Search

FAU zeolite could be successfully synthesized from coal fly ash (CFA) under solvent-free conditions, and it shows excellent CO2 adsorption capacity and even better Ca2+ and Mg2+ ion exchange capacity.

Highly dispersed metallic Pt catalysts with different particle sizes were synthesized and employed for C3H6 combustion. Due to a balance of Pt0 and under-coordinated Pt atoms proportion, the 1% Pt-RD3 catalyst exhibits optimal catalytic activity.

Growing evidence has suggested the feasibility and effectiveness of blood coagulation with low temperature plasma (LTP) at atmospheric pressure. In the present study we examined morphological changes and contents released out from platelet after LTP treatment to investigate the mechanism of LTP accelerate blood coagulation. Changes of isolated rat platelets treated with LTP had been detected by flow cytometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, a scheme that the mixture of different color fluorescent stained platelets treated by LTP and then detected by flow cytometry had proposed to quantitatively assess plasma triggered platelets aggregation. Furthermore, we had used label free quantitative mass spectrometry to identify changes in the supernatant proteome released from LTP treated platelets. On the surface of LTP treatment hastened whole rat blood clots, a layer of semi-transparent film had formed, which had been demonstrated to form from platelet-like membrane structure by ultrastructural analysis with TEM. Flow cytometry combined with fluorescent staining confirmed that LTP treatment promoted platelet aggregation. The observation of plasma treated stained platelets under fluorescence confocal microscopy also confirmed this judgment. We separated the supernatant from the platelets treated with LTP, and then analyzed their differences using mass spectrometry. Compared with control group, Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that the concentration of 16 protein molecules in the experimental group was increased. LTP treatment can promotes platelet aggregation and the release of platelet activating proteins, which is the potential mechanism of speeding up blood coagulation.

Transitional metal single atom (TM1) doped graphene catalysts have been widely applied in electrochemical N2 reduction reaction (NRR). However, it remains a challenge for the rational design of highly active and selective electrocatalysts owing to limited knowledge of structure-activity correlations. Here, we adopted first-principle calculations to high-throughput screen the NRR performance of TM1 coordinated with two boron and two nitrogen atoms in graphene (TM1-B2N2/G). A “five-step” strategy was implemented by progressively considering different metrics such as stability, N2 adsorption, N2 activation, potential-determining step, and selectivity. As a result, a volcano plot of reactivity is established by using the valence electron number of TM1 as the descriptor. Among all catalysts, Cr1-B2N2/G exhibits superior performance with a limiting potential of -0.43 V with high selectivity of NRR interpreted by better spatial symmetry and excellent compatibility in terms of energy when N2 interacts with TM1. Our work reveals the general strategy of computational efforts to predict the next generation of advanced catalytic materials for NRR.

This study proposed the fluidization-like dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma for the remediation of lindane contaminated soil and integrated physical and chemical reaction pathway. Soil particle distribution within the reactor was simulated with Euler-Euler and Gidaspow drag models, and a bipolar pulsed power supply was applied to energize the DBD reactor after full fluidized. The effect of soil particles movement on electric features was discussed in terms of voltage waveforms and Lissajous figures. Lindane degradation was found to be related to electrics parameters and soil properties. Soil samples before and after treatment were analyzed by XRD and SEM methods. A 95.98% lindane decomposition and 0.66 mgsubLindane/sub/h average reaction rate were obtained with 3 wt% CaO injection by pulse power drove fluidization-like DBD after 32 min treatment. Ozone was proved to play a major role during lindane degrading by plasma. The reaction potential pathway of lindane decomposition contains 4 steps, including dehydrogen, dehydrochlorination, and dechlorination, respectively.

