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Where does arithmetic come from, and why are addition and multiplication its fundamental operations? Although we know that arithmetic is true, no explanation that meets standards of scientific rigor is available from philosophy, mathematical logic, or the cognitive sciences. We propose a new approach based on the assumption that arithmetic has a biological origin: Many examples of adaptive behavior such as spatial navigation suggest that organisms can perform arithmetic-like operations on represented magnitudes. If so, these operations—nonsymbolic precursors of addition and multiplication—might be optimal due to evolution and thus identifiable according to an appropriate criterion. We frame this as a metamathematical question, and using an order-theoretic criterion, prove that four qualitative conditions—monotonicity, convexity, continuity, and isomorphism—are sufficient to identify addition and multiplication over the real numbers uniquely from the uncountably infinite class of possible operations. Our results show that numbers and algebraic structure emerge from purely qualitative conditions, and as a construction of arithmetic, provide a rigorous explanation for why addition and multiplication are its fundamental operations. We argue that these conditions are preverbal psychological intuitions or principles of perceptual organization that are biologically based and shape how humans and nonhumans alike perceive the world. This is a Kantian view and suggests that arithmetic need not be regarded as an immutable truth of the universe but rather as a natural consequence of our perception. Algebraic structure may be inherent in the representations of the world formed by our perceptual system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is striking how often the first-person memories in Annie Ernaux's 2016 work of life-writing Mémoire de fille are rendered from a third-person perspective. Visual depictions of the author's younger self are shown to us as if the older Ernaux who is narrating the story were present at the scene, seeing her former self from the outside. The events recounted include sexual exploitation and public shaming for falling foul of the era's sexual double standards, and, in the aftermath of this, an identity crisis and an eating disorder. How does Ernaux's complex interplay of empathy and distance with regard to her younger self affect the social and political themes in the work, and the ethical stance of the text towards them? And how is the reader implicated by the perspective through which Ernaux has us view her teenage self of 1958? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Clay Minerals Group (CMG), the first of the Special Interest Groups of the Mineralogical Society of the UK and Ireland, was inaugurated in January 1947. The CMG, together with its Belgian equivalent (originally the Comité Belge pour l'Etude des Argiles, later the Belgian Clay Group, now defunct), formed the world's first organizations dedicated to clay mineral research. The CMG celebrated its 75th anniversary in 2022. The Group's aims are to stimulate interest in clay mineralogy, to facilitate an exchange of information between members by providing facilities for reading and discussing papers on research on clay minerals (and allied topics) and to expedite their publication and to encourage practical applications of such research, and these have remained reassuringly the same throughout its history. A founder and active member of both the European Clay Groups Association and the Association Internationale Pour L'Etude des Argiles, the CMG has promoted clay science through the publication of the highly regarded journal Clay Minerals and a series of influential book titles, organizing international and national scientific conferences and meetings, the George Brown Lecture series, providing bursaries and grants to assist researchers and hosting the Images of Clay archive. The initial and sustained success of the CMG has been largely due to the labours of many officers and committee members, some of whom have been recognized for their science and service with awards from the Mineralogical Society of the UK and Ireland and elsewhere. By maintaining this effort, the evident, continuing demand for clay mineral research to assist with changing societal needs should ensure the relevance and health of the CMG for the foreseeable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple reactivation episodes and long slip histories lead to complex fault structures, whose unravelling remains challenging in the absence of absolute time constraints. We apply K–Ar isotopic dating of illitic fault rocks, coupled with X-ray diffraction and microstructural analyses to constrain, for the first time, timing of illite-producing brittle fault movements accommodated by the Highland Boundary Fault (HBF), Scotland. Illite Age Analysis (IAA) plots indicate multiple fault reactivation events on the HBF. IAA plots for the red foliated chaotic fault-breccia conform to a 'normal' IAA pattern with younger ages recorded for 'authigenic' 1 M illite (306-276 and 300-272 Ma) and older dates for 'detrital' 2M 1 illite (554-502 and 471-427 Ma). Conversely, IAA plots for the superimposed blue fault-gouge reverse the 'normal' trend, with older 'authigenic' 1 M illite (348-314 and 276-25 Ma) and younger 'detrital' 2M 1 illite (258-234 and 250-226 Ma) ages. We propose this results from heterogeneous shearing and strain localisation. In localised pods of the blue fault-gouge, strain accelerated clay mineral growth, increased crystallite-size, and facilitated polytypic transformation from 1 M to 2M 1 illite via defect migration. Elsewhere in the blue fault-gouge, and in the red foliated chaotic fault-gouge, low strain regimes allowed the 1 M polytype to remain unaltered. • K–Ar ages reveal multiple Carboniferous to Lower Triassic thermotectonic events. • A total age span of 290 Ma separates the oldest and the youngest fractions. • HBF accommodated previously unknown and significant strain in the Triassic. • Reversal of IAA plots indicate heterogeneous shearing and localised strain. • Results indicate temporally variable, localised reactivation of fault gouges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People's placement of numbers on number lines sometimes shows linear and sometimes compressive scaling. We investigated whether people's placement of numbers was affected by their range and distribution, as indicated by Parducci's (Psychological Review, 72, 407–418, 1965) range-frequency theory. Experiment 1 found large compressive effects when the endpoints were 1 and 1016. Experiment 2 showed compression when 14 logarithmically distributed numbers were placed on a line marked 1–1,000 and close to linear scaling when the numbers were linearly distributed. Thus, we found both range and frequency effects on compression. Where compression arose, it was not as pronounced as that predicted by logarithmic scaling, but analyses of the results from Experiments 1 and 2 indicate this was not explained by participants switching between linear and logarithmic scaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When people do wrong and then apologise for it, others may react by believing what the apologiser says (or not), forgiving them, thinking they were truly sorry and believing the apology helps the victim. In three scenario studies with a total of 1,669 respondents, we examined how ratings of the different reactions varied with the transgressor's profession, the nature of the victim and the perspective taken by the judge. These three factors all influenced reactions to the wrongdoing. In general, politicians were rated as being less believable, trustworthy, and less likely to be sorry than doctors; willingness to forgive decreased when the victim was junior; and respondents' attitudes towards the admission of an offence varied as a function of the specific perspective that they took. However, we also found that the different dimensions of the reactions varied differently with these factors and were not highly correlated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laryngeal trauma is a life‐threatening injury in contact sports. Due to its potentially devastating consequences, the prevention, diagnosis, and management of neck trauma both pitch side and at the hospital are essential for athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We tested the effectiveness of performance-based incentive structures using three incentive structures-- commission base, best only and flat fee -- and two levels of context -- no context and house-selling -- in an experiment in which participants made decisions in a variant of the secretary problem. Key measures of performance were the amount of search and the rounds in which the very best (optimal) offer was chosen. We found that having a commission-based proportional incentive did not produce better performance than having a flat payment for any of the performance measures considered. However, another performance-based incentive -- the best only -- increased the length of their searches and led to more optimal offers. These results applied both when there was no context and when the context was selling a house. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the reliability of grading master's theses at a New Zealand university, where a variant of the academic journal review system is employed. The overall correlation between the grades recommended by internal and external markers of master's theses in psychology and applied psychology at this university was 0.39, which is similar to that produced between reviewers of submissions to academic journals. We conclude that thesis grading is about as reliable as the determination of the merit of journal submissions, which is usually regarded as rather poor. Applying a more objective rubric to thesis marking might raise the reliability, but such a change might also lower the creative and unique nature of theses, and hence reduce the contribution that an individual thesis can make to its particular discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporary excavations during the construction of the Glendoe Hydro Scheme above Loch Ness in the Highlands of Scotland exposed a clay-rich fault gouge in Dalradian Supergroup psammite. The gouge coincides with the mapped trace of the subvertical Sronlairig Fault, a feature related in part to the Great Glen and Ericht-Laidon faults, which had been interpreted to result from brittle deformation during the Caledonian orogeny (c. 420-390 Ma). Exposure of this mica-rich gouge represented an exceptional opportunity to constrain the timing of the gouge-producing movement on the Sronlairig Fault using isotopic analysis to date the growth of authigenic (essentially synkinematic) clay mineralization. A series of fine-size separates was isolated prior to K-Ar analysis. Novel, capillary-encapsulated X-ray diffraction analysis was employed to ensure nearly perfect, random orientation and to facilitate the identification and quantification of mica polytypes. Coarser size fractions are composed of greater proportions of the 2M1 illite polytype. Finer size fractions show increasing proportions of the 1M illite polytype, with no evidence of 2M1 illite in the finest fractions. A series of Illite Age Analysis plots produced excellent R² values with calculated mean ages of 296 ± 7 Ma (Late Carboniferous-Early Permian) for the oldest (2M1) illite and 145 ± 7 Ma (Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous) for the youngest (1M) illite. The Late Carboniferous-Early Permian (Faulting event 1) age may represent resetting of earlier-formed micas or authigenesis during dextral displacement of the Great Glen Fault Zone (GGFZ). Contemporaneous WNW(NW)-ESE(SE) extension was important for basin development and hydrocarbon migration in the Pentland Firth and Moray Firth regions. The Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous (Faulting event 2) age corresponds with Moray Firth Basin development and indicates that the GGFZ and related structures may have acted to partition the active extension in the Moray Firth region from relative inactivity in the Pentland Firth area at this time. These new age dates demonstrate the long-lived geological activity on the GGFZ, particularly so in post-Caledonian times where other isotopic evidence for younger tectonic overprints is lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the later Middle Ages, a number of religiously oriented people behaved in ways that we would consider unusual, yet it was unusual for them to be regarded as mentally disordered. This article reviews late medieval thinking and practice with regard to mental disorder and also with regard to the discernment of spirits, that is, how it could be decided whether an experience or impulse to do something was the consequence of God or a good spirit, an evil spirit, or some purely human cause. Many of the criteria for discerning a good spirit were behavioral, for example, consistently showing humility and discretion, and were clearly distinct from those displayed in mental disorder. A comparison of the criteria for mental disorder with those used to discern spirits shows how the distinction between mental disorder and religious experience could have been made and why confusion of the two seems to have been rare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rare mineral kalistrontite, K2Sr(SO4)2, has been discovered in exceptional quantities in exploration boreholes targeting Permian polyhalite [K2Ca2Mg(SO4)4·2(H2O)]-bearing evaporite deposits in North Yorkshire, U.K. The kalistrontite is associated with anhydrite, polyhalite, halite, magnesite, and traces of celestine in the Fordon (Evaporite) Formation, English Zechstein 2 cycle, at depths of ~1.5 to 1.7 km below surface. It was first encountered here during quantitative X-ray diffraction assays of composited drill-core samples over an identified ~50 m interval in York Potash Ltd.’s boreholes SM6, SM9, and deflections SM9A and 9B. X-ray diffraction including structural refinement, thermal analysis, Raman spectroscopy, petrographic examination, quantitative microanalysis, and Sr isotopic analysis have been employed to fully characterize the kalistrontite and determine its