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Occupational stress has increased in higher education academic staff over several decades, and this has been particularly acute in Australia and New Zealand. This scoping review sought to understand the causes and impacts of occupational stress among Australian and New Zealand academics. Eight EBSCO databases were searched for key terms: academic and occupational stress and Australia and New Zealand. Twenty relevant papers were sourced, from which five common themes were extracted: (i) balancing an academic workload, (ii) casualisation of the workforce, (iii) the managerialism phenomenon, (iv) transition from field of practice to academia, and (v) academic and other staff. Further research in the Australian and New Zealand context is required to identify the nature of specific stressors and how these impact health and well-being.

Drought is one of the main limitations of agricultural productivity and food security, in Andean mountain. The use of atmospheric nitrogen-fixing rhizobia in symbiosis with legumes, and tolerant to a wide range of adverse conditions, such as drought, is a great potential in sustainable agriculture. The aim of this review is to compile studies about drought stress effect on the legume-rhizobia symbiosis and rhizobia mechanisms to induce drought tolerance in legumes. The search for information was conducted from August to December 2020, using key terms. The drought effect on the nodulation and atmospheric nitrogen fixation process is made known, as well as the rhizobia ability to synthesize exopolysaccharides, enzymes, phytohormones, siderophores, osmolytes and solubilize phosphates as induction mechanisms to mitigate drought stress in legumes. This review will serve to propose future research using rhizobia to mitigate the drought effect on the legumes cultivation in environments such as the Andean mountains.

Background: Honeymoon is a vacation trip that is usually done by newly married couples to celebrate their wedding. The most beautiful moment awaited by newlywed couples, where everything still looks beautiful and sweet like honey . This study aimed to explore married women’s experience of their sexual desire during their honeymoon periods . Methods: The researcher conducted this qualitative study on six eligible married women who met the requirements for reproductive age . Data were collected using semi structured–interviews and analyzed using thematic methods. All of the participants in this study were obtained through purposive sampling. After being conducted, each interview was transcribed verbatim and read several times to achieve the sense of the whole and then, the key terms were highlighted as codes. After the initial classification of the codes, categories and themes gradually appeared. Results: a theme w as found and divided into two categories :1) passionate and emotional sexual desires;2) Spontaneous and sensitiv e sexual desires Conclusions: During their honeymoon period, the majority of women experienced sexual desire that is spontaneous, sensitive or easily rises when stimulated, hence its getting more excited, and often this sexual desire even being so selfish and emotional, especially at their 'first night'. Keywords: experiences, honeymoon, qualitative research, sexual desire, women

Passive mechanical tissue properties are major determinants of myocardial contraction and relaxation and, thus, shape cardiac function. Tightly regulated, dynamically adapting throughout life, and affecting a host of cellular functions, passive tissue mechanics also contribute to cardiac dysfunction. Development of treatments and early identification of diseases requires better spatio-temporal characterisation of tissue mechanical properties and their underlying mechanisms. With this understanding, key regulators may be identified, providing pathways with potential to control and limit pathological development. Methodologies and models used to assess and mimic tissue mechanical properties are diverse, and available data are in part mutually contradictory. In this review, we define important concepts useful for characterising passive mechanical tissue properties, and compare a variety of in vitro and in vivo techniques that allow one to assess tissue mechanics. We give definitions of key terms, and summarise insight into determinants of myocardial stiffness in situ. We then provide an overview of common experimental models utilised to assess the role of environmental stiffness and composition, and its effects on cardiac cell and tissue function. Finally, promising future directions are outlined.

