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DOI: 10.15317/Scitech.2018.149 Url: http://sujest.selcuk.edu.tr/sumbtd/article/view/479, In the Konya area, the Neotethyan assemblage is represented by Late Cretaceous aged Hatıp Ophiolitic Mélange, in where the metamorphic sole rocks crop out as thin slices beneath the sheared serpentinites and harzburgites, and Çayırbağı ophiolite. This study aims to characterize the mineralogical characteristics and chemical composition of the amphiboles in the metamagmatic sole rocks of the Hatıp Ophiolitic Mélange. The main rock types in the metamorphic sole rocks are amphibolite (amphibole up to 90.3 %); epidote-amphibolite (65.3% amphibole); zoisite-amphibolite (amphibole 52.2%) and amphibole-quartzite (amphibole 28.5%) with nematoblastic to porphyroblastic texture. The microprobe analyses of the amphiboles suggest that the amphiboles have crystallized from a wet magma in medium pressure condition (≤ 7 kb), and are magnesiohornblende, pargasite and edenite in composition. The obtained data also reveal that the Neotethyan assemblage has experienced a regional metamorphism in greenschist facies conditions, which resulted in no chemical changes in the amphiboles., Konya yöresinde Neotetis topluluğu, Geç Kretase yaşlı makaslanmış serpantinit ve harzburgitlerin altında ince dilimler şeklinde metamorfik taban kayaçlarının bulunduğu Hatıp ofiyolitik Melanjı ve Çayırbağı ofiyolitleri ile temsil edilirler. Bu çalışmada, metamorfik dilimde yer alan metamagmatik kayaçlardaki amfibollerin mineralojik özelliklerinin ve kimyasal bileşimlerinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Metamorfik dilimdeki ana kayaç tipleri nematoblastik - porfiroblastik dokuya sahip olan amfibolit (% 90.3 lere varan amfibol); epidot amfibolit (%65.3 amfibol); zoisit amfibolit (%52.2 amfibol) ve amfibol kuvarsit (%28.5 amfibol) tir. Amfibollerin kimyası, amfibollerin orta basınç şartlarında (≤ 7 kb) sulu bir mağmadan kristalleşen magnezyohornblend, pargazit ve edenit bileşiminde olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Eldeki veriler, ayrıca Neotetis topluluğunun daha sonra amfibollerde kimyasal bir değişiklik oluşturmayan yeşilşist fasiyesi şartlarında bölgesel bir metamorfizmaya uğradığını vurgulamaktadır.

WOS: 000383310800002, The Horoz pluton includes granitic and granodioritic rocks, with widespread mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs). Petrochemically, the rocks of the pluton show calc-alkaline to shoshonitic and metaluminous to slightly peraluminous composition. The rocks also exhibit an enrichment in large ion lithophile elements, e.g. Rb, K, and depletions of high field strength elements such as Y, Lu, and Mg#, Ni, with a slightly concave-upward rare earth element pattern. Both granitic and granodioritic rocks exhibit geochemical characteristics of tonalite, trondhjemite and granodiorite assemblages, possibly developed by the partial melting of a thickened lower crust. The granitoids have high concentrations of Na2O (2.6-4.5 wt%), Sr (347-599 ppm), intermediate-high (La/Yb)(N) (8.2-18.1, mostly >11), Al2O3 (13.2-16.9 wt%, average 15.3 wt%), low MgO (0.2-1.4 wt%, average 0.84 wt%) and Co (0.7-10.3 ppm). The MMEs include higher Na2O (4.5-5.5 wt%), Sr (389-1149 ppm), Al2O3 (16.9-19.2 wt%, average 17.8 wt%), MgO (1.4-4.4 wt%, average 2.75 wt%) and Co (6.2-18.7 ppm) contents in comparison with that of their hosts. There is a lack of negative Eu anomalies, except a few samples. Both host rocks and MMEs have a low initial Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio (respectively 0.7046-0.7051 and 0.7047-0.7058), low epsilon(Nd) value (-1.8 to -0.2 and -0.6 to 0.7 at 50 Ma) and highly radiogenic Pb-208/Pb-204 ratios (39.43-39.47 and 39.39-39.54). Whole-rock chemistry and isotopic data suggest that parent magmas of both MMEs and their hosts have derived from melts of the mixing between the lithospheric mantle and crustal end members, than fractional crystallization processes in crustal levels., Office of Scientific Research (BAP; Selcuk University, Turkey) [5401041], This work was financially supported by the Office of Scientific Research (BAP; Project No. 5401041, Selcuk University, Turkey). The authors are grateful to Mehmet Arslan and Alvar Soesoo for their helpful comments and suggestions on the manuscript.