genesis to understand its distribution and significance for the polyhalite deposits. Petrographic examination reveals that the kalistrontite is present in two general forms. First as irregularly shaped, poikilotopic millimeter-scale patches of subhedral, equant to elongate millimeter-scale crystals that enclose fine, rounded, irregular anhedral and rarely euhedral crystals of anhydrite, halite, and magnesite. Second as a vein-fill formed of an interlocking mosaic of elongate sub-millimeter scale, euhedral crystals that are compositionally zoned and again enclose fine rounded anhydrite and halite crystals at vein margins. Kalistrontite displays largely replacive contact relationships with both the earlier and generally simultaneously formed anhydrite and halite but before at least some of the polyhalite. Vein-fill kalistrontite was deposited by mineralizing fluids proceeding along fractures, patchily replacing the pre-existing low-porosity anhydrite and halite. EDX microanalysis of the North Yorkshire kalistrontite indicates a purer composition than previously reported but some (5–12% stoichiometric) substitution of Ca for Sr is identified and directly linked to petrographic textures identified during backscattered scanning electron imaging. Improved resolution XRD data for the kalistrontite is comparable to that previously published, with similar unit-cell dimensions [a = 5.45826(5) Å, c = 20.8118(2) Å, α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 120°, V = 536.968(3) Å3] and space group R 3 m (166), despite the limited Ca substitution for Sr. Thermal behavior, published for the first time, shows that kalistrontite is essentially stable from ambient to ~960 °C. Melting occurs from ~960 to 1430 °C with a resulting weight loss of 62.57%, accompanied by the evolution of SO2. Minor endothermic features are tentatively ascribed to the boiling of K from surface sites. The first published Raman spectrum for kalistrontite shows a major frequency shift at 968 cm–1 with minor features of decreasing intensity at 458, 617, 1095, 1152, 650, 170, and 127 cm–1. Consistent 87Sr/86Sr values for kalistrontite and anhydrite (mean, 0.707014 ± 0.000010, 2 S.E. and 0.707033 ± 0.000020, 2 S.E., respectively) along with very similar values obtained for the polyhalite are indicative of Late Permian seawater in an open environment with very limited evidence of basin constriction or Sr contribution from hydrothermal or meteoric source(s). When compared to the LOWESS global curve, the 87Sr/86Sr values suggest a consistent formation date of 255 ± 2 Ma (late Wuchiapingian), the first published date for the EZ2 deposits in North Yorkshire. Diagenetic processes, particularly the late-stage supply of K- and Sr-rich fluid, must have proceeded extensively in the North Yorkshire deposits. However these show only limited spatial development, within the shelf zone on the margins of the main polyhalite deposit. The K-rich nature (26.3 wt% K2O) of kalistrontite, compared to other K-bearing evaporite minerals (e.g., kainite 18.9 wt% K2O, carnallite 17.0 wt% K2O, polyhalite 15.6 wt% K2O), has a significant effect on borehole γ-ray response (303 compared to 229, 200, and 185 API units, respectively) and therefore considerable implications for evaporite deposit modeling and the determination of deposit-grade. Understanding the character and distribution of kalistrontite is necessary for modeling the nature, extent, and grade of the world’s richest-known deposit of polyhalite. York Potash Ltd. has recently commenced construction of the $3.0 bn Woodsmith Mine to support large-scale polyhalite production, promising the creation of thousands of jobs and a boost to both local and national economies. First production is scheduled for late 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fourteenth century Europe saw a growing interest in quantification. This interest has been well studied by historians of physical sciences, but medieval scholars were also interested in the quantification of psychological qualities. In general, the quantification issues addressed by medieval scholars were theoretical, even (by our standards) mathematical, rather than those of practical measurement. There was recognition that the seriousness of a sin and the penance laid down for it should be proportionate. A number of late medieval scholars were interested in the quantification of caritas, a Latin word that is translatable as charity or loving benevolence. The scholastic interest linked to the practical issue of how caritas might become habitual through the repeated performance of virtuous acts. Gregory of Rimini's treatment of caritas in his commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences illustrates how one medieval scholar related the quantification of virtue to the quantification of physical qualities such as temperature and luminescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examined whether personal values and empathy and systemising traits relate to support levels for the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA) in New Zealand. Two hundred and seventy respondents from New Zealand completed a 61-item questionnaire which measured self-rated knowledge and support for the TPPA, Schwartz Values, and Empathy and Systemising Quotients. Little to no self-rated knowledge of the TPPA strongly predicted neutrality in support levels for the TPPA. People who rated power and achievement highly tended to support the TPPA; those rating benevolence and universalism highly tended to oppose it. Higher levels of systemising were related to higher levels of self-rated TPPA knowledge, but empathy was only weakly associated with opposition to the TPPA. Overall, our results show that people's values are important in indicating support or opposition to trade deals, and perhaps need to be taken into account by those proposing or opposing the deals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why do New Zealanders invest overwhelmingly in housing and not in shares? This paper adopted a psychological approach to examine the question. Study 1 investigated whether the relatively high level of New Zealand ownership of housing might stem from risk aversion. A sample of New Zealanders was more likely to prefer housing investment than a Hong Kong sample, but there were no differences in Investment Risk Attitude although this variable was positively correlated with share investment in both samples. Study 2 looked at how New Zealanders perceived past rates of return on different investments and found a tendency to overestimate the returns from housing. They showed a similar pattern for their expectations of future returns. However, the estimates of returns were very variable and the estimates of returns from housing were not strongly related to investment choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhanced rock weathering (ERW) is a promising technology being actively investigated to ameliorate anthropogenic climate change. ERW accelerates atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) drawdown in agricultural soils following the addition of crushed, silicate rocks. The application of basalt, an abundant