O presente estudo tem o objetivo de identificar na literatura os instrumentos utilizados para avaliação da rede e do apoio social. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, com pesquisa no Portal da Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (BVS), por meio de descritores: “apoio social” e “rede social” e os termos chave “rede de apoio” e “instrumento”, o cruzamento dos descritores e dos termos chave foi realizado empregando o operador booleano “AND”. Foram inclusos dez artigos completos em português, publicados entre 2015-2019, que contemplavam os critérios de inclusão e a questão norteadora desta pesquisa. Foram identificados os seguintes instrumentos: questionário adaptado utilizado no estudo de Sant’ana e D’elboux, Medical Outcomes Study (MOS), Instrumento de Medida da Rede e Apoio Social, Modelo Calgary de Avaliação de Família (MCAF), Instrumento pré-elaborado com base no MCAF, entrevistas semiestruturadas e observação participante, com registro em diário de campo, utilizados por De Oliveira e colaboradores, Formulário adaptado utilizado por Marchetti, Próspero e Vendruscolo, Instrumento utilizado por Vilela, Arreguy-Sena e Pinto, Instrumento adaptado por Morais, Ribeiro e Paes, Instrumento sociodemográfico adaptado e estratégia de Situações Estruturadas de Investigação (SEI) e Entrevista semiestruturada do estudo de Borges e colaboradores. A avaliação da rede e do apoio social é importante para o profissional da saúde identificar elementos que podem participar do processo de cuidado do paciente, incluir fatores protetores, aumentar adesão ao tratamento e fornecer um cuidado integral, centrado no paciente e em sua rede, com a criação de planos terapêuticos específicos sendo, dessa forma, necessária a identificação de instrumentos de avaliação. Palavras-chave: Apoio Social. Rede Social. Rede de Apoio. Abstract This study aims to identify in the literature the instruments used to evaluate the network and social support. This is an integrative review, with research on the Virtual Health Library (VHL) Portal, using the keywords "social support" and "social network" and the key terms "support network" and "instrument", the crossing descriptors and key terms were performed using the Boolean operator “AND”. 10 full articles in Portuguese, published between 2015-2019, were included, which included the inclusion criteria and the guiding question of this research. The following instruments were identified: Adapted questionnaire used in the study of Sant'ana and D'elboux, Medical Outcomes Study (MOS), Network Measurement and Social Support Instrument, Calgary Family Assessment Model (MCAF), pre-elaborated instrument based on the MCAF, semi-structured interviews and participant observation, recorded in a field diary, used by De Oliveira and collaborators, Form adapted used by Marchetti, Próspero and Vendruscolo, Instrument used by Vilela, Arreguy-Sena and Pinto, Instrument adapted by Morais, Ribeiro e Paes, Adapted sociodemographic instrument and Structured Investigative Situations (SEI) strategy and Semi-structured interview in the study by Borges and collaborators. The evaluation of the network and social support is important for the health professional to identify elements that can participate in the patient care process, include protective factors, increase adherence to treatment and provide comprehensive care, centered on the patient and his or her network, with the creation of specific therapeutic plans, thus requiring the identification of assessment instruments. Keywords: Social Support. Social Network. Support Network.

Aim: Pharmaceutical healthcare is a process comprising knowledge-intensive tasks. Therefore the tools used in the management of knowledge are gaining more attention. This paper aims to investigate knowledge management systems, their implementation, tools used for decision making. Method: We have used three databases to research the knowledge management system in the pharmaceutical healthcare sector. PubMed, Google Scholar and journal websites were used for the search of the required key terms. Result: After analyzing the data, it was found that the effective utilization of knowledge management systems in the pharmaceutical health care sector has increased the quality of care. There are many opportunities; some create new advances in health care, and some even create barriers. All these help in clinical decision support. Conclusion: Right decision at the right time is made by evidence-based decisions in the healthcare sector. A knowledge management system is paramount in the pharmaceutical healthcare sector. Implementation of appropriate tools will significantly enhance the quality of care.

Although personal identities influence teaching and learning and the field of mathematics education is committed to equity and diversity for all learners, sexual minorities have been neglected in mathematics education research. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to call for research on sexual identity in mathematics education. I first define key terms and their relationships. Next, I discuss how students’ sexual identity relates to school experiences and outcomes. I then summarize existing research on sexual identity and STEM/mathematics education. Finally, I recommend research on sexual identity and mathematics education that can advance our field in a continued commitment to equitable mathematics teaching and learning.

Pediatric intestinal failure (PIF) is a relatively rare disease entity that requires focused interdisciplinary care and specialized nutrition management. There has long been a lack of consensus in the definition of key terms related to PIF because of its rarity and a plethora of small studies rather than large trials. As such, the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) PIF Section, composed of clinicians from a variety of disciplines caring for children with intestinal failure, is uniquely poised to provide insight into this definition void. This document is the product of an effort by the Section to create evidence-based consensus definitions, with the goal of allowing for appropriate comparisons between clinical studies and measurement of long-term patient outcomes. This paper has been approved by the ASPEN Board of Directors.