Extensive Late Miocene to Pliocene Erenlerdagi volcanism produced lava domes, nuee ardentes and ignimbrite deposits in west and southwest of the Konya. The domes may contain various enclaves, which range in size from a few cm to a few meters, and in shape cornered to spherical. The volcanic rocks are made up of plagioclase (15-45%), brown amphibole (3-15%), brown biotite (5-10 %), quartz (0-5%), sanidine (0-5%), clinopyroxene (0-5 %), epidote (0-8%), opaque iron ore (3-20%), and accessory acicular apatite and zircon in a holocrystalline porphyric texture. Geochemical data shows that all samples are high-K calc-alkaline, mostly metaluminous, and rhyodacite to andesite in composition. They are characterized by an enrichment in Large Ion lithophile Elements (e.g. Cs, K), and a depletion in High Field Strength Elements (e.g. Ti, Y). In Harker variation diagrams, SiO2 increases with increasing K2O, Na2O, Rb, Th, U, Nb, Zr contents; and decreasing TiO2, FeOt, MgO, CaO contents, suggesting fractional crystallisation of hornblende (± pyroxene, olivine) and titanite. The REE pattern of the samples shows an enrichment in Light Rare Earth Elements, and a depletion in Heavy Rare Earth Elements, resultant with high ((La/Lu)N= 8.2-18.0) ratios. Existence of slight Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu*: 0.66-0.80 ) may suggest plagioclase fractionation in the samples. Based on field, mineralogical and geochemical data, it has been suggested that the Erenlerdagi volcanics could have formed by chemical mixing of felsic and mafic magmas possibly coupled with fractional crystallisation of hornblende (± pyroxene, olivine), plagioclase and titanite, in relation with the subduction of the African plate underneath the Anatolian plate during Miocene.

Turkey hosts essential bauxite deposits, typically of the karstic-type. The most economically important bauxite deposits of Turkey form in the Seydisehir-Akseki region of the central Taurides Mountains. The Mortas and Dogankuzu deposits are the most important deposits in that region. The bauxite beds contain boehmite, hematite, rutile, smectite, quartz, diaspore, calcite, pyrite, marcasite and goethite. Brown to red-colored bauxite minerals are massive, oolitic – pisolitic textured. The Seydisehir schists could be possible parent rocks of bauxites, and have unearthed acidic source (mostly granite) with hornblende and plagioclase minerals. The schists were compositionally mature with minimal alkali feldspar sediments. The Mortas deposit is 400 m long and up to 40 m thick; it averages 10 m thick. It has about 5 million tons of ore reserves, with ~50 percent Al2O3. The Dogankuzu bauxite deposit is situated 2 km southwest of the Mortas deposit, with 14.9 million metric tons of ore at 61 percent Al2O3. The Dogankuzu ore was deposited on a fault-controlled karst surface of Cenomanian limestone succession, which was overlain by 5- to 10-cm-thick Santonian limestones. The bauxite has been mined by the Seydisehir aluminum factory, which was founded in 1973, and privatized in 2005. The plant is capable to produce 65.000 ton liquid aluminum per year, around 15% of Turkey’s Aluminum demand.