silicate rock, has widely been proposed for ERW. In order to measure and model the efficacy of ERW, it is critical to fully characterise the mineralogical composition of the basaltic materials being deployed in laboratory to catchment scale experiments. As previously demonstrated on analogous basaltic rock and soil materials on Mars, thermal analytical methods such as coupled thermogravimetric analysis-mass spectrometry (TGA-MS), provide a potentially rapid, effective technique to identify and also quantify the carbonate mineral species present in ERW basalts and their weathering products. Our study of six different basaltic materials used in ERW experiments, from widely different geological and geographical settings, suggests that TGA weight losses can provide useful information on the low-levels of carbonate minerals present. Furthermore, carbonate mineral identification and quantification derived from the accompanying MS-detected CO 2 evolution and corroborated by SEM-EDS mapping, is capable of detecting even lower concentrations with detection limits below 100 ppm for calcite. TGA-MS therefore offers significant advantages over the traditionally-applied inorganic carbon analyses. Carbonate mineral weight losses encountered during TGA and their accompanying CO 2 -evolutions have previously been ascribed to relatively small, defined temperature ranges. However, crucially, this study has revealed the concentration-dependent, large-scale variation in the mass spectrometric peak CO 2 -evolution for a range of carbonate minerals. A knowledge of such parameters is imperative for the accurate interpretation of basalt TGA-MS output, the characterisation of these materials and assessment of ERW technologies. [Display omitted] • TGA-MS offers speciation and quantification of low levels of carbonate minerals. • Calcite presence proven at ∼100 ppm but even lower detection levels indicated. • TGA-MS aids understanding of Enhanced Rock Weathering and other geological processes. • Peak CO 2 -evolution temperature is both phase- and concentration-dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We hypothesized that prior categorization of an attribute might sometimes facilitate the ordering of stimuli, particularly when the number of stimuli is relatively large or some of them need to be remembered. In four experiments, participants were required to rank order either numbers or line lengths either using a selection sort or following prior categorization. The results indicated that prior categorization produced faster sorting when the number of stimuli to be ordered was relatively large and when the stimuli were not continuously visible. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Carbon dioxide emissions from the higher education sector are globally significant. This study compares the performance of 20 institutions in English research-intensive universities to their self-set targets, using three key performance indicators. Emissions increased for all but two institutions and consequently, targets are extremely ambitious and almost certainly unachievable. Observations are supported by a 10-point appraisal that measures the environmental value of each carbon management plan and a ‘reality check’ equation to classify them as either pragmatic or ambitious. A paradox is highlighted: institutions that set realistic but relatively low targets can be penalised in league tables and lambasted for apparent lack of ambition even when they may be more likely to succeed in delivering environmental improvements. The results of a staff and student questionnaire at the University of Southampton suggest that increasing awareness on impacts of energy usage will promote a cultural shift towards becoming more energy efficient to reduce emissions. Current carbon management plans are not a good indicator of future performance. The English higher education sector has underestimated the challenge of carbon emissions reduction. Pledged targets seem unlikely to be met by English universities and the likely environmental costs may jeopardise the global competitiveness of the sector. Methods for assessing Scope 3 emissions need refining and standardizing, given they are likely to be the most significant portion of a typical university’s carbon footprint. The use of appropriate key performance indicators to foster action and promote realistic target-setting is required at sector-level to achieve the 2020 goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The orientation to happiness framework proposes that individuals seek well-being through three behavioral orientations: Pleasure, meaning, and engagement. We investigated how orientations to happiness (OTH) influenced the pursuit and experience of daily activities using experience sampling methods. One hundred and seventy three people responded to three text messages per day for seven days asking how they felt about their current activity. Most participants did not report a dominant orientation to happiness, and the highest rated orientation receiving did not predict which daily activities participants engaged in most. However, trait orientation to happiness related to how activities were experienced. Individuals scoring highly on all three orientations rated their activities highly on momentary pleasure, meaning, engagement, and happiness. Overall, it appears more important for daily well-being to have a balanced and strong portfolio of the three OTH than to have any one particularly dominant orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: 'On the field and on the run' assessments of head impact events in professional rugby have resulted in a high proportion of players subsequently diagnosed with confirmed concussion not leaving the field of play at the time of injury. The International Rugby Board (IRB) consequently developed a process to support team doctors in the recognition and management of players at risk of concussion, including development of a multimodal assessment instrument-the Pitch Side Concussion Assessment (PSCA) tool.Methods: This was a pilot cohort study designed to determine the feasibility of assessing the accuracy of the IRB PSCA tool in elite male rugby. The study population comprised consecutive players identified with a head impact event with the potential to result in concussion during eight international/national competitions. Players were assessed off field by match-day or team doctors, following a temporary substitution. The accuracy of the PSCA tool was measured against a reference standard of postmatch confirmed concussion, based on clinical judgement aided by an established concussion support instrument.Results: A total of 165 head injury events with the potential to cause concussion were included in the study. The PSCA tool demonstrated a sensitivity of 84.6% (95% CI 73.5% to 92.4%) and a specificity of 74% (95% CI 64.3% to 82.3%) to identify players subsequently diagnosed with confirmed concussion. The negative predictive value was 88.1% (95% CI 79.2% to 94.1%); the positive predictive value was 67.9% (95% CI 56.6% to 77.8%). There were no major barriers identified that would prevent the evaluation of the PSCA process or tool in