The article examines the formation process of the scientific field of performance studies in Ukraine since the second half of the 20th century. Analytical and synthetic methods are used based on papers by A. Bakanurskyi, D. Honcharenko, T. Hridyayeva, N. Khoma, O. Kochubeinyk, L. Komarnytska, T. Kornieieva, O. Lachko, N. Marenych, I. Nechytalyuk, M. Pashkevich , Yu. Pochynok, Ya. Shumska and I. Yatsyk. The article is part of wider research on the key terms and concepts in poetry performance theory discussed in the publication Introduction to Ukrainian Poetry Performance Theory. The History of Performance Theory. It is considered to be the case that the majority of Ukrainian scientists tend to borrow views on both performance theory and key aspects of performance history from their North American and West-European colleagues.

This review focuses on the efficacy of herbal medicines for managing dyspepsia in humans and animals. Searches were conducted on the PubMed, Science Direct, and Medline databases, for publications in the last 3 years. In each database, the search terms used consisted of the 2 key terms describing the disorder and subtypes plus each of the terms relating to the therapy. The key terms used were “natural product” and “medicinal plant” in a cross-over with “dyspepsia” and “functional dyspepsia” (i.e., gastroprotection, Helicobacter pylori infection, prokinetic). We included all human and animal studies on the effects of herbal medicines reporting the key outcome of dyspepsia symptoms. Preclinical studies using critically validated models showed that most medicinal plants with gastroprotective action had antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antisecretory effects. Moreover, several species displayed anti Helicobacter pylori and prokinetic efficacy. The data availability of controlled clinical studies is currently minimal. The use of different methodologies and the minimal number of patients raise doubts about the effects of these preparations. Only adequate clinical trials with scientifically validated methods can determine whether different herbal medicines can be used as viable alternatives to the conventional pharmacological treatments used to control dyspepsia symptoms.

We looked at existing recommendations and supporting evidence on the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in infancy for reducing vitamin D deficiency and for preventing rickets and infections. We also looked at optimal dose of vitamin D and the age until which vitamin D supplementation is beneficial.We conducted a literature search up to the 17th of July 2019 by using key terms and manual search in selected sources. We summarized the recommendations and the strength of the recommendation when and as reported by the authors. We summarized the main findings of systematic reviews with the certainty of the evidence as reported.A daily dose of 400 international units of vitamin D in infants has shown to be effective for improving bone health and preventing rickets. Evidence is more robust in groups of infants and children at risk. Vitamin D supplementation is well tolerated, and not associated with toxicity. Higher doses have not shown to add benefit while it could potentially cause toxic blood levels and hypercalcemia. Adequate levels of vitamin D might not be achieved with lower daily doses. Universal vitamin D supplementation starting shortly after birth, regardless of the mode of feeding and until 12 months of age, is strongly recommended. Beyond 12 months of age vitamin D supplementation is recommended only in groups of children at risk.

Although cancer survival rates are improving, pediatric patients with cancer still face numerous stressors. Using an integrative approach, a literature review was conducted to identify stressors and synthesize effective coping strategies among pediatric patients with cancer. The CINAHL® Complete, ProQuest, and PubMed® databases were searched for relevant studies using key terms. Eight studies were included in the final analysis. Three factors contributing to everyday stressors of pediatric patients with cancer and four major coping categories were identified.

This is a contribution towards a history and philosophy of modeling in its early stages in electromagnetism. In 1873, James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) hinted at the methodology of modeling at the end of his Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. We focus on Maxwell's impact on physicists who immediately followed him, specifically Oliver Lodge (1851–1940) and George Francis FitzGerald (1851–1901). We begin with the role that the scientific concept of model played in the late nineteenth century, as assessed by Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906). We then discuss the role of hypothesis as a methodology, the appeal to (dynamical) illustration, and the way Maxwell applied model and working model in his studies of electromagnetism. We show that for Maxwell these key terms were kept distinct, but Lodge did not maintain these distinctions and, in this regard, FitzGerald followed Lodge. Notwithstanding Lodge's influence, Fitzgerald modified Maxwell's theory based on the mechanical model he designed, thereby implicitly taking the first step towards modeling. This methodology consists in drawing consequences from the (mechanical) model to the (electrodynamic) theory and modifying the latter in light of the functioning of the former. At the core of our argument is the thesis that it was a methodological novelty to move from the concept of model to the methodology of modeling. The introduction of modeling as a new methodology into physics in the late nineteenth century was a major event which deserves proper recognition.

