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The authors would also like to acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation, specifically the Arctic Social Sciences Program, and RANNIS (The Icelandic Center for Research). Archaeological records provide a unique source of direct data on long-term human-environment interactions and samples of ecosystems affected by differing degrees of human impact. Distributed long-term datasets from archaeological sites provide a significant contribution to establish local, regional, and continental-scale environmental baselines and can be used to understand the implications of human decision-making and its impacts on the environment and the resources it provides for human use. Deeper temporal environmental baselines are essential for resource and environmental managers to restore biodiversity and build resilience in depleted ecosystems. Human actions are likely to have impacts that reorganize ecosystem structures by reducing diversity through processes such as niche construction. This makes data from archaeological sites key assets for the management of contemporary and future climate change scenarios because they combine information about human behavior, environmental baselines, and biological systems. Sites of this kind collectively form Distributed Long-term Observing Networks of the Past (DONOP), allowing human behavior and environmental impacts to be assessed over space and time. Behavioral perspectives are gained from direct evidence of human actions in response to environmental opportunities and change. Baseline perspectives are gained from data on species, landforms, and ecology over timescales that long predate our typically recent datasets that only record systems already disturbed by people. And biological perspectives can provide essential data for modern managers wanting to understand and utilize past diversity (i.e., trophic and/or genetic) as a way of revealing, and potentially correcting, weaknesses in our contemporary wild and domestic animal populations. Postprint

Craniotomy, cranioplasty, and craniofacial procedures may involve reoperation for additional treatment of the primary pathological condition or treatment of complications, requiring removal of previously placed hardware. During removal of the titanium hardware, there is a risk of losing, dropping, or misplacing the titanium screws because of their small size. There are also instances of difficulty disengaging the screw from the screwdriver. We describe the use of a plastic specimen cup in retrieving titanium screws after detaching them from the screwdriver by screwing the screw into the cup, thus rapidly and safely securing and storing screws for collection/discarding or possible reuse. When the empty screwdriver is used to retrieve and unscrew the titanium screw from the cranial flap or the skull bone, a plastic specimen cup should be placed adjacent to the site of screw removal. Once the screw is removed, while it is still fastened to the screwdriver, it is immediately re-screwed and secured onto the base of the plastic specimen cup, which is then placed into a second plastic specimen cup. This method prevents misplacement or dropping of the screw that may otherwise occur when manipulating the screw on or off the screwdriver and avoids perforating the surgeon’s glove during handling. We describe the adjunctive use of a plastic specimen cup when removing cranial screws and hardware to rapidly and safely detach the screw and prevent the misplacement, dropping, or loss of screws intraoperatively that results in additional operative time and personnel assistance.

Most Ugandans live in rural, medically underserved communities where geography and poverty lead to reduced access to healthcare. We present a novel low-cost approach for supplemental primary care financing through 1) pooling community wealth to cover overhead costs for outreach clinic activities and 2) issuing microfinance loans to motorcycle taxi entrepreneurs to overcome gaps in access to transportation. The intervention described here, which leverages community participation as a means to extend the reach of government health service delivery, was developed and implemented by Health Access Connect (HAC), a non-governmental organization based in Uganda. HAC began its work in August 2015 in the Lake Victoria region and now serves over 40 sites in Uganda across 5 districts, helping government health-care workers to provide over 1,300 patient services per month (and over 35,000 since the program’s inception) with an average administrative cost of $6.24 per patient service in 2020. In this article, we demonstrate how integrated and appropriately resourced monthly outreach clinics, based on a microfinance-linked model of wealth pooling and government cooperation, can expand the capacity of government-provided healthcare to reach more patients living in remote communities. This scalable, sustainable, and flexible model is responsive to shifting needs of patients and health systems and presents an alternative approach to healthcare financing in low-resource settings. More rigorous evaluation of health outcomes stemming from such community-based models of service delivery is warranted.

