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At Massachusetts General Hospital, we pioneered simultaneous hematopoietic cell (HCT)/kidney transplantation from HLA-identical related donors for the treatment of hematological malignancies with end-stage renal failure. We have now extended this to HLA-haploidentical donors in a pilot trial. Six recipients, 5 of whom were conditioned with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and total-body irradiation, underwent combined HCT/kidney transplantation from haploidentical donors; graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis included post-HCT cyclophosphamide, tacrolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil. One patient died as a result of complications of fludarabine neurological toxicity. No neurological toxicity was observed in subsequent patients who received lower fludarabine doses and more intense postfludarabine dialysis. There were no cases of grade 2 to 4 acute GVHD and 1 case of moderate chronic GVHD by 12 months. One patient experienced relapse of multiple myeloma at 30 months after HCT and died 4 years posttransplantation. Overall, 4 of 6 patients remain alive, without disease relapse and with long-term renal rejection–free survival. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01758042.

Summary We performed a retrospective study analysing the effect of sorafenib, an oral fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3 (FLT3)/multikinase inhibitor, as post-transplant maintenance in adult patients with FLT3-internal tandem duplication (ITD) acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). We identified consecutive patients with FLT3-ITD AML diagnosed between 2008 and 2014 who received haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) in first complete remission (CR1). Post-HCT initiation of sorafenib (yes/no) was evaluated as a time-varying covariate in the overall survival/progression-free survival (OS/PFS) analysis and we performed a landmark analysis of controls alive without relapse at the median date of sorafenib initiation. We identified 26 sorafenib patients and 55 controls. Median follow-up was 27·2 months post-HCT for sorafenib survivors, and 38·4 months for controls (P = 0·021). The median time to initiating sorafenib was 68 days post-HCT; 43 controls were alive without relapse at this cut-off. Sorafenib patients had improved 2-year OS in the d+68 landmark analysis (81% vs. 62%, P = 0·029). Sorafenib was associated with improved 2-year PFS (82% vs. 53%, P = 0·0081) and lower 2-year cumulative incidence of relapse (8·2% vs. 37·7%, P = 0·0077). In multivariate analysis, sorafenib significantly improved OS [Hazard ratio (HR) 0·26, P = 0·021] and PFS (HR 0·25, P = 0·016). There was no difference in 2-year non-relapse mortality (9·8% vs. 9·3%, P = 0·82) or 1-year chronic graft-versus-host disease (55·5% vs. 37·2%, P = 0·28). These findings suggest potential benefit of post-HCT sorafenib in FLT3-ITD AML, and support further evaluation of post-HCT FLT3 inhibition.

Introduction Synchronous involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) at the diagnosis of systemic non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is associated with an increased risk for relapse despite complete remission to initial therapy. High-dose chemotherapy with a CNS-directed conditioning regimen followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) holds promise as a consolidative approach. Patients and Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of all patients with systemic B-cell NHL and synchronous CNS involvement who received upfront consolidation with high-dose chemotherapy with thiotepa, busulfan, cyclophosphamide, and ASCT while in first complete remission between July 2008 and June 2016 at 2 partner academic institutions. Results Twenty patients were identified through the transplant database. The median age at diagnosis was 53 years (range, 37-65 years). The majority had diffuse large B-cell lymphoma histology (n = 17; 85%). The sites of CNS involvement were parenchymal (n = 12; 60%) and leptomeningeal disease (n = 9; 45%). All patients received systemic and CNS-directed therapy prior to transplant, with the most common approaches being R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and prednisolone) (n = 13; 65%) and high-dose intravenous methotrexate (n = 16; 80%), respectively. With a median follow up of 4.4 years after ASCT (range, 2 months-8.5 years), the Kaplan-Meier estimates of 4-year progression-free and overall survival were 77% (95% confidence interval, 48%-91%) and 82% (95% confidence interval, 54%-94%), respectively. Conclusion CNS-directed high-dose chemotherapy and ASCT provides durable remission for patients with synchronous aggressive lymphoma and should be strongly considered as consolidative therapy for eligible patients with systemic NHL with CNS involvement in first complete remission.

Background Electronic 270° transverse-array EUS (TA-EUS) provides high-quality cross-sectional images but cannot guide FNA. Linear EUS (L-EUS) provides longitudinal images of malignancies and the ability to guide FNA. Objective We conducted a prospective randomized comparison of TA-EUS and L-EUS for the staging of upper-GI (UGI) malignancies. Design Forty-three patients underwent L-EUS immediately followed by TA-EUS (N = 27, 63%) or TA-EUS immediately followed by L-EUS (N = 16, 37%). Patients Forty-three subjects (mean age, 64 years; 37 men) with an UGI malignancy (4 stomach and 38 esophageal) were evaluated with both TA-EUS and L-EUS. Interventions Abnormal lymph nodes were sampled by FNA for cytology. Results There was agreement on the T stage by linear and radial techniques in 38 of 43 subjects (88%). Twenty-seven of 43 patients (63%) had abnormal lymph nodes by linear or transverse-array imaging. L-EUS demonstrated 66 abnormal lymph nodes in 27 subjects (average of 2.4 nodes/subject). TA-EUS demonstrated 90 abnormal lymph nodes in 27 subjects (average of 3.3 nodes/subject, P = .009, compared with L-EUS). In 16 of the 27 subjects, an FNA was performed, which was positive in 13 cases (81%) and negative in 3 cases (10%) for malignancy. Conclusions TA-EUS and L-EUS provide similar results of T staging of UGI malignancies. However, the number of abnormal lymph nodes detected by TA-EUS was more than by L-EUS. These findings suggest that radial or transverse-array EUS imaging should be the primary method for staging of UGI malignancies.

Background Photodynamic therapy of pancreatic cancer by using percutaneously placed light catheters has been reported. The feasibility and safety of EUS-guided photodynamic therapy of the pancreas was studied in a porcine model. Methods After injection of porfimer sodium, a 19-gauge needle was inserted into the pancreas, the liver, the spleen, and the kidney under EUS guidance. A small diameter quartz optical fiber was passed through the EUS needle and used to illuminate the tissue with laser light. The tissue response to photodynamic therapy was examined. Results Localized tissue necrosis was achieved in all organs, without significant complication. There was no significant difference in inflammation induced by photodynamic therapy within the various organs. Conclusions EUS-guided photodynamic therapy is a safe and simple technique that can induce small areas of focal tissue ablation within the liver, the pancreas, the kidney, and the spleen, and potentially could be used to treat a variety of benign and malignant conditions.