Background: Shin splint is one of the most common sports injuries after strenuous exercise. Kinesiology taping (KT) is a popular noninvasive remedy used in sports-related disorders, with the potential effects of relieving pain, facilitating proprioception, modulating muscle activation and correcting abnormal movement patterns. However, the exact efficacy of KT on shin splints is still unknown, and previous findings are inconsistent. Hence, this study aimed to conduct a systematic review to evaluate the current status of relevant evidence on its efficacy. Methods: The review was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines, and a systematic search of the literature was conducted in December 2020. Electronic databases, Embase, Scopus, Medline, Web of Science, PubMed and Biomed Central were searched for the identification of pertinent studies with pre-defined key terms on shin splints and KT. Results: Four studies with a total sample size of 141 participants were included and analyzed. Two studies had within-subject designs, whereas the other two were randomized clinical trials. Although the positive results of KT were reported by the studies, methodological quality varied from poor to moderate according to the Physiotherapy Evidence Database Scale or Non-Randomized Studies-of Interventions. Conclusion: In conclusion, this review revealed that the efficacy of KT on shin splints remains not clear. Evidence that supports its effectiveness in individuals with shin splints is currently limited. Further studies with good methodological quality and study design are warranted.

Colorism is a form of discrimination based on skin tone wherein people with light(er) complexions are advantaged over those with dark(er) ones. In this review, we define key terms, explore colorism as an individual and structural phenomenon, and identify some predominant themes in the existing scholarship on colorism. We review three case studies of contemporary uses and ramifications of colorism in order to encourage scholars to engage with this important field. These case studies are skin tone’s impact on U.S. politics, “transraciality,” the appropriation of skin tone, and finally, the global skin lightening industry. While the first two are mostly focused on the United States, the third enables an appreciation of the global dynamics of colorism, and links back to the national and regional contextual politics of skin tone.

A panel of imaging experts was assembled to review neovascular age-related macular degeneration optical coherence tomography angiography descriptors published to date, and test agreement on use of these terms, which was found to be low. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) has been used to identify and characterize macular neovascularization (MNV) secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 Many studies have explored OCTA morphological features of MNV that might serve as biomarkers to assess disease activity and response to treatment. 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 The proliferation of studies however has resulted in an OCTA terminology that has been variable and inconsistent. To address inconsistency of nomenclature and allow harmonization, a multidisciplinary panel of retinal imaging experts with a history of relevant research contributions to the field was assembled with the purpose of reviewing published terminology and to recommend a reduced list of key terms pertinent to OCTA. The group was called UNICORN, because of its ultimate goal of generating a UNIfied COmmentary of the committee of inteRnational experts on the nomenclature for Neovascular AMD in OCTA. In this report we describe the first steps, which included a review of OCTA descriptors of neovascular AMD (nAMD) published to date, and an exercise that tested agreement of these terms among retinal imaging experts. Prior to the first UNICORN meeting, a non-systematic review of the literature was performed, using the search terms “optical coherence tomography angiography” or “OCT angiography” or “OCT-A”, AND “neovascular macular degeneration” or “neovascular age-related macular degeneration” or “neovascular AMD” or “nAMD” or “wet age-related macular degeneration” or “wet AMD” or “wet ARMD”. A dictionary of OCTA descriptors relating to the features of MNV in AMD was generated and circulated to the panel.

The concept of ecosystem service (ES) was originally developed to illustrate the benefits that natural ecosystems generate for society and to raise awareness for biodiversity and ecosystem conservation. In recent years, geographical information system (GIS) has become a powerful tool for mapping (ES) within a landscape, which visualizes spatial and temporal patterns and changes in ecosystems and their services.Mapping (ES) is necessary for the progress of strategies that will guarantee their future supply and to support the policies in a more effective way. The comprehensive literature review were conducted from international databases such as Elsevier, Springer, Wiley, and Google Scholar. We used the key terms including ‘mapping’, ‘maps’, ‘ES or ecosystem service, ‘ecosystem functions’, ‘landscape functions’, ‘evaluation of ES’, and ‘assessment of services’. in order to identify mapping ecosystem services and their challenges and opportunities. In total, 65 research papers were found firstly, which 34 of them were selected for reviewing. The most mportant challenges are insuffieicnet generation of ES in the context of managed systems, need to estimate associations among indicators of (ES) incomplete understanding of the nature of associations among services, and the lack of a general numerical outline to address these relations.