URL:http://sujest.selcuk.edu.tr/sumbtd/article/view/457 DOI: 10.15317/Scitech.2017.98, The natural rocks used today as well as in the history for a variety of purposes were a subject of different alteration, weathering and deterioration conditions. These conditions are strictly controlled by environment and nature of rock varieties (marble and stone). This study is a first approach to understand the relation between some geological features and behavior against salt (Na2SO4) decay of Moroccan marbles and stones. For this purpose, widely used four dolomitic limestones, two crystalline limestones, one limestone and one basalt sample (total 8) were chosen from Morocco. Extra attention paid to choose locations being a representative of all Moroccan country. The carbonate samples (limestone and dolomite) consist of mainly dolomite and calcite with micritic and sparitic cement. The sole, non-carbonaceous sample is basalt of Khenifra containing mainly plagioclase and pyroxene. In general, both bulk-dry and powder density values of the studied rock samples are homogeneous. The limestone of Bir Jdid has the highest (10.81 %) effective porosity and dry weight loss value (4.61 %). The loss on ignition value of the Khenifra basalt has the lowest value with 1.26 %. The loss on ignition values are also relatively uniform. The obtained data indicate that outdoor uses (especially in coastal areas) of limestones of Bir Jdid and dolomitic limestones of Taza are more risky than the others., Hem geçmiş dönemlerde hem de günümüzde çok çeşitli amaçlar için kullanılan doğal taşlar farklı ayrışma, dağılma ve bozunmaya uğramaktadırlar. Bu şartlar çevre ve kayacın türüne (mermer ve taş) sıkı sıkıya bağlıdır. Bu çalışma Fas mermerleri ve taşlarını tuza (Na2SO4) karşı dayanımlarını ve bazı jeolojik özelliklerini anlamak için yapılan ilk çalışmadır. Bunun için Fas’tan getirilen çok kullanılan 4 dolomit, 2 kristalize kireçtaşı, 1 kireçtaşı ve bir bazalt (toplam 8 adet) örneği seçilmiştir. Örnekler mümkün mertebe Fas’ın değişik yerlerinden seçilmiştir. Karbonat kayaçları (kireçtaşı ve dolomit) temel olarak dolomit ve kalsit minerallerinden müteşekkil olup çimento mikrit ve sparittir. Karbonatsız tek kayaç olan Khenifra bazaltı esasen plajiyoklas ve piroksen içerir. Genel olarak örneklerin kuru ve öğütülmüş ağırlıkları birbirlerine benzer. Bir Jdid kireçtaşları en yüksek etkili porozite (% 10.81) ve kuru ağırlık kaybına (%4.61) sahiptir. En düşük ateş zayiatı Khenifra bazaltlarındadır (%1.26). Ateş zayiatları genel olarak homojendir. Eldeki veriler Bir Jdid kireçtaşları ve Taza dolomitik kireçtaşlarının dışarda (özellikle sahil bölgelerinde) kullanımlarının diğerlerine göre daha riskli olduğuna işaret etmektedir.

The Late Cretaceous Uckapili Granitoid including mafic microgranular enclaves intruded into metapelitic and metabasic rocks, and overlain unconformably by Neogene ignimbrites in the Nigde area of Turkey. It is mostly granite and minor granodiorite in composition, whereas its enclaves are dominantly gabbro with a few diorites in composition. The Uckapili Granitoid is composed mainly of quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, biotite, muscovite and minor amphibole while its enclaves contain mostly plagioclase, amphibole, minor pyroxene and biotite. The Uckapili Granitoid has calcalkaline and peraluminous (A/CNK= 1.0-1.3) geochemical characteristics. It is characterized by high LILE/HFSE and LREE/HREE ratios ((La/Lu)N= 3-33), and has negative Ba, Ta, Nb and Eu anomalies, resembling those of collision granitoids. The Uckapili Granitoid has relatively high 87 Sr/ 86 Sr(i) ratios (0.711189-0.716061) and low eNd(t) values (-5.13 to -7.13), confirming crustal melting. In contrast, the enclaves are tholeiitic and metaluminous, and slightly enriched in LILEs (K, Rb) and Th, and have negative Ta, Nb and Ti anomalies; propose that they were derived from a subduction-modified mantle source. Based on mineral and whole rock chemistry data, the Uckapili granitoid is H-(hybrid) type, post-collision granitoid developed by mixing/mingling processes between crustal melts and mantle-derived mafic magmas.