This article combines new marine fish faunal data from medieval and early modern Icelandic archaeological sites with previously published data that focused primarily on the Settlement and Commonwealth periods. This synthesis places these new data into the larger scale of Icelandic history and marine conditions (sea-surface temperature and sea ice) to identify patterns and trends across the last 1000 years of the relationship between humans and Icelandic cod populations. We find no direct correlation between zooarchaeological patterns and sea ice or storminess in the medieval period and a possible correlation in the early modern period. We argue that this suggests a nuanced relationship between changing climates and fishing patterns in Icelandic history. While changes in sea temperature and periods of increased storminess might have made fishing productivity more variable and at times more dangerous, it is only in the early modern period that we see change in the marine zooarchaeological record that might indicate a correlation. Instead, we contend that the impacts of the changing climate relative to marine resources were mediated by social, political, economic, and even technological variables.

JavaScript is used everywhere from the browser to the server, including desktops and mobile devices. However, the current state of the art in JavaScript static analysis lags far behind that of other languages such as C and Java. Our goal is to help remedy this lack. We describe JSAI, a formally specified, robust abstract interpreter for JavaScript. JSAI uses novel abstract domains to compute a reduced product of type inference, pointer analysis, control-flow analysis, string analysis, and integer and boolean constant propagation. Part of JSAI's novelty is user-configurable analysis sensitivity, i.e., context-, path-, and heap-sensitivity. JSAI is designed to be provably sound with respect to a specific concrete semantics for JavaScript, which has been extensively tested against a commercial JavaScript implementation. We provide a comprehensive evaluation of JSAI's performance and precision using an extensive benchmark suite, including real-world JavaScript applications, machine generated JavaScript code via Emscripten, and browser addons. We use JSAI's configurability to evaluate a large number of analysis sensitivities (some well-known, some novel) and observe some surprising results that go against common wisdom. These results highlight the usefulness of a configurable analysis platform such as JSAI.

This paper presents the results of a consensus-driven process identifying 50 priority research questions for historical ecology obtained through crowdsourcing, literature reviews, and in-person workshopping. A deliberative approach was designed to maximize discussion and debate with defined outcomes. Two in-person workshops (in Sweden and Canada) over the course of two years and online discussions were peer facilitated to define specific key questions for historical ecology from anthropological and archaeological perspectives. The aim of this research is to showcase the variety of questions that reflect the broad scope for historical-ecological research trajectories across scientific disciplines. Historical ecology encompasses research concerned with decadal, centennial, and millennial human-environmental interactions, and the consequences that those relationships have in the formation of contemporary landscapes. Six interrelated themes arose from our consensus-building workshop model: (1) climate and environmental change and variability; (2) multi-scalar, multi-disciplinary; (3) biodiversity and community ecology; (4) resource and environmental management and governance; (5) methods and applications; and (6) communication and policy. The 50 questions represented by these themes highlight meaningful trends in historical ecology that distill the field down to three explicit findings. First, historical ecology is fundamentally an applied research program. Second, this program seeks to understand long-term human-environment interactions with a focus on avoiding, mitigating, and reversing adverse ecological effects. Third, historical ecology is part of convergent trends toward transdisciplinary research science, which erodes scientific boundaries between the cultural and natural.

Giant cell tumors are an uncommon neoplasm; most are found in the long bones, formed by endochondral ossification. This article presents a case of giant cell tumor of the infratemporal fossa, which by radiographic and clinical examination appears to have originated in the squamous portion of the temporal bone.

Indium tin oxide (ITO) is a commercially important transparent conductive material commonly used in antistatic and transparent electrode applications. Its optical, electronic and environmental properties are affected by the degree of crystallinity and grain size. Thus determination of the grain size is an important factor in developing a stable, repeatable ITO process. Grain measurement is typically accomplished by x-ray diffraction or electron microscopy. Electron microscopy of ITO films is difficult because electron beam heating of the samples can cause recrystallization. X-ray diffraction is not commonly available to most process engineers and data analysis can be cumbersome if film stress is present. Thus we looked at optical techniques that were compatible with our existing measurements and equipment to determine grain size.