????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???. ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????.?? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????.????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????(TQM)? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ????? ???? ?????? ???????? (TQM) ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????. ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????. Abstract The changes within globalization are very dynamic and difficult to be predicted. For this reason it requires an organization or institution to provide maximum service. In this, Indonesia should be prepared for different strategies in various working areas. One of them is the implementation of Integrated Quality Management or also known as Total Quality Management (TQM). There are many key terms related to the study of Total Quality Management such as joint improvement and quality improvement i.e. continuous quality improvement. In this research, the researcher focuses on how to analyze Total Quality Management (TQM) in operational management witihin the Arabic language course Al-Azhar. This study aimed to determine the extent of applying TQM in the Al-Azhar course in improving the quality of students. This study implemented the qualitative research. To collect data, the researcher used interviews, notes, field notes, and documentation which includes personal documents, official documents, and data sources. The results of this study suggested that the floral cycle Barry carried out the total quality management in some of these ways such as; first, the customer value strategy, providing value to customers including product characteristics, delivery methods, and services; secondly, the organizational systems theory, focusing on providing value to customers; third, the theory of quality improvement, emphasizing on how to deal with the constantly changing external environment, especially the changing tastes of customers.

PurposeThis research was to understand people's perceptions and trends in wearable robots and the research questions were as follows: (1) investigating key terms related to wearable robots that were frequently used by and exposed to people and (2) analyzing relationships among those key terms.Design/methodology/approachTextom, a big data collection and analysis software system, was used to collect data using the keyword – wearable robot.FindingsThe frequency-inverse document frequency, term frequency and central analyses were investigated, and the major key terms related to wearable robots and their connectivity were identified. After performing network analysis and convergence of iterated correlations analyses using UCINET and NetDraw programs, the major key term categories were identified.Originality/valueIt is important to understand how people think and perceive about wearable robots before developing wearable robots. The results of the research are expected to be helpful to better understand how people perceive and what key terms are mainly discussed by people in both countries and ultimately help when developing wearable robots with better market targeting approach methods.

For more than one half-century, variability observed in clinical test result measurements has been ascribed to three major independent factors: (i) pre-analytical variation, occurring at sample collection and processing steps; (ii) analytical variation of the test method for which measurements are taken, and; (iii) biological variation (BV). Appreciation of this last source of variability is the major goal of this review article. Several recent advances have been made to generate, collate, and utilize BV data of biomarker tests within the clinical laboratory setting. Consideration of both prospective and retrospective study designs will be addressed. The prospective/direct study design will be described in accordance with recent recommendations discussed in the framework of a newly-developed system of checklist items. Potential value of retrospective/indirect study design, modeled on data mining from cohort studies or pathology laboratory information systems (LIS), offers an alternative approach to obtain BV estimates for clinical biomarkers. Moreover, updates to BV databases have made these data more current and widely accessible. Principal aims of this review are to provide the clinical laboratory scientist with a historical framework of BV concepts, to highlight useful applications of BV data within the clinical laboratory environment, and to discuss key terms and concepts related to statistical treatment of BV data.

Introduction: Despite advances in medical care, heart failure (HF)-associated morbidity and mortality remains high. Consequently, there is increased effort to find better ways for predicting, screening, and prognosticating HF in order to facilitate effective primary and secondary prevention.Areas covered: In this review, we describe the various biomarkers associated with different etiologic pathways implicated in HF, and discuss their roles in screening, diagnosing, prognosticating and predicting HF. We explore the emerging role of multi-omic approaches. We performed electronic searches in databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) through December 2020, using the following key terms: biomarker, novel, heart failure, risk, prediction, and estimation.Circulating BNP and troponin concentrations have been established in clinical care as key biomarkers for diagnosing and prognosticating HF. Emerging biomarkers (such as galectin-3 and ST-2) have gained further recognition for use in evaluating prognosis of HF patients. Promising biomarkers that are yet to be part of clinical recommendations include biomarkers of cardiorenal disease.Expert opinion: Increasing recognition of the complex and interdependent nature of pathophysiological pathways of HF has led to the application of multi-marker approaches including multi-omic high throughput assays. These newer approaches have the potential for new therapeutic discoveries and improving precision medicine in HF.