Non-thermal plasma (NTP) is a promising biomedical tool for application to wound healing. However, there is limited scientific evidence that confirms its efficacy to inhibit scar formation. This study aims to investigate the role of non-thermal plasma in scar formation. Two full-thickness dorsal cutaneous wounds of rats were treated with either a non-thermal helium plasma jet or helium. It was determined that the non-thermal plasma jet accelerated the wound healing process from 5 days after surgery (day 5: 41.27% ± 2.351 vs 54.7% ± 5.314, p

This paper demonstrated the effects and influencing factors in degrading aniline by gaseous streamer corona plasma along water surface under different discharging gas atmospheres. For aniline with an initial concentration of 100 mg l −1 , the degradation was fastest when the reactor was not ventilated, and the degradation rate is 98.5% under 7.5 min treatment. While the degradation was slowest when Ar was ventilated, the degradation rate is 98.6% after treatment for 60 min. Some active particles were detected using a multi-channel fibre-optic spectrometer during the discharge, such as Ar, OH, N 2 , N 2 + and N. In particular, NO was detected during air discharge. The NO and N 2 + could produce NO 3 − ; then generated nitric acid would affect the pH value of the solution. The intermediate product by N 2 discharge is nitrophenol, and nitrophenol would be converted to p -benzoquinone. The O 2 discharge could produce an intermediate product of aminophenol. The intermediate products in Ar discharge were in small amounts and the final mineralization effect was the best.

The performance of electrostatic precipitators has been predicted by the Deutsch equation and its modifications over a long period, and ESP index is a good tool among them which considers the importance of electrical discharge. The present work shows the theoretical development of ESP index and the relevant model. The collection process considering migration induced by both electrostatic attraction and deposition is simulated. Subsequently, the model is applied to calculate grade collection efficiency for particles larger than 0.02 μm in electrostatic precipitators. The physical meaning of two coefficients, α (relative to particle charging and migration) and β (relative to particle deposition) in the model is clarified. By integrating and averaging the α and β values, the overall collection efficiency is obtained. The present predictions agree well with experimental data. The model is also able to predict variations of particle collection at different gas temperature. The particle mass emissions at the ESP outlets decrease linearly with the ESP index or its square root. It is expected that the present model can facilitate the design and sizing of the ESPs.

In this paper, we present a new method that views offline handwritten chinese character recognition (HCCR) as a Re-identification (ReID) task. We introduce a print dataset as the target that needs to be retrieved, and make the test set of offline HCCR as the object of interest. According to ReID’s scene, the goal is to find the most similar print sample as the prediction result for each object of interest. We also employ triplet loss for metric learning, and train model together with cross-entropy loss, which has a good effect on improving performance. Compared with the classification model, the experimental results show that our method achieves much better results in few-shot learning, whose dataset is randomly selected from overall datasets. When the training set used is 5% of HWDB1.1, the gap between them even reached 9.8%. At the same time, it also obtains an accuracy of 97.69% on ICDAR-2013 offline HCCR competition dataset.

Atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) were used to decontaminate the surface’s 2-Chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (2-CEES), a kind of sulfur mustard (HD) simulant. The power of the APPJ device didn’t exceed 7.77 W. Helium APPJ was easier to generate plasma jet than argon APPJ. The treated nude mouse skin surface’s temperature slowly reached 30.4 °C and no obvious lesions in the dermis and skin appendages after 15 min treatment. Compared with argon APPJ, the helium APPJ produced more ·OH and the maximum concentration of ·OH was 3.748 × 10−9 mol/L. Attributed to the low density and more ·OH content, the helium APPJ had a better decontamination effect. With a maximum voltage of 7 kV and a helium flow rate of 4 L/min, 2-CEES (4.53 mg/cm2) can be completely decontaminated in 2.5 min, and no gaseous 2-CEES was detected. The detection of the 2-Hydroxyethyl ethyl sulfide proved the role of ·OH in the reaction system. During the reaction, 2-Chloroethyl ethyl sulfoxide and 2-Chloroethyl ethyl sulfone were also detected. The plasma jet could reduce the toxicity by destroying the parent molecule (2-CEES) in a short time, but it took more time to eliminate the intermediate products. No relevant intermediate products were detected in the gaseous, ensured the safety of personnel operating in open spaces.

The two-stage electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is widely used for indoor air cleaning field, while both the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) observations and well-characterized quantitative descriptions are probably scarce. In this work, we propose to use vortex analysis, which is the main quantitative method for flow field, and the relative residence time method (RRT) to evaluate the electrohydrodynamic flow (EHD) in a plate-plate ESP. The effects of electrical energization, pre-charger polarity and primary gas flow velocity are studied. Two vortex indexes sort the particle flow as five patterns and increase almost linearly with applied voltage. Four final particle statuses, penetrated, collected, stagnant and back-mixed are clarified by RRT method. The data generated by RRT are utilized to derive the PIV index for further analysis of the ESP performance. The trend, which rises first and drops later, suggests PIV index is expected to pave a new way to clarify the relationship between the ESP flow patterns and particle collection efficiency.