a future large-scale study.Conclusions: This pilot study has provided the first preliminary estimates for the performance of the PSCA tool, suggesting a potentially favourable balance between positive and negative predictive values. The study has also offered a strong basis to conduct a further larger trial, providing information for sample size calculations and highlighting areas for methodological development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background 'On the field and on the run' assessments of head impact events in professional rugby have resulted in a high proportion of players subsequently diagnosed with confirmed concussion not leaving the field of play at the time of injury. The International Rugby Board (IRB) consequently developed a process to support team doctors in the recognition and management of players at risk of concussion, including development of a multimodal assessment instrument--the Pitch Side Concussion Assessment (PSCA) tool. Methods This was a pilot cohort study designed to determine the feasibility of assessing the accuracy of the IRB PSCA tool in elite male rugby. The study population comprised consecutive players identified with a head impact event with the potential to result in concussion during eight international/national competitions. Players were assessed off field by match-day or team doctors, following a temporary substitution. The accuracy of the PSCA tool was measured against a reference standard of postmatch confirmed concussion, based on clinical judgement aided by an established concussion support instrument. Results A total of 165 head injury events with the potential to cause concussion were included in the study. The PSCA tool demonstrated a sensitivity of 84.6% (95% CI 73.5% to 92.4%) and a specificity of 74% (95% CI 64.3% to 82.3%) to identify players subsequently diagnosed with confirmed concussion. The negative predictive value was 88.1% (95% CI 79.2% to 94.1%); the positive predictive value was 67.9% (95% CI 56.6% to 77.8%). There were no major barriers identified that would prevent the evaluation of the PSCA process or tool in a future large-scale study. Conclusions This pilot study has provided the first preliminary estimates for the performance of the PSCA tool, suggesting a potentially favourable balance between positive and negative predictive values. The study has also offered a strong basis to conduct a further larger trial, providing information for sample size calculations and highlighting areas for methodological development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People may find it easier to construct an order after first representing stimuli on a scale or categorizing them, particularly when the number of stimuli to be ordered is large or when some of them must be remembered. Five experiments tested this hypothesis. In two of these experiments (1 and 3), we asked participants to rank line lengths or to rank photographs by artistic value. The participants provided evidence of how they performed these tasks, and this evidence indicated that they often made use of some preliminary representation-either a metric or a categorization. Two further experiments (2 and 4) indicated that people rarely produced rankings when given a choice of assessment measures for either the length of lines or the artistic value of photographs. In Experiment 5, when the number of lines was larger or lines were only visible one at a time, participants were faster at estimating line lengths as a percentage of the card covered than at rank ordering the lengths. Overall, the results indicate that ordering stimuli is not an easy or natural process when the number of stimuli is large or when the stimuli are not all perceptible at once. An implication is that the psychological measures available to individuals are not likely to be purely ordinal when many of the elements being measured must be recalled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the effect of behaviorist theory of mind on French literature and culture. Topics include the mismatch between the behaviorist novel and the theories of behaviorism as a movement within psychology, the validity of behaviorist with regard to middle 20th century authors, particularly European writers like Albert Camus, and the popularity of behaviorism and the development of its doctrines by scientists Jacques Loeb, John B. Watson, and B. F. Skinner.

The article explores the prevalence of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) among athletes. Several court cases have emerged concerning sports-related concussion, including cases against the National Football League (NFL) and the National Hockey League (NHL). Also discussed include the management of concussion in Rugby Union football, the epidemiology of CTE and the possible neurocognitive effects of collision sports.

There is growing concern about the detrimental effect of term-time employment on university students' academic success. We report results from an online survey of 1837 students of the University of Canterbury in New Zealand, whose responses were later matched to their academic records for a semester. The majority of employed students reported working out of financial necessity. There was no difference in grades between employed and non-employed students, but hours worked had a direct negative linear effect on the grades of employed students. Subsequent analysis suggested that employed students might have had significantly higher grades than the non-employed subsample if they had not worked. Mediating and moderating effects on the relationship between hours worked and academic performance were identified, and a model of the work-achievement relationship developed. Universities could do more to accommodate the reality of part-time work by their students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Dispositional envy implies envying a variety of objects. [•] There is little correlation between dispositional envy and societal income distribution preferences. [•] Envy does not seem to be a major cause of egalitarianism. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Two studies were conducted in which student participants gave overall hedonic evaluations of past relationships or their high school days, and, additionally, gave similar evaluations of the best, most memorable, worst, initial, and final moments from them. They also evaluated a typical moment and the percentages of good and bad times in these experiences. Such results from some individuals were given to other participants, who were also asked to make overall evaluations. Overall, the overall evaluations of the original participant related weakly rather than strongly to the evaluations of the specific moments. Generally, the other participants' overall evaluations converged on those of the original recalling participants, but their overall evaluations of the past relationships were more positive than either their own initial evaluations or those of the original, recalling respondents. In sum, overall evaluations of these long, diverse experiences were not well predicted from valuations of the specific moments we investigated. Hedonic evaluations