Introduction: The WHO has stated that about 50% of the world lacks access to secure and continuous supply of electricity, heavily impacting the healthcare industry in these countries. Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) can be a low cost-efficient energy source capable of powering medical devices in low-income countries. Due to the components and impurities found in saliva, this biofluid can behave like an electrolyte and a viable fuel source to power the MFC. With this capability, saliva has the potential to power micro-gadgets with microbial fuel cells capable of degrading the components of saliva. Thus, this study explores saliva’s potential to act as a fuel source to power microbial fuel cells within medical diagnosis devices. Methods: A systematic review was conducted through primary and secondary research articles exploring and comparing the use of saliva as an energy source compared to other biofluids. Key terms focused for meta-analyses include: ‘semiconductors’, ‘saliva’, ‘microbial fuel cells’, ‘point-of-care’. Results: Previous research has discovered that lysozyme enzymes present in saliva can create an electrical charge that can successively power biomedical devices. Researchers have also created paper-based batteries containing frozen exoelectrogenic cells, powered by the bacterial degradation of human spit. Saliva has been demonstrated to contain similar biomarkers to urine, a successful diagnostic biofluid, and can therefore be used as a diagnostic biofluid as well. Discussion: Given saliva’s capabilities, a hypothetical diagnostic device powered using saliva as the biofluid, was designed. Bacteria break down the saliva, allowing protons to travel from the anode to the cathode resulting in electricity. It was determined that graphite would be the most cost-efficient and energy producing electrode material for the device. In addition, this electricity that is produced will power the diagnostic device attached. Conclusion: Saliva can act as a fuel source, capable of powering diagnostic devices using microbial fuel cells with saliva. These properties can be beneficial to many people who do not have access to preliminary diagnosis. This can result in immediate treatment and help prevent further spread of diseases, vital for those in low-income countries. Broad scale applications of using saliva can be directed towards exterior lighting systems and powering larger medical devices.

من العوارض التي تطرأ على الأمم الأوبئة، ولما کان لها تأثير بالغ على حياة الفرد والمجتمع، کان للفقهاء قديما وحديثا الحظ الوافر في بيان الأحکام المتعلقة بها، ومن الأوبئة المعاصرة التي نزلت بالعالم أجمع وباء کورونا، وذلک على خلاف الأوبئة القديمة التي کانت تحل في مکان دون آخر، وقد کان لهذا الوباء أثر کبير في شتى الأبواب الفقهية، ولما کانت صلاة الجمعة والجماعة عصب حياة المسلم، وبها تسمو الأمة؛ آثرت أن يکون عنوان البحث الفيروسات الوبائية وأثرها على الجمع والجماعات ( فيروس کورونا إنموذجا)، وجعلت البحث في مقدمة، وتمهيد، وثلاثة مباحث، وخاتمة، وفهرس، أما المقدمة فاشتملت على الافتتاح بما يتناسب مع الموضوع، وسبب اختياري له، والدراسات السابقة، وخطة البحث، وأما التمهيد فاشتمل على التعريف بمصطلحات البحث، وسبل الوقاية من الفيروس، وأما المبحث الأول فتناولت فيه حکم تعطيل الجمع والجماعات وغلق المساجد والتأصيل الفقهي له، والمبحث الثاني فاشتمل على حکم صلاة الجمعة في البيوت وحکم صلاة الجمعة خلف المذياع والتأصيل الفقهي لذلک، وأما المبحث الثالث فاشتمل علي حکم تباعد المصلين والتأصيل الفقهي له، وأما الخاتمة فاشتملت على نتائج البحث وتوصياته، وأما الفهارس فاشتملت على الفهارس المتنوعة للبحث. Among the emergencies that occur to nations are the epidemics, and since they have a great impact on the life of the individual and the society, jurists, past and present, have extensively explained the religious rulings related to such emergencies. Yet, the pandemic that has swept the whole world today, COVID-19, is different from the old pandemics that were limited to certain localities. This pandemic has a great impact on various jurisprudential topics. And since the Friday and other congregational prayers are the backbone of a Muslim’s life, being a source of elevation for the nation, I chose it as a topic of discussion as manifested in the title. This study is made up of a preface, an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, and a list of the works cited. While the preface covers the background, the reason for selecting the topic, a literature review, and a research plan, the introduction introduces definitions of key terms, and ways to prevent the viral infections. The first chapter then deals with the religious ruling on non-observing Friday and other congregational prayers, closing mosques, and the juristic grounds underlying such steps. The second chapter covers the ruling on performing Friday prayer at home individually or following the prayer as broadcast through the radio. This also involves a study of jurisprudential rationale behind respective rulings. The third chapter investigates the ruling on keeping social distances in congregational prayers, and its jurisprudential rationale. As for the conclusion, it contains the findings and recommendations of the study, followed by a list of the works cited, and then an index.