Late Miocene to Pliocene volcanism produced lava domes with mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs), nuée ardentes and pyroclastic fall and flow (ignimbrites) deposits in the WSW and NW of Konya city. All samples are predominantly high K-calc alkaline in composition but calc-alkaline and shoshonitic composition also exist. The felsic volcanics are mainly dacite, andesite, basaltic trachyandesite and rare trachyandesite in compositon. But, the MMEs have basaltic andesite and andesite compositon. SiO2 increases with decreasing TiO2, FeOt, MgO and CaO, suggesting fractional crystallization of mafic minerals. All samples have fractionated chondritenormalised REE pattern (La/YbN: 6.7-18.1), and negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu*: 0.67- 0.89), indicating plagioclase fractionation. In primitive mantle-normalized spider diagram, the samples show an enrichment in large ion litophile elements (LILE) such as Cs and Ba, and depletion in high field strength elements (HFSE), e.g. Dy and Y. They show negative Nb, Ta and Ti anomalies, indicating a subduction signature for their genesis. Based on geochemical data, the volcanics are suggested to have been formed by Assimilation-Fractional Crystallization (AFC) and/or magma mixing process. Various geotectonic diagrams imply volcanic arc to post collisional setting for the samples.

Mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) are widespread in the Horoz pluton with granodiorite and granite units. Rounded to elliptical MMEs have variable size (from a few centimetres up to metres) and are generally fine-grained with typical magmatic textures. The plagioclase compositions of the MMEs range from An18–An64 in the cores to An17–An29 in the rims, while that of the host rocks varies from An17 to An55 in the cores to An07 to An33 in the rims. The biotite is mostly eastonitic, and the calcic-amphibole is magnesio-hornblende and edenite. Oxygen fugacity estimates from both groups’ biotites suggest that the Horoz magma possibly crystallised at fO2 conditions above the nickel–nickel oxide (NNO) buffer. The significance of magma mixing in their genesis is highlighted by various petrographic and mineralogical characteristics such as resorption surfaces in plagioclases and amphibole; quartz ocelli rimmed by biotite and amphibole; sieve and boxy cellular textures, and sharp zoning discontinuities in plagioclase. The importance of magma mixing is also evident in the amphiboles of the host rocks, which are slightly richer in Si, Fe3+ and Mg in comparison with the amphiboles of MMEs. However, the compositional similarity of the plagioclase and biotite phenocrysts from MMEs and their host rocks suggests that the MMEs were predominantly equilibrated with their hosts. Evidence from petrography and mineral chemistry suggests that the adakitic Horoz MMEs could be developed from a mantle-derived, water-rich magma (>3 mass%) affected by a mixing of felsic melt at P >2.3 kbar, T >730°C.

The rocks form as amphibolite ± garnet ± epidote and orthogneisses in the Pan-African basement of the Bitlis Massif. The petrochemical data of the studied metamorphic rocks suggest different igneous protoliths ranging from calcalkaline basalt to andesite in composition. Petrochemically, the rocks can be classified as group 1 (low Zr and La) and group 2 (high Zr and La), all showing various enrichments in large ion lithophiles and light rare earth elements, and a depletion in high-field strength elements, suggestive of a destructive plate margin setting. The protoliths of the all samples might have formed mostly by the partial melting of an enriched source, possibly coupled with the fractional crystallization of plagioclase, apatite, and titaniferous magnetite ± olivine ± clinopyroxene ± amphibole in relation with subduction-related magmatism neighboring the Andean-type active margins of Gondwana. The group 2 samples could, however, be generated by a relatively lower degree of the partial melting of an inhomogeneous source with a preponderance of a high-level, fractional crystallization process in comparison to group 1. The protoliths of the samples were metamorphosed up to amphibolite facies conditions, which destroys original igneous texture and mineral assemblages. Geothermobarometric calculations show that the metamorphic rocks are finally equilibrated between 540 and 610°C and ∼5 kbars, following a clockwise P-T-t path.