The recent thrust in utilizing microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) has led to accelerated attention in environmental decontamination. One key factor that governs this process is electron transfer efficiency. In this study, neutral red (NR) is involved as electron transfer mediator to investigate whether it could contribute to MEC performance. Afterwards, influence of electrode material selection on NR addition system was also studied. The results indicate MEC with NR shows better electrochemistry activity, which means sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) can response to electron transfer mediator NR. Further study reveals graphite felt triggers a better synergy with NR to facilitate electron utilization efficiency of the system subsequently maintains bacteria metabolic activity for a longer time. Sulfate removal in this reactor reaches 79.0% with electron utilization efficiency of 54.2%. To explore the mechanism, electrode bioelectrochemical property, microorganism activity and community were investigated. Electrode morphology analysis confirms graphite felt affords abundant space for the growth of electroactive microorganisms especially SRB and promotes electron exchange through cooperating with NR, which fits in with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis. High-throughput sequencing analysis confirms improved reactor can fortify the population dominant of SRB in the community which greatly raises electron utilization efficiency of SRB.

Microbial electrolysis cells (MEC), coupled with sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), was used to degrade sulfate-rich wastewater that is deficient in electron donors. However, because of the impact of electric double layers (EDLs), salt crystals formed on the electrode, thereby potentially retarding the continuity of sulfate removal during the whole operation. Here, an improved MEC reactor using intermittent electric field was established. It works better in sulfate removal for a longer period, which was higher than the conventional MEC reactor by 2.18-fold after 10 days. Observation on the activity of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and ATP revealed that the formation of salt crystals on the electrode led to plasmatorrhexis. Conversely, improved reactor contributed to extracellular substances production and prevented the salt crystal formation, which was conducive to biofilm formation as further verified by detection through SEM. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests showed that the cathodic microorganisms accelerated electron transfer whereas the salt crystals increased the charge transfer resistance. High-throughput sequencing analysis illustrated that improved reactor could maintain the competitiveness of SRB in the microbial community for a longer period. Moreover, the improved reactor resulted in high species diversity, thereby showing the significant resistance of the microorganisms to arduous environments.

Pure magnesium (Mg), being a lightweight biodegradable material, is increasingly attracting attention for its use in biomedical applications. However, surface contaminations arising from material machining can result in a deleterious degradation behavior thus a poor implant biocompatibility performance. Therefore, this paper represents a comparative study tackling the surface chemistry, cytocompatibility and degradation of Mg discs subjected to classical grinding and chemical treatments and to unconventional medium pressure (5 kPa) plasmas operated in Ar and NH3/He. Results reveal that both plasmas remove more than 40% of the carbonaceous contaminations while introducing surface oxygen (and nitrogen) containing functionalities. However, grinding only removes 34% of the initial surface carbon. Despite being the most efficient in eliminating the organic layer, the chemical treatment leads to an excessive surface oxidation. In vitro tests involving mesenchymal stem cells reveal that plasma-treated samples outperform their ground and chemically cleaned counterparts in terms of cell-surface affinity as more spread out cells with significantly bigger areas are detected, suggesting higher cell attachment. Moreover, plasma does not alter the degradation rate of Mg discs, thus providing a striking insight for their application in tissue engineering. Overall, one can conclude that the eco-friendly and economical sub-atmospheric plasma is an effective alternative synergistically cleaning and improving the cytocompatibility of Mg surfaces.

Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) coupled with sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) was used to degrade sulfate-rich wastewater which was deficient in electron donors. Results confirmed that SRB could trigger vigorous synergy with an applied current. An applied electrical field of 1.5 mA (R1) resulted in the highest sulfate removal, which was 14.9% higher than that of the control reactor (R0). In addition, organic-substance consumption decreased with the increase of applied current. The concentration of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), an indicator of cell rupture, increased by 3.59 times at 2.5 mA; that of ATP, an indicator of cell metabolism, sharply decreased under 2.5 and 3.5 mA. This finding indicated that high current led to plasmatorrhexis, low growth rate, and metabolic activity, subsequently reduced sulfate-reduction efficiency. Conversely, a proper current resulted in the enhancement of extracellular secretion, which was conducive to biofilm formation as further confirmed by detection through SEM. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) illustrated the SRB in the biofilm could accelerate the rate of direct electron transfer to cathode. Genus-level results further revealed that the dominant bacterium Desulfovibrio , an SRB, was richer in the cathode biofilm and R1, compared with R0.

In this paper, an atmospheric touchable surface dielectric barrier discharge nonthermal plasma system was introduced. The typical plasma area, pulsed voltage, pulsed current, pulse frequency, and plasma power are 459 cm2, 6 kV, 5.5 A, 10 kHz and 140 W, respectively. Its disinfection performance was evaluated on agar plate, glass, and silicone hand by four bacteria including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus albus , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The efficiency of plasma disinfection was enhanced with increasing voltage and frequency, but had no significant difference with bacteria type. For a 10-s treatment of agar and silicone hand, the log reductions of bacteria were 2.35–2.6 and 2.85–3.26, respectively. After a 5-s treatment of glass, 3.3–3.68 log reduction of bacteria could be obtained.

We investigated the behavior of single bubbles generated by spark discharge under different electric fields and water properties. A higher discharge energy is known to generate a larger bubble. However, our results show that the hydraulic efficiency decreases with increasing charging voltage, but increases with increasing charging capacitance. We found that the water conductivity has little influence on the bubble behavior, whereas a higher water temperature generates a larger bubble with higher hydraulic efficiency. The experimental results agreed well with those of the Rayleigh–Plesset model. Overall, the hydraulic efficiency for spark-induced bubble ranges from 3.5% to 7.5%. This work helps to advance our understanding of spark-induced bubble dynamics and their applications.

All types of seismic sources have a common feature in which large energy is released into water in a short time to produce an intense acoustic pulse. For plasma sparker, the discharge time is mainly determined by the discharge circuit parameters. Providing an accurate prediction of the acoustic pulse is difficult because of the complex plasma discharge process and unclear initial bubble condition. This paper presents the first experimental study on the influence of electric pulse width on acoustic pulses, especially the expansion pulse. Three comparative experiments are conducted to investigate the effect of electric pulse and to determine the minimum acoustic pulse width produced by a plasma sparker. One of the main results is that only the amplitude of the expansion pulse can obviously be changed if the electric circuit parameters are fixed, especially the capacitance of the energy storage capacitor. Meanwhile, the smaller the energy storage capacitor is, the shorter is the electric pulse and the narrower is the expansion pulse. The maximum pressure of an expansion pulse generated by a small capacitor is larger than that generated by a large capacitor under the same energy. The expansion pulse width decreases quickly when the energy dissipation on the load speeds up, and approaches the minimum value around several microseconds when the energy dissipation rate on the load is over 2 J/ $\mu$ s, and the corresponding electric pulse width is on the order of hundreds of nanoseconds.

In this paper, a new multiple-needle-cylinder reactor is designed to study the Escherichia coli inactivation with an unstable pulsed arc discharge in water and investigate the influence of several parameters for promoting its industrial application. The results show that the inactivation rate is mainly determined by energy density. About three orders reduction can be obtained with an initial cell count of $3\times 10^{5}$ CFU/mL and energy density around 2 J/mL. The inactivation rate can almost reach 100% when the energy density is around 8 J/mL. For reaching the maximum inactivation rate of this system, the parameters including initial water conductivity below $50~\mu \text{S}$ /cm, initial cell count over $10^{4}$ CFU/mL, and bubbling flow rate around 3.5 L/min are recommended. The water conductivity, pH value, and concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and ozone are also measured during the treatment to evaluate their influence. The transmission electron microscopy images of E. coli indicate that the intracellular morphology changes after plasma treatment.