To clarify the psychosocial and behavioral factors related to women’s sexual pleasure. Methods: A search was conducted on EBSCO and Web of Science databases using the key terms “female sexual pleas...

Resumen Introducción. El estudio del aprendizaje colaborativo mediado por internet se popularizó a partir de los años 90, cuando el uso de las mediaciones tecnológicas soportadas por internet evidenció que se podría aprender colaborando con la mediación del computador. Los desarrollos posteriores revisaron cómo las tecnologías favorecían los procesos de aprendizaje y de qué manera la colaboración podía ser incorporada en la educación en la modalidad virtual. Objetivo. Establecer líneas de estudio no exploradas que pueden contribuir al desarrollo de posteriores trabajos sobre el aprendizaje colaborativo en procesos de educación superior mediado por internet. Análisis. Se analizaron 225 documentos publicados en revistas indexadas en SCOPUS entre 1995 y 2018. Con la ayuda del paquete bibliometrix en el entorno R se estimó el comportamiento de las publicaciones en la franja de tiempo señalada, las áreas del conocimiento en las que más se publica sobre el tema, los documentos más relevantes por su número de citaciones, así como los énfasis temáticos asumidos en los estudios analizados, mediante redes de coocurrencia de términos clave definidos por las autorías. Resultados . Los resultados reflejan dispersión en la investigación sobre el tema, presumiblemente por la tendencia a desarrollar estudios aislados por disciplinas, orientados en su mayoría al análisis de la efectividad de herramientas tecnológicas y de entornos para favorecer el aprendizaje, sobre los resultados individuales, más no los grupales. Conclusiones. El aprendizaje colaborativo mediado por internet requiere ser estudiado en estudios interdisciplinares, además necesita ser estructurado, diseñado y enseñado en los programas de educación superior, ya que las herramientas tecnológicas son apoyos que median en el proceso de aprendizaje colaborativo, no son el fin del proceso educativo. Abstract Introduction. The study of collaborative learning mediated by the Internet became popular in the 1990s when the use of technological mediations, supported by the Internet, showed that learning could be possible by collaborating with the computer’s mediation. Later developments reviewed how technologies favored learning processes and how collaboration could be incorporated into virtual mode education. Objective. To establish unexplored study lines that can contribute to further works on collaborative learning in higher education processes mediated through the Internet. Analysis. It was conducted on 225 documents published in journals indexed in SCOPUS between 1995 and 2018. The use of the bibliometrix package in the R environment help to analyze the behavior of the publications in the indicated time frame, the areas of knowledge in which more is published about the topic, the most relevant documents due to their number of citations, and the thematic emphasis assumed in the studies analyzed; the analysis was carried out through networks of co-occurrence of key terms defined by the authors. Results. The results reflect dispersion in the research on the subject, presumably due to the tendency to develop isolated studies by disciplines, mostly oriented to analyzing the effectiveness of technological tools and environments to favor learning, on individual results but not group ones. Conclusions. Collaborative learning mediated through the Internet requires to be studied in interdisciplinary studies. It also needs to be structured, designed, and taught in higher education programs since technological tools are the support of the collaborative learning process, not the end of the educational process. Resumo Introdução. O estudo da aprendizagem colaborativa mediada pela internet popularizou-se a partir dos anos 90, quando o uso de mediações tecnológicas, apoiadas pela internet, mostraram que ela poderia ser aprendida colaborando com a mediação do computador. Desenvolvimentos posteriores revisaram como as tecnologias favoreciam os processos de aprendizagem e como a colaboração poderia ser incorporada à educação no modo virtual. Objetivo. Estabelecer linhas de estudo inexploradas que possam contribuir para o desenvolvimento de trabalhos subsequentes sobre aprendizagem colaborativa em processos de ensino superior mediados pela Internet. Análise. Foram analisados 225 documentos publicados em periódicos indexados no SCOPUS entre 1995 e 2018. Com o auxílio do pacote bibliometrix no ambiente R, estimou-se o comportamento das publicações no intervalo de tempo indicado, áreas do conhecimento em que mais existem publicação sobre o tema, os documentos mais relevantes pelo número de citações, bem como pela ênfase temática assumida nos estudos analisados, por meio de redes de coincidências de termos-chave definidos pelos autores. Resultados. Os resultados refletem dispersão nas pesquisas sobre o tema, provavelmente devido à tendência de desenvolver estudos isolados por disciplinas, em sua maioria voltados para a análise da eficácia de ferramentas e ambientes tecnológicos para favorecer a aprendizagem, em resultados individuais, mas não em grupos. Conclusões. A aprendizagem colaborativa mediada pela Internet requer um estudo interdisciplinar, mas também precisa ser estruturada, desenhada e ministrada em programas de Ensino Superior, uma vez que as ferramentas tecnológicas são suportes que medeiam o processo de aprendizagem colaborativa, e não o fim do processo educacional.