The leucogranite is the major constituent of the bimodal Late Cretaceous Karamadazı granitoid, developed in relation with evolution of the Inner Tauride Ocean along the northern margin of the Taurides in central Turkey. New analyses of minerals major and trace elements (including rare-earth elements (REE)), and of Sr and Nd isotopes are performed to determine the origin and geochemical characteristics of the leucogranites. Medium-coarse-grained leucogranite contains normally zoned plagioclase (An12–20), mildly alkaline biotite, and xenocrystic magneziohornblende, actinolite, and ferrohornblende. It is characterized by concave-up REE patterns with respect to middle–heavy REE. Field relations, mineral chemistry, geochemical data, and isotopic data suggest that the leucogranite could have originated from an amphibole-bearing igneous source in lower to middle crust by low-rate partial melting (2O activity conditions, possibly coupled by mixing–mingling with mafic magma and high-level feldspar and minor biotite fractionation. In contrast, the quartz diorite and mafic microgranular enclave (MME) are probably developed from an enriched mantle, with possible mingling–mixing. MME, quartz diorite, and leucogranite may represent a magmatic suite, which formed in an extensional tectonic regime by bimodal magmatic activity probably because of lithospheric delamination or slab break off or after the Alpine thicken within the Gondwanan Tauride–Anatolide platform. Initial Sr data exhibit an age of 65 ± 13 Ma for the leucogranite, but it does not indicate a true intrusion age of the magma due to isotopic modification of the magma.

In this study, we investigated the chemical and physical properties of the volcanic rocks used as building stones in historical places and monuments. The chemical weathering effect of salt crystallization on these stones was measured on the laboratory conditions (in most cases, used samples were very small). For this purpose, the dry weight loss (DWL) test was conducted. The rocks of dacite, andesite and tuffs of volcanic origin have different durability against salt crystallization. The most stable rocks are dacites (DWL 2.06%) which were used in the construction of Hittite monuments at Eflatun. The durability of the stones is closely related to their chemical, mineralogical, petrographical and mechanical properties. The stones used in the historical buildings are generally much more stable than present-day building stones.

On the Eastern Tauride Belt, the Cretaceous calc-alkaline Karamadazi Granitoid consists of quartz diorite containing mafic microgranular enclaves (MME) and leucocratic granite. The quartz diorite consists of plagioclase (An8-65), hornblende, biotite, K-feldspar, quartz, epidote and titanite. Subrounded MME in the quartz diorite are holocrystalline, fine-grained, quartz diorite to diorite in composition, and display a similar mineral assemblage to their host. Large crystals in MME and quartz diorite show various disequilibrium microstructures indicative of hybridization. Plagioclase crystals exhibit inverse, normal, and oscillatory zoning with maximum core-to-rim An content increase up to 38% in the enclave and 40% in the quartz diorite. Both hornblende and augite exhibit normal and reverse zoning even in the same sample. The new field, textural, mineral compositional, and geochemical evidence leads to the conclusion that MME could have formed through injection of successive pulses of basic magma into upward mobile magma chambers containing cooler, partially crystalline quartz diorite magma. The quartz diorites show similarity to high-Al TTG (tonalites–trondhjemites–granodiorites), with their high Na2O, Sr, LREE, and low Mg#, Cr, HREE contents, and are suggested to be produced by extensive interaction between the crustal and mantle-derived melts through mixing at depth. In contrast, leucogranites have geochemical characteristics distinct from the quartz diorites and MME, and are probably not involved in MME genesis.