of past experiences may be influenced by appraisals of their success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stories go places. It is impossible to talk about narrative without using spatial terms, such as "plotline," "narrative thread," "twists and turns," "pacing," or "circularity." In such metaphors, the two essential elements of narrative, time and meaning, are consistently replaced by distance and direction. Drawing on Bergson's ideas on the spatial representation of time and Boroditsky's cognitive research into spatial metaphors in thought, and using literary digression in Sterne and Diderot as illustration, I consider the pervasiveness of these metaphors in narrative theory, and the consequences of such spatial mediation in the discipline's analysis of narrative form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two kinds of employee control, governance control in which employees have similar control to shareholders in the direction of the organisation, and operational control in which they have control over the way they work, were investigated in four scenario studies. Study 1 found that greater levels of formal governance control enhanced psychological ownership, perceived justice, organizational commitment and satisfaction. Study 2 found that psychological ownership, perceived justice, organizational commitment and satisfaction increased with increased levels of both governance and operational control, and the effects of the two forms of control were largely independent. In Study 3, higher proportions of at-risk income produced greater feelings of ownership and higher ratings of the importance of governance and operational control but decreases in perceived justice. Study 4 showed that increased operational control, governance control and proportion of at-risk income all enhanced psychological ownership and justice. However, this study also showed low levels of perceived justice where there was governance control without an at-risk income component. Overall, having both governance and operational control appears to produces the best outcomes in terms of psychological ownership and perceived justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conversion from conventional tillage to no‐tillage soil management practices is generally associated with an improvement in aggregate stability and anecic earthworm populations. We worked with UK farmers who measured Lumbricus terrestris midden area (%) and earthworm numbers associated with middens compared to the general soil. They found that middens covered up to 42% of the soil surface. Middened soil (i.e., soil underlying the middens) was associated with significantly more earthworms than the general soil (i.e., non‐middened soil) in agreement with research from scientific field trials. We compared the biophysical properties of middened soil to general soil across an experimental field trial recently converted to no‐tillage soil management practices. We measured water‐stable aggregation, soil porosity at scales relevant to water storage and gas diffusion and invertebrate feeding activity. Middened areas covered up to 13% of the field trial and were associated with significantly improved aggregate stability and porosity compared to the general soil. Our findings highlight the importance of considering middens when surveying soil quality and health in arable systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The apogee of the French Catholic Novel in the first half of the twentieth century coincides with a period of unprecedented cultural interest in the workings of the mind, with a variety of artistic, scientific, and philosophical ideas on consciousness prominently employed by major French writers of the period. This article explores how the Catholic novel participates in this debate, presenting its own detailed conception of consciousness derived from theological principles, finding echoes with certain contemporary theories of the mind and contrast with others, and, in particular, coming into sharp conflict with both the existentialist and psychoanalytic models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human Factors (HF) is the scientific discipline concerned with the interactions among humans and built systems. HF psychologists are often involved in a supposed tug-of-war between the basic and applied scientific research communities. We suggest, however, that there really is no meaningful distinction between basic and applied science. We provide historical examples, medieval, modern and contemporary, demonstrating that a fundamental impetus of all psychological research has always been application. HF psychology is not unique in this respect. We suspect that the basic-applied distinction may have been fostered by funding agencies and universities, whether intentionally or not, to suppress scientists' wages and scientists' claims of intellectual property ownership. The basic-applied distinction should be understood from within the historical context of industry and government benefitting from the existence of a scientific commons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the structure of autobiographical memory using reaction time measures. A total of 18 participants took photographs over their summer holidays and then reacted to pairs of these photographs displayed via a computer. They also subsequently sorted their photographs according to the autobiographical themes and events with which they were associated. When photographic sequence and the physical similarities in the photographs were controlled for by considering the results of “stranger” participants who were unfamiliar with the photographs, reaction times were significantly faster to pairs of photographs from the same theme or event. The results are consistent with currently held assumptions about the structure of autobiographical memory. Furthermore, the results suggest that reaction time measures may provide a valuable means by which aspects of autobiographical memory can be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the effects of student debt on the outcomes for individual students. Three hundred and twenty-eight students at the University of Canterbury completed questionnaires asking for information about their debt levels, happiness, attitude to debt and motivation. Their academic records were also obtained. As in previous studies, students with more debt exhibited greater tolerance for it. However, student debt did not have strong associations with individual's motivation. Nor was there any evidence that higher debt levels were related to levels of personal happiness or academic achievement. Overall, the results indicate debt to have little to no impact on the outcome attributes examined in the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do differences in reported life satisfaction between societies reflect real differences or do they reflect cultural differences in the way people rate their experiences? Study 1 showed that imagining better or worse life situations affected student respondents’ ratings of their own life satisfaction, as predicted by range–frequency theory. Study 2 investigated how German