This article delivers an original analysis of an Austrian controversy between Rothbard and Kirzner about the relationship between entrepreneurship and capital ownership: in real-world markets, must the entrepreneur be a capitalist or not? The two authors were opposed to each other on that issue. Here, we will take a new look at existing literature by proposing a review of the key terms used in the debate. The thesis we defend here is that Rothbard and Kirzner were suffering from a mutual conceptual misunderstanding. Thus, taking an original view aims to steer the debate to a positive outcome and to reconsider the Austrian relationship between entrepreneurship, ownership and exploitation of capital.

John Rawls thinks republicanism is compatible with his political liberalism. Philip Pettit insists that the two conflict in important ways. In this paper, I make sense of this dispute by employing David Chalmers’s method of elimination to reveal the meaning underlying key terms in Rawls’s political liberalism and Pettit’s republicanism. This procedure of disambiguating terms will show how the two theories defend the same institutional arrangement on the same grounds. The procedure thus vindicates Rawls’s view of the two theories being compatible. The reason for this compatibility is that both theories are politicized—that is, they are constructed to attract the compliance of all reasonable members of a modern, pluralistic society.

The complexity of neoplasia and its treatment are a challenge to the formulation of general criteria that are applicable across solid cancers. Determining the number of prior lines of therapy (LoT) is critically important for optimising future treatment, conducting medication audits, and assessing eligibility for clinical trial enrolment. Currently, however, no accepted set of criteria or definitions exists to enumerate LoT. In this article, we seek to open a dialogue to address this challenge by proposing a systematic and comprehensive framework to determine LoT uniformly across solid malignancies. First, key terms, including LoT and ‘clinical progression of disease’ are defined. Next, we clarify which therapies should be assigned a LoT, and why. Finally, we propose reporting LoT in a novel and standardised format as LoT N (CLoT + PLoT), where CLoT is the number of systemic anti-cancer therapies (SACT) administered with curative intent and/or in the early setting, PLoT is the number of SACT given with palliative intent and/or in the advanced setting, and N is the sum of CLoT and PLoT. As a next step, the cancer research community should develop and adopt standardised guidelines for enumerating LoT in a uniform manner.

The cosmeceutical industry is a multi-billion dollar, consumer-driven market. Products promise highly desirable anti-aging benefits, but are not subject to regulation. We present an introduction to cosmeceuticals for the general and cosmetic dermatologist, including definitions and explanations of key terms, an approach to the evidence base, a dissection of chamomile and green tea, two paradigmatic cosmeceutical products, and a window into the underlying psychology of this vast marketplace.

The field of humour studies has developed its own system of terms for designating its research objects. However, disputes about the boundaries of the concepts and their relationship within the terminological system are not uncommon. Along with the English terminological inventory there exist terminologies developed within other languages. The paper discusses key terms of humour studies in the Russian and English languages. Seven Russian terms – ‘комическое ’, ‘юмор ’, ‘ирония ’, ‘шутка ’, ‘анекдот ’, ‘насмешка ,’ and ‘подшучивание ’ and six English terms – ‘the comic’, ‘humour’, ‘irony’, ‘(canned) joke’, ‘mocking,’ and ‘banter’ are described. By looking at dictionary entries, definitions suggested by researchers and contexts in which the words are used as terms, the authors describe their general and terminological meanings and analyse differences of the two terminologies. Though the Russian and English terms originate from the same Greek and Latin words, there are significant differences in the traditions of their usage as scholarly terms. These differences cause difficulties which arise when it comes to translation of Russian texts into English and vice versa.