Wide Electrostatic Precipitator (having plate-to-plate spacing 400 mm or more) is one of a promising ways to improve existing ESPs, yet its large-scale application has been limited because of potential collection efficiency reduction. This article focus on study the electrohydrodynamic flow inside the ESP and the particle collection efficiency by using Particle Image Velocimetry and Electrical Low Pressure Impactor respectively when several different electrode geometries were applied, in order to increase wide ESP efficiency. Results showed that geometry with juxtaposed high voltage wires provided best performance of the wide ESP (both in collection efficiency and running cost) among our tests.

The plasma sparker has been applied in oceanic high-resolution seismic exploration for decades. Normally it is towed on the water surface. This is suitable for shallow water, but if the water depth is great, the resolution will decrease dramatically, especially in the horizontal direction. This paper proposes the concept of a deep-towed plasma sparker and presents an experimental study of plasma sparker performance in terms of electric parameters, bubble behavior, and acoustic characteristics. The results show that hydrostatic pressure at a source depth ranging from 1 to 2000 m has a negligible influence on the electric parameters but a strong influence on bubble behavior, wherein both the maximum bubble radius and oscillation period are decreased. The collapse pulse vanishes when the source depth reaches 1000 m or deeper, and no bubble oscillation can be distinguished. The source level (evaluated by the expansion pulse) is also decreased as the source depth increases; moreover, the greater the discharge energy, the smaller the source level loss. The discharge energy per electrode should be greater than 20 J for the deep-towed plasma sparker, which can make the source level loss induced by hydrostatic pressure smaller than the transmission loss. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) results show that the dominant energy is around 20 kHz, which is mainly induced by the expansion pulse and its oscillation. According to the simulation results, the fundamental frequency of the acoustic waveform increases with source depth in accord with a log linear trend, and also reaches tens of kilohertz in deep water. So, before the development of deep-towed plasma sparker, a new technical solution will need to be developed to solve this problem.

Pulsed discharge in conductive water can produce a plasma-containing bubble and radiate intensive acoustic pulses. The bubble dynamics, which determines the characteristics of the acoustic wave, is sensitive to the water temperature and ambient pressure. This paper presents the high-speed records of plasma-containing bubble behavior under different water temperatures in the range 18 °C–80 °C and ambient pressure in the range 0.1–1 MPa. The results show that a higher water temperature generates a larger bubble, larger oscillation period, and higher efficiency of the conversion of electric energy into bubble energy. The bubble energy and energy efficiency increase fast with water temperature since the rise in the initial water temperature decreases the energy consumption during the predischarge period. The ambient pressure also has an obvious effect on the maximum bubble radius and oscillation period. Both of them decrease fast when the ambient pressure increases. But, the bubble energy and energy efficiency are not so sensitive to ambient pressure, which indicates that the ambient pressure has little influence on the parameters of pulsed discharge.

Additive manufacturing of 3D-scaffolds and surface modification of 2D-substrates using nitrogen-containing plasmas have separately advanced the tissue engineering field for their cyto-responsive topographical and chemical features. However, their synergistic implementation remains largely unsuccessful because of the non-homogeneous surface treatment throughout porous structures. Therefore, this study focuses on the 3D-printing of polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds and the optimization of their surface chemistry via 3 plasma modifications: N2 activation, NH3:He (1:9) activation and allylamine polymerization. For an adequate optimization, a precise surface chemical analysis is performed throughout scaffold cross-sections by local measurements using an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) machine connected to a secondary electron image camera. Overall higher nitrogen incorporation and amino-selectivity are detected after NH3 (5.0%) compared to N2 plasma activation (2.8%). A remarkably high average nitrogen content (12.4%) primarily incorporated as C-N bonds is perceived on plasma polymerized allylamine coatings that exhibit an excellent uniformity throughout the scaffolds. In fact, high energy densities lead to a deposition of coatings with a symmetrical shallow nitrogen gradient towards the scaffold inner struts that still present a much higher nitrogen content (7%) when comparing with the state-of-the-art. Overall, this study constitutes a perfect-picture reference for plasma treatment of porous scaffolds.