Many Neo-Tethyan ophiolitic bodies are well exposed as thrust-slices in Central Anatolia and are predominantly represented by massive hornblende gabbros, most of which are cut by Supra Subduction Zone (SSZ) plagiogranites. The allochthonous gabbros are distinct from their autochthonous counterparts, with their mineralogy including both igneous hornblende, relict diopside rimmed by replacement hornblende and their chemical composition corresponding mostly to gabbro rather than diorite. The results of major and trace element analyses of forty-two samples, and REE analyses of nine samples, indicate that the hornblende gabbros are SSZ-type and formed from a wet magma by high-degree partial melting of peridotite possibly coupled with contamination by predominantly neighbouring-slab derived fluids within an intra-oceanic back-arc basin. The mafic magmas then underwent high-level fractional crystallization involving titaniferous magnetite, diopside, tschermakite and possibly olivine. Emplacement was followed by extensive ocean–floor metamorphism, which has induced crystallization (or recrystallization) of chlorite, biotite, amphiboles and mobilisation of most of the major elements such as alkali and alkali earth elements, and some LREE.

Several examples of fault-related pseudotachylites display a significantly higher initial magnetic susceptibility than their granitic host rock (10:1 to 20:1). These higher values are attributed to the presence of fine magnetic particles formed during melt quenching. The hysteresis properties of the particles indicate a single domain (SD) to pseudo single domain (PSD) magnetic grain size. The Curie temperature (Tc) of the magnetic particles is close to 580 °C. The natural remanent magnetization (NRM) of these pseudotachylites is also significantly higher than that of the host rock (up to 300:1). Such anomalously high remanence cannot be explained by a magnetization acquired in the Earth's magnetic field, regardless of pseudotachylite age. Ground lightning and other strong electric pulses can cause anomalously high NRM intensities. A ground lightning explanation seems unlikely to explain the systematically high NRM intensities, particularly in the case of recently exposed samples that have been collected from active quarries. Alternatively, high NRM intensities could be explained by earthquake lightning (EQL), a seismic phenomenon occasionally reported in connection with large magnitude earthquakes ( M > 6.0). The coseismic electrical properties of the pseudotachylite vein–host rock system are characterized by (1) a core of molten material (high conductivity), (2) vapor-rich margins of thermally and mechanically fractured host rocks (low conductivity) and (3) moderately fractured to undeformed host rock (normal conductivity). Such a core conductor bordered by insulating margins is potentially responsible for the propagation of EQL pulses. The coseismic thermal history of pseudotachylite veins has been modeled in 2-D using conductive heat transfer equations. It shows that EQL can be recorded only during a brief time interval (less than 1 min) for a given vein thickness and host-rock temperatures. If the vein is too thick or if the host rock is too hot, the pseudotachylite remains above Tc after the electric pulse has lapsed.