and Polish students rated their actual life satisfaction and how satisfied they would be under three imagined scenarios. Study 3 similarly compared Danish and Hungarian students. Both studies found significant differences in the rating of the hypothetical situations, and moderate correlations between ratings of satisfaction in the hypothetical situations and reality, but in neither study were national differences in actual satisfaction predicted by differences in hypothetical satisfaction. Overall, the results suggest that national differences in rated life satisfaction are real rather than reflecting differences in how satisfaction is rated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates a nurse led, energy conservation behavioral intervention, in hospital wards of an NHS (National Health Service) community hospital (Trust). The information based intervention was adapted from "Operation TLC", developed by environmental behavioral change charity Global Action Plan, and St Bartholomew's Health NHS Trust, London. For this study, three identical older persons' acute-care wards in terms of patient type, nursing levels, layout, electrical fittings (lighting & small power), elevation and orientation (one control ward and two intervention wards) were evaluated over a nine-month period. The paper demonstrates a co-dependent relationship between the quantitative data from the electricity and light monitors on the wards with the qualitative data gathered from staff comfort surveys and focus groups, and Trust policies. Our results show a 13% reduction in electricity consumption, primarily from preventing nursing staff in the intervention group from using prohibited secondary space heaters at night during the heating season and the introduction of a "quiet time" in the intervention group. During quiet time lights in the intervention group were turned off for an hour after lunch to encourage rest for patients to provide time for nursing staff to complete administrative tasks. Electricity reductions achieved during the intervention period were observed to continue into the 3-month post intervention period but at a reduced level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From Naissance des fantômes onwards, Marie Darrieussecq's representation of the self draws heavily on the materialist mind/brain model of cognitive science. Her fiction makes use of the discipline's discourse with and against the grain, creating micro-narratives of the mind's surface level and present moment which contrast sharply with more familiar psychoanalytic perspectives. Narrative form in Darrieussecq, I argue, can be characterized as a stream-of-consciousness, which, while failing to conform to the literary model set by Dujardin and Joyce, is in fact closer to the original psychological conception of the term. The article concludes by examining Darrieussecq's model of the mind in the context of France's current 'guerre des psys' between cognitive science and psychoanalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to undertake a detailed epidemiological study of head injuries sustained by International Rugby Board, a professional rugby union, in order to define incidence, nature, severity, and causes. Results show the overall of match head injury was 6.6 injuries/1000 player-hours, and each injury resulted, on average, in 14 day lost-time. The study concludes that rugby union players were exposed to a high risk of non-catastrophic head injury and concussion, particularly whilst tackling and being tackled head-on. Detailed discussion of the results and information on the design, setting, participants, main outcome measures and risk factors are provided.

Abstract: Memory for the temporal order of the components of autobiographical events was examined in two experiments. Experiments 1 and 2 examined the relationship between reaction times to recognise photographs of the components of events and ordering of these photographs. Reaction times were not related to true event position, nor to assigned temporal position, in a manner consistent with an activation strength model of temporal ordering. In contrast, ordering performance was found to be related to event vividness ratings, ability to classify a photograph as one the participant had taken, and retention interval. These findings are all consistent with the hypothesis that the order of an autobiographical event’s components is determined by the associative structure that links each component to its general event memory. Overall, memory for the order of the components of autobiographical events may be initially based on associations between the event components and their general event memory representation. These associations appear to decay rapidly leaving only reconstructive ability as the determinant of event component order. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Forty-nine students went on vacation for an average of 7 days and sent daily text messages about the happiness they had experienced over the previous 24 h. After their vacation, they were questioned on the overall happiness they had experienced and were asked to recall the daily record of their happiness. The duration of the vacation had no effect on the subsequent evaluations, and participants were not able to recall the detail of their day-to-day changes in happiness. A number of summary measures provided reasonable prediction of the recalled overall happiness of the vacation. The peak-end rule was not an outstandingly good predictor. Overall, the results indicate much reconstruction of the affective states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children's distributional justice was investigated in two experiments. In Experiment 1, pairs of children played a game in which they guessed which card the experimenter would turn up next. We investigated the effect of age (5-, 7-, and 9-year-olds), gender, country (Indonesia or New Zealand), and instructional set on how the children distributed the sweets at the conclusion of the game. Children usually distributed equally, but five-year-olds often distributed according to neither equity nor equality. All the 7- and 9-year-olds applied the same distribution principle over two rounds of the game. In Experiment 2, many of the same children made an allocation preference in response to a hypothetical scenario. Older children, in particular, often showed differences between their allocation in this experiment and their behaviour in Experiment 1. Overall, Damon's (1975) account of children's ideas of distributional justice held up well as a description of the children's actual behaviour in our experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earth scientists are often asked to establish or constrain the likely provenance of very small quantities of earth-related material as part of a forensic investigation. We tested the independent and collective interpretations of four experts with differing analytical skills in the prediction of sample provenance for three samples from different environmental settings. The methods used were X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, the assessment of pollen assemblages, and structural