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in fly ash emitted by municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerators are harmful to human health and the environment. Based on the degradation efficiency and application potential of non-thermal plasma (NTP) for gaseous pollutants, a typical lab-scale dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) module was adopted to generate plasma and degrade the PCDD/Fs present in fly ash. In this study, the degradation characteristics of 17 kinds of PCDD/Fs congeners were studied, and the effects of input energy, discharge time and moisture content of fly ash on PCDD/Fs removal efficiency were also discussed in detail. The results indicated that the degradation efficiency of 2378-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2378-TCDD) was the highest among 17 kinds of PCDD/Fs congeners at the same operating condition, and the total degradation efficiency of PCDDs was higher than that of PCDFs. The highest degradation efficiencies of 2378-TCDD, PCDDs and PCDFs acquired in this study could be up to 92%, 83%, and 55%, respectively. A long time of electric discharge was not beneficial to the decomposition of PCDD/Fs, and the moisture content of fly ash affected the degradation of PCDDs more obviously than that of PCDFs. Also, the degradation mechanisms of PCDD/Fs were discussed further. It was discovered from results that the decomposition of PCDFs was mainly attributed to the dissociation of the C–Cl bond, while for that of PCDDs, the dissociation of the C–O bond played a dominant role rather than that of the C–Cl bond.

Sparker is used as an explosive seismic source in high-resolution oceanic explorations, however, further analysis is necessary to evaluate the source level, dominant frequency, and bandwidth of the generated source wavelets. In this study, we investigated source wavelets produced by two commercial sparkers with a multi-electrode array. All recorded signals were obtained in shallow water. A SIG 5mille (Services and Instruments of Geophysique) sparker generates a typical wavelet with an expansion pulse, ghosts and a notable collapse pulse, whereas the collapse pulse generated by a ZJUPSS (Plasma Seismic Source of Zhejiang University) sparker is much weaker because of the lower discharge energy per electrode. Nevertheless, the ZJUPSS expansion pulse magnitude is substantially higher than that of the SIG 5mille, and the former's sound source level reaches 223 dB at only 900 J. The SIG 5mille expansion pulse width is broader than that of the ZJUPSS, resulting in a lower dominant frequency down to 232 Hz at 2500 J, but the latter has more high-frequency components leading to better vertical resolution. The acoustic energy efficiency of the ZJUPSS ranges up to 4% higher than that of the SIG 5mille (

The electrostatic cyclone of this study is an enhanced small cyclone with a high voltage electric field. The concentration and collection efficiency of fly ash is monitored and calculated by Electrical Low-Pressure Impactor (ELPI) device under various flow rates and voltages. Based on Barth analytical model, in the absence of electric voltage, the total efficiency and cut-size at 60 (L/min) were obtained 88.3% and 1.98 (μm) respectively. Employing electrical voltage of −16 kV enhanced the efficiency to 96.2%. Moreover, the obtained results showed that at lower inlet velocity, the efficiency can be improved by increasing the static voltage.

In this study, silicone hand was disinfected by homemade touchable non-thermal plasma to simulate and evaluate its feasibility of application on human hand. Experimental results showed that there was no significant difference when Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. au), Staphylococcus albus (S. al), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. ae) were loaded on the silicone hand surface and treated with plasma. The efficiency of plasma disinfection was higher when the treatment time was prolonged or initial bacterial density was lower. When initial bacterial number was 1.0×10(6)–1.0×10(7) CFU, the plasma disinfection process mainly occured in the first 5 s and more than 99% of bacteria could be disinfected. This study can provide guidelines for the development of a new plasma device for human hand disinfection.

This paper studies the toluene removal by a two-stage dielectric barrier discharge (DBD)-catalyst system with three catalysts: MnO x /ZSM-5, CoMnO x /ZSM-5, and CeMnO x /ZSM-5. V-Q Lissajous method, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron (XPS) are used to characterize the DBD and catalysts. The DBD processing partially oxidizes the toluene, and the removal efficiency has a linear relationship with ozone generation. Three DBD-catalyst systems are compared in terms of their toluene removal efficiency, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, carbon balance, CO selectivity, CO2 selectivity, and ozone residual. The results show that the DBD-catalyst system with CoMnO x /ZSM-5 performs better than the other two systems. It has the highest removal efficiency of about 93.7 %, and the corresponding energy yield is 4.22 g/kWh. The carbon balance and CO2 selectivity of CoMnO x /ZSM-5 is also better than the other two catalysts. The measurements of two important byproducts including aerosols and ozone are also presented.