a simple shear test, and a finite element model with refined 3-D elements. The analysis successfully reproduces the shear and axial stress levels during the homogeneous deformation parts of the response, the stresses and deformations at the load maxima, and the parts with decreasing stress associated with localized deformation. Furthermore, the geometry of the necked zones and the rapid growth of strain inside them are reproduced to levels that correspond to the recorded failure strains. Critical aspects of this successful effort are the non-quadratic anisotropic yield function and the material hardening adopted. It is concluded that the framework developed, combined with a suitable failure criterion based on results like those in Part I, constitute a viable tool for establishing the end of life of structures in engineering practice.

Kelin Chen,1 Yuni Luo,1 Anyang Hu,2 Ji Zhao,3 Liwei Zhang4 1Institute of Urban Governance, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People’s Republic of China; 2School of Government, University of Chinese Academy of Social Science, Beijing, 102488, People’s Republic of China; 3School of International and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, People’s Republic of China; 4School of Public Administration, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Liwei ZhangSchool of Public Administration, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail zhanglw@jlu.edu.cnBackground: During a public health emergency, social media is a major conduit or vector for spreading health misinformation. Understanding the characteristics of health misinformation can be a premise for rebuking and purposefully correcting such misinformation on social media.Methods: Using samples of China’s misinformation on social media related to the COVID-19 outbreak (N=547), the objective of this article was to illustrate the characteristics of said misinformation on social media in China by descriptive analysis, including the typology, the most-mentioned information, and a developmental timeline.Results: The results reveal that misinformation related to preventive and therapeutic methods is the most-mentioned type. Other types of misinformation associated with people’s daily lives are also widespread. Moreover, cultural and social beliefs have an impact on the perception and propaganda of misinformation, and changes in the crisis situation are relevant to the type variance of misinformation.Conclusion: Following research results, strategies of health communication for managing misinformation on social media are given, such as credible sources and expert sources. Also, traditional beliefs or perceptions play the vital role in health communication. To sum up, combating misinformation on social media is likely not a single effort to correct misinformation or to prevent its spread. Instead, scholars, journalists, educators, and citizens must collaboratively identify and correct any misinformation.Keywords: health misinformation, social media, public health emergency, health communication, COVID-19, China

In China’s national economic system, the agricultural economy is an important component. Regardless of the development model, development direction and scale of the agricultural economy, it will have an important impact on the development and progress of the national economy. As the country attaches great importance to agricultural development, the reform of agricultural development is gradually being deepened. The application of big data can effectively analyze the agricultural economy and rural tourism market information, which is conducive to promoting the coordinated development of the two. At the same time, China has put forward a strategy of “village revitalization”, which brings new development opportunities for agricultural economy and rural tourism. Based on this, this article first analyzes the connotation and characteristics of big data, then introduces the development of agricultural economy and rural tourism under big data, and finally discusses the strategy of combining the two to improve the overall quality of rural economic development.

The inelastic response and failure of Al-6061-T6 tubes under combined internal pressure and tension is investigated as part of a broader study of ductile failure of Al-alloys. A custom experimental setup is used to load thin-walled tubes to failure under radial paths in the axial-hoop stress space. All loading paths achieve nominal stress maxima beyond which deformation localizes into a narrow band. 3D digital image correlation (DIC) was used to monitor the deformations in the test section and successfully captured the rapid growth of strain within the localization bands where they burst. The biaxial stress states generated are first used to calibrate the nonquadratic anisotropic Yld04-3D yield function (Barlat et al., 2005, “Linear Transformation-based Anisotropic Yield Functions,” Int. J. Plasticity, 21(5), pp. 1009–1039). The constitutive model is then incorporated through a UMAT into a finite element analysis and used to simulate numerically the experiments. The same calculations were performed using von Mises (VM) and an isotropic nonquadratic yield function. The material hardening responses adopted were extracted for each constitutive model from the necked zone of a tensile test using an inverse method. The use of solid elements captures the evolution of local deformation deep into the localizing part of the response, producing strain levels that are required in the application of failure criteria. The results demonstrate that the adoption of a nonquadratic yield function, together with a correct material hardening response are essential for large deformation predictions in localizing zones in Al-alloys. Including the anisotropy in such a constitutive model produces results that are closest to the experiments.

Health rumors often mislead people and cause adverse health behaviors. Especially during a public health emergency, health rumors may result in severe consequences for people&rsquo, s health and risk governance. Insight into how these rumors form and harm people&rsquo, s health behavior is critical for assisting people in establishing scientific health cognition and to enhance public health emergency responses. Using the case study with interview data of a salient purchase craze led by a health rumor during the COVID-19 outbreak in China, this article aimed to illustrate the process of how a piece of information becomes a health rumor. Furthermore, we identify factors that cause people to believe rumors and conduct behavior that leads to a purchase craze. Results show that a public misunderstanding of the unique psychology of uncertainty, cultural and social cognition, and conformity behavior jointly informs people&rsquo, s beliefs in rumors and further causes purchase craze behavior. We developed a simplified model to demonstrate how an ordinary news report can lead to a rumor. Based on this model, some implications of effective health communication are suggested for managing rumors.