characterization of organic matter at the molecular level. Independent interpretations were less accurate than those where multiple techniques were combined. Collective interpretation was very effective in the assessment of provenance for two of the three sites where the mineralogy and plant communities were distinctive. At the other site, although the mineralogical analysis correctly identified the Triassic mudstone soil parent material, Carboniferous spores from domestic coal were initially interpreted as deriving directly from bedrock. Such an interpretation could be a common pitfall owing to anthropogenic redistribution of material such as coal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence of a memory whose origin, real or dreamt, was uncertain was reported by just over half of an undergraduate sample of 358. Each respondent described one such memory if they had one. The memories were typically of mundane events, although 10 respondents described possible crimes. Respondents were often concerned to resolve the origin of these memories. Their plausibility, vividness, and how well the events fitted into one's life were often considered by the respondents, but where resolution occurred it was frequently based on evidence obtained from the physical or social environment. The reported qualities of the event did not correlate with whether the respondent thought it more likely to have been originally a dream or a real event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Questions of perception have for a long time held a central place in French intellectual lift, from investigations into perception and consciousness by Bergson and Merleau-Ponty, through a psychoanalytic focus on self-image, to more recent preoccupations with photography and the moving image. This interest has been echoed by several writers of literary fiction, and the relationship between visual theorists and literary writers has been a topic of critical interest. The author's argument here, though, concerns popular fiction. The author claims that the treatment of perception in the detective story is a special case in literature, that the perception of the physical world in crime fiction is qualitatively different from that usually represented in other literary forms. It is also the author's contention that crime fiction's unique approach ranks it among the influences that have informed the representation of perception in French literary fiction of the later twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many people in sub-Saharan Africa have to rely on meager water resources within mudstones for their only water supply. Although mudstones have been extensively researched for their low permeability behavior, little research has been undertaken to examine their ability to provide sustainable water supplies. To investigate the factors controlling the occurrence of usable ground water in mudstone environments, an area of Cretaceous mud-stones in southeastern Nigeria was studied over a 3 yr period. Transmissivity (T) variations in a range of mudstone environments were studied. The investigations demonstrate that within the top 40 m of mudstones, transmissivity can be sufficient to develop village water supplies (T > 1 m²/d). Transmissivity is controlled by two factors: low-grade metamorphism and the presence of other, subordinate, lithologies within the mudstones. Largely unaltered mudstones (early diagenetic zone), comprising mainly smectite clays, are mostly unfractured and have a low T of < 0.1 m²/d. Mudstones that have undergone limited metamorphism (late diagenetic zone) comprise mixed layered illite/smectite clays, and ground water is found in widely spaced fracture zones (T > 1 m²/d in large fracture zones; T < 0.1 m²/d away from fracture zones). Mudstones that have been further altered and approach the anchizone comprise illite clays, are pervasively fractured, and have the highest transmissivity values (T > 4 m²/d). Dolerite intrusions in unaltered, smectitic mudstones are highly fractured with transmissivity in the range of 1 < T < 60 m²/d. Thin limestone and sandstone layers can also enhance transmissivity sufficiently to provide community water supplies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined how participants respond to different types of false autobiographical event descriptions. Three attributes of autobiographical events (participant, location, and activity) were systematically altered to create different forms of false event description and these were examined, along with true events, to see if participants were more or less likely to rate the experience as remembered. The event attributes manipulated within false events systematically influenced the participant's memory ratings, and completely false events were the least likely to be identified as false. Mechanisms associated with access to autobiographical memory knowledge bases by which event attributes might cue an event as true or false are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated confusions of dreams and real events and the perceived and remembered qualities of the two types of experience. Studies 1 and 2 indicated that many people report occasional confusions of dreams and reality. In Study 3 diarists recorded brief descriptions of their dreamt and actual experiences over a 3-month period, and later classified the experiences and rated their qualities. There were few confusions of dreamt and real experiences, although independent raters sometimes could not distinguish them on the basis of the descriptions. The qualities of the memories for the two types of experience were often different and discriminant function analysis of these qualities classified the experiences rather well, although not as well as the diarists. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process by which experience is divided into events was examined. Experiment 1 involved diarists recording their experiences over a 3-month period. Diary entries were later transcribed onto cards and the diarists arranged their cards so as to define events they had experienced, and in a separate phase arranged their cards so as to describe the themes that reflected their life. Examination of event- and theme-building strategies indicated that boundaries were frequently used, and events and themes were often formed from clusters of experience combined using content association rather than temporal sequence. Experiment 2 involved photographs taken by the participants, employed the same procedures as in Experiment 1, and revealed event- and theme-building strategies similar to those identified in Experiment 1. In Experiment 3 the size of the stimulus set from which events and themes were constructed was manipulated; this did not influence construction strategies. Overall, the experiments show that both autobiographical events and themes frequently consist of episodes taken from more than 1 day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the crime fiction pastiche or parody in the novels of Jean Echenoz. Discussion of the term pastiche; Aspects of textual play and implicit critique inherent in the pastiche; Processes of the pastiche.