The study area is located within the Central Anatolian Massif around Yeşilhisar (Kayseri). The oldest rock units in the area are ophiolitic rocks which are mainly found as gabbro and dunites. The gabbros are dark green,blackish green coloured and hard, thin-medium granular hipidiomorf textured. Main Composition of gabbroic rocks are hornblende, clinopyroxen, plagioclase, quartz and opaque minerals, sphene and spinel are accessory minerals. The dunites are yellowish, greenish yellow coloured and fragile and stockwork textured. The main components of the dunites are olivine, pyroxen and chromite. The gabbroic rocks are mainly toleitic and can be classified as metaaluminious rocks. Main and trace element variations indicate that the fractionation of hornblende and Fe-Ti oxide minerals. Ratio of Condridite normalized Light REE to Heavy REE displays no enrichment La/LuN = 0.26. Trace and REE contents of the gabbroic rocks indicate that these rocks were a product of MORB like source., İnceleme alanı, Orta Anadolu Masifi içerisinde Yeşilhisar (Kayseri) ve çevresinde yer almaktadır. İnceleme alanında en yaşlı birimleri ofiyolitik kayaçlar oluşturmaktadır. Bunlar gabro ve dunitler şeklindedir. Gabrolar koyu yeşil, siyahımsı yeşil renkli, sert ve ince-orta taneli olup hipidiyomorf tanesel dokuludur. Ana bileşenlerini; hornblend, klinopiroksen, plajiyoklas, kuvars ve opak mineraller oluştururken tali olarakta yer yer sfen ve spinel içermektedirler. Dunit; sarımsı, yeşilimsi sarı renkli, kırılgan ve ağsal dokuludur. Dunitlerin ana bileşenlerini olivin, piroksen ve kromit oluşturmaktadır. Gabroyik kayaçlar toleyitik karakterli olup metaaluminalı kayaç sınıfındadırlar. Ana ve iz element değişimleri hornblend ve Fe-Ti oksit minerallerinin fraksiyonlaşmasını işaret etmektedir. Kondridite oranlanmış hafif nadir toprak elementlerin ağır nadir toprak elementlerine oranı La/LuN = 0.26 olup bir zenginleşme göstermemektedir. İz element ve nadir toprak element (REE) içerikleri gabroyik kayaçların MORB benzeri bir kaynaktan türediğini işaret etmektedir.

Late Miocene to Pliocene volcanism is represented by development of lava domes, nuée ardentes and pyroclastic fall and flow (ignimbrites) deposits in the WSW and NW of Konya city. The lava dome contains various mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs), which have various size (a few cm to a few meters), shape (ellipse/sphere to rounded), with a well-developed chilly zone. The MMEs samples are situated on mostly basaltic andesite and andesite, and a few MME samples on basaltic trachyandesite area while the host rocks are concentrated on dacite and andesite areas. The felsic samples have more fractionated chondrite-normalised REE pattern (La/YbN: 9.5-18.1) than MMEs (6.7-16.0) ones, but both have slightly developed negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu*: 0.67-0.89 in felsic rocks, 0.68-0.87 in MMEs). In primitive mantlenormalized spider diagram, the MMEs and felsic rocks have negative Nb, Ta, P and Ti anomalies, indicating some subduction component in their genesis. Based on geochemical data, the MMEs are suggested to have been formed by hybridization of basic magma mingled with partially crystallized felsic magma.

The study area is located in the Derinkuyu area, central Anatolia. The oldest formation in the area is Cretaceous Karatepe hornblende gabbro, which is overlain by upper Miocene Melendizdagi tuffs, Melendizdagi andesites, Gostuk tuff and ignimbrite, and the Karakaya Formation. These units are followed by lower Pliocene Selime tuff, Kizilkaya ignimbrite, and the Agilli Formation, above which lie various Pleistocene ashes, namely, the Hasandagi ash, the Kumtepe ash, and the Golludag ash flow tuffs. Above these are the Pleistocene Kizildag basalts and Holocene basaltic cinder cones. Talus is the youngest unit in the area. The young volcanics and volcaniclastics in the area may have originated from the volcanism of Mts Erciyes, Melendiz, and Hasan.

The Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex (CACC) is the largest metamorphic domain, a ~300 × 200 km triangular region, exposed in Turkey. The basement is composed mainly of migmatites, paragneisses, alternations of marble and paragneiss, and a thick metacarbonate sequence. The sequence in the area starts with graphite-bearing paragneiss with interlayers of marble, and metabasics (Tamadag Formation), and continues with marble containing paragneiss, and rare metabasics (Bozcaldag Formation). The basement is overlain by Cretaceous ophiolites, which are cut by voluminous Late Cretaceous–Palaeocene granitoids. Neogene formations complete the rock sequence in the area. The first certain macrofossil, Heliolitinae (Heliolitidae fam.) Paeckelmannophora sp., has been discovered in the marble of the Tamadag Formation. Also found are Acritarchs Leiosphaeridia sp. and Lophosphaeriduim sp. together with possible graptolite fragments (questionably of Retiolites sp.) in the marble residue obtained by treatment with acetic acid. Paeckelmannophora sp. and fragments of Retiolites sp. have been found, pointing to a Silurian–Devonian age. The Bozdag Formation, overlying conformably the Tamadag Formation, could hence be late Palaeozoic in age. Based on the age of the metasediments and the geochemistry of the amphibolites in the Nigde Massif, it has been suggested that the CACC could have undergone Hercynian metamorphism, whose effects may have been destroyed by intensive polyphase Alpine metamorphism. The Tamadag Formation may be correlated with the Silurian–lower Carboniferous Bozdag Formation of the Konya Complex (Afyon–Bolkardag Zone), 200 km WSW of the study area.

The geological history of a regionally metamorphosed sequence of Silurian on early Devonian sediments, now calcite marbles, quartzites, semipelitic, psammitic and migmatitic gneisses containing K-feldspar, sillimanite, and garnet with later andalusite and cordierite, is outlined with chemical analyses of the rocks and minerals, the latter suggesting peak metamorphic conditions about 600 to 700° C at 4kb. Deposition was in part at an active continental margin and in part probably at a passive margin and was followed by basic intrusions, now amphibolites. Later gabbroic rocks are shown for the first time by their geochemistry, especially REE, to be probably part of a major ophiolite sheet, tectonically emplaced and containing late magmatic or metamorphic hornblende. Later intrusive hornblende diorite, with appinitic (diorite dykes with voluminous euhedral hornblende) and calc-alkaline lamprophyric affinites, immediately preceded the intrusion of voluminous granitoids (granite, tonalite, quartz monzonite) of probably late Cretaceous to Palaeocene age, whose geochemistry indicates a continental volcanic arc setting. Neogene formations completed the rock sequence.

WOS: 000249189600003, Whole rock and mineral chemistry of amphibolites are presented for the lower (Gumusler Formation) and higher parts (Kaleboynu Formation) of the Nigde Massif with the aim to constrain protolith genesis and metamorphic P-T-conditions. The amphibolites, associated with a series of supracrustal metasediments, as thin layers and discontinuous pod/small lenses, are of igneous origin with composition of subalkaline and tholefitic basalts. Based on immobile elements content and ratios, amphibolites from both formations are thought to have formed mostly by fractional crystallisation of pyroxene +/- spinel, amphibole, plagioclase as well as apatite and titanite; coupled with minor crustal contamination. Contamination is particularly clear for the Gumusler Formation formed in a back-arc basin (Paleothetys) during magmatic ascent through the thickened Central Anatolian crust. The basic rocks could have been metamorphosed later at 7.5-3 +/- 0.6 kb and 850-420 degrees C, with the temperature gradient ranging from 35 to 122 degrees C/km at different depths in the Neo-Tethyan subduction zone, and exhumed from depths of approximately 20 km via regional extension.

F or the last fifteen years, there has been extensive motorway and railway constructions in Turkey. This requires enormous amount of road-fillers and aggregates, and the construction companies open many open-pit limestone quarries to fulfill their aggregate needs. The partly double four lines , partly one-way double line motorway of KonyaHüyük have recently been enlarged and partly re-constructed. During this construction, a total of five limestone quarry were opened to produce limestone aggregate. The Bozlutepe Limestone member of Asmalıtepe Formation near the town of Selki HüyükKonya, central Anatolia were used for this demand, and it has been operated for the last 6 years. The limestone member is approximately 200 m thick at most and mostly made of three type of minerals and these are dolomitic limestone, crystalline limestone and quartz-bearing crystallized limestones. All the minerals are crystallized and the minerals locally dominate at the quarry. The produced aggregates have relatively flat granulometry curve indicating most of the grains are of thin and have clay-silt sized particles. Our studies revealed that Bozlutepe Limestones are formed in carbonate facies in shallow marine environments during Permian-Carboniferous times. The member most likely have low-grade metamorphism during Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras