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International audience; Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) worldwide and intimately linked to aging. This pathology is characterized by chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, gradual accumulation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) particles and fibrous elements in focal areas of large and medium arteries. These fibrofatty lesions in the artery wall become progressively unstable and thrombogenic leading to heart attack, stroke or other severe heart ischemic syndromes. Elevated blood levels of LDL are major triggering events for atherosclerosis. A cascade of molecular and cellular events results in the atherosclerotic plaque formation, evolution, and rupture. Moreover, the senescence of multiple cell types present in the vasculature were reported to contribute to atherosclerotic plaque progression and destabilization. Classical therapeutic interventions consist of lipid-lowering drugs, anti-inflammatory and life style dispositions. Moreover, targeting oxidative stress by developing innovative antioxidant agents or boosting antioxidant systems is also a well-established strategy. Accumulation of senescent cells (SC) is also another important feature of atherosclerosis and was detected in various models. Hence, targeting SCs appears as an emerging therapeutic option, since senolytic agents favorably disturb atherosclerotic plaques. In this review, we propose a survey of the impact of inflammation, oxidative stress, and senescence in atherosclerosis; and the emerging therapeutic options, including thioredoxin-based approaches such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-atherogenic strategy with promising potential of senomodulation.

International audience; Aims: Oxidative stress and inflammation play a pathogenic role in atherosclerosis. Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) is an anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory protein with atheroprotective effects. However, in vivo cleavage of Trx-1 generates a truncated pro-inflammatory protein, Trx-80, which compromises the therapeutic use of Trx-1. Here we analysed whether the thioredoxin-mimetic peptide (TxMP), CB3 might exert anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and atheroprotective effects in ApoE2.Ki mice.Methods and results: We synthesized a small TxMP, Ac-Cys-Pro-Cys-amide, CB3 and characterized its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on cultured peritoneal murine macrophages. CB3 significantly and dose-dependently reduced the level of reactive oxygen species in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-activated macrophages. In addition, it efficiently lowered LPS-induced inflammatory process through NF-κB inhibition, as evidenced by the reduced secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α by macrophages. Nevertheless, CB3 did not affect cholesterol accumulation in macrophages. A daily-administered dose of 10 µg/g body weight CB3 to ApoE2.Ki mice on high fat diet did not affect plasma of total cholesterol and triglycerides levels but significantly reduced the plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-33 and TNF-α) and oxidative markers. In contrast, it significantly induced the plasma levels of anti-inflammatory proteins (adiponectin, IL-10). In addition, CB3 reduced the number of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages in spleen and decreased the ratio of M1/M2 macrophages in atherosclerotic lesion areas. Finally, CB3 significantly reduced the surface area of aortic lesions.Conclusions: Our results clearly showed that similar to the full length Trx-1, CB3 exerts protective effects, by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in macrophages and in ApoE2.Ki mice. The atheroprotective effect of CB3 opens promising therapeutic approaches for treatment of atherosclerosis.

Background: Thioredoxin (TRX)-1, a ubiquitous 12-kDa protein, exerts antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In contrast, the truncated form, called TRX80, produced by macrophages induces upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines. TRX80 also promotes the differentiation of mouse peritoneal and human macrophages toward a proinflammatory M1 phenotype. Methods: TRX1 and TRX80 plasma levels were determined with a specific ELISA. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein (ADAM)-10, ADAM-17, and ADAM-10 activities were measured with SensoLyte 520 ADAM10 Activity Assay Kit, Fluorimetric, and InnoZyme TACE Activity Kit, respectively. Western immunoblots were performed with specific antibodies to ADAM-10 or ADAM-17. Angiogenesis study was evaluated in vitro with human microvascular endothelial cells-1 and in vivo with the Matrigel plug angiogenesis assay in mice. The expression of macrophage phenotype markers was investigated with real-time polymerase chain reaction. Phosphorylation of Akt, mechanistic target of rapamycin, and 70S6K was determined with specific antibodies. The effect of TRX80 on NLRP3 inflammasome activity was evaluated by measuring the level of interleukin-1β and -18 in the supernatants of activated macrophages with ELISA. Hearts were used for lesion surface evaluation and immunohistochemical studies, and whole descending aorta were stained with Oil Red O. For transgenic mice generation, the human scavenger receptor (SR-A) promoter/enhancer was used to drive macrophage-specific expression of human TRX80 in mice. Results: In this study, we observed a significant increase of plasma levels of TRX80 in old subjects compared with healthy young subjects. In parallel, an increase in expression and activity of ADAM-10 and ADAM-17 in old peripheral blood mononuclear cells compared with those of young subjects was observed. Furthermore, TRX80 was found to colocalize with tumor necrosis factor-α, a macrophage M1 marker, in human atherosclerotic plaque. In addition, TRX80 induced the expression of murine M1 macrophage markers through Akt2/mechanistic target of rapamycin–C1/70S6K pathway and activated the inflammasome NLRP3, leading to the release of interleukin-1β and -18, potent atherogenic cytokines. Moreover, TRX80 exerts a powerful angiogenic effect in both in vitro and in vivo mouse studies. Finally, transgenic mice that overexpress human TRX80 specifically in macrophages of apoE −/− mice have a significant increase of aortic atherosclerotic lesions. Conclusions: TRX80 showed an age-dependent increase in human plasma. In mouse models, TRX80 was associated with a proinflammatory status and increased atherosclerosis.

Vascular cells are particularly susceptible to oxidative stress that is believed to play a key role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders. Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) is an oxidative stress-limiting protein with anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. In contrast, its truncated form (Trx-80) exerts pro-inflammatory effects. Here we analyzed whether Trx-80 might exert atherogenic effects by promoting macrophage differentiation into the M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype. Trx-80 at 1 µg/ml significantly attenuated the polarization of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages induced by exposure to either IL-4 at 15 ng/ml or IL-4/IL-13 (10 ng/ml each) in vitro, as evidenced by the expression of the characteristic markers, CD206 and IL-10. By contrast, in LPS-challenged macrophages, Trx-80 significantly potentiated the differentiation into inflammatory M1 macrophages as indicated by the expression of the M1 cytokines, TNF-α and MCP-1. When Trx-80 was administered to hyperlipoproteinemic ApoE2.Ki mice at 30 µg/g body weight (b.w.) challenged either with LPS at 30 µg/30 g (b.w.) or IL-4 at 500 ng/30 g (b.w.), it significantly induced the M1 phenotype but inhibited differentiation of M2 macrophages in thymus and liver. When ApoE2.Ki mice were challenged once weekly with LPS for 5 weeks, they showed severe atherosclerotic lesions enriched with macrophages expressing predominantly M1 over M2 markers. Such effect was potentiated when mice received daily, in addition to LPS, the Trx-80. Moreover, the Trx-80 treatment led to a significantly increased aortic lesion area. The ability of Trx-80 to promote differentiation of macrophages into the classical proinflammatory phenotype may explain its atherogenic effects in cardiovascular diseases. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 1577–1583, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Thioredoxin (TRX)-1, a ubiquitous 12-kDa protein, exerts antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In contrast, the truncated form, called TRX80, produced by macrophages induces upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines. TRX80 also promotes the differentiation of mouse peritoneal and human macrophages toward a proinflammatory M1 phenotype.TRX1 and TRX80 plasma levels were determined with a specific ELISA. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein (ADAM)-10, ADAM-17, and ADAM-10 activities were measured with SensoLyte 520 ADAM10 Activity Assay Kit, Fluorimetric, and InnoZyme TACE Activity Kit, respectively. Western immunoblots were performed with specific antibodies to ADAM-10 or ADAM-17. Angiogenesis study was evaluated in vitro with human microvascular endothelial cells-1 and in vivo with the Matrigel plug angiogenesis assay in mice. The expression of macrophage phenotype markers was investigated with real-time polymerase chain reaction. Phosphorylation of Akt, mechanistic target of rapamycin, and 70S6K was determined with specific antibodies. The effect of TRX80 on NLRP3 inflammasome activity was evaluated by measuring the level of interleukin-1β and -18 in the supernatants of activated macrophages with ELISA. Hearts were used for lesion surface evaluation and immunohistochemical studies, and whole descending aorta were stained with Oil Red O. For transgenic mice generation, the human scavenger receptor (SR-A) promoter/enhancer was used to drive macrophage-specific expression of human TRX80 in mice.In this study, we observed a significant increase of plasma levels of TRX80 in old subjects compared with healthy young subjects. In parallel, an increase in expression and activity of ADAM-10 and ADAM-17 in old peripheral blood mononuclear cells compared with those of young subjects was observed. Furthermore, TRX80 was found to colocalize with tumor necrosis factor-α, a macrophage M1 marker, in human atherosclerotic plaque. In addition, TRX80 induced the expression of murine M1 macrophage markers through Akt2/mechanistic target of rapamycin-C1/70S6K pathway and activated the inflammasome NLRP3, leading to the release of interleukin-1β and -18, potent atherogenic cytokines. Moreover, TRX80 exerts a powerful angiogenic effect in both in vitro and in vivo mouse studies. Finally, transgenic mice that overexpress human TRX80 specifically in macrophages of apoETRX80 showed an age-dependent increase in human plasma. In mouse models, TRX80 was associated with a proinflammatory status and increased atherosclerosis.

International audience; Intraperitoneal injection of arglabin (2.5 ng/g of body weight, twice daily, 13 weeks) into female human apolipoprotein E-2 gene knock-in (ApoE(2)Ki) mice fed a high-fat Western-type diet (HFD) reduced plasma levels of glucose and insulin by similar to 20.0% +/- 63.5% and by 50.0% +/- 2.0%, respectively, in comparison with vehicle-treated mice. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the absence of active caspase-3 in islet sections from ApoE(2)Ki mice fed a HFD and treated with arglabin. In addition, arglabin reduced interleukin-1 beta(IL-1 beta) production in a concentration-dependent manner in Langerhans islets isolated from ApoE(2)Ki mice treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and with cholesterol crystals. This inhibitory effect is specific for the inflammasome NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) because IL-1 beta production was abolished in Langerhans islets isolated from Nlrp3(-/-) mice. In the insulin-secreting INS-1 cells, arglabin inhibited, in a concentration-dependent manner, the maturation of pro-IL-1 beta into biologically active IL-1 beta probably through the inhibition of the maturation of procaspase-1 into active capsase-1. Moreover, arglabin reduced the susceptibility of INS-1 cells to apoptosis by increasingBcl-2 levels. Similarly, autophagy activation by rapamycin decreased apoptosis susceptibility while autophagy inhibition by 3-methyladenin treatment promoted apoptosis. Arglabin further increased the expression of the autophagic markers Bcl2-interacting protein (Beclin-1) and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 II (LC3-II) in a concentration-dependent manner. Thus, arglabin reduces NLRP3-dependent inflammation as well as apoptosis in pancreatic beta-cells in vivo and in the INS-1 cell line in vitro, whereas it increases autophagy in cultured INS-1 cells, indicating survival-promoting properties of the compound in these cells. Hence, arglabin may represent a new promising compound to treat inflammation and type 2 diabetes mellitus development.

In response to the letter of Drs Takahashi and Karasawa, we thought it might be of interest to open the debate about the mechanism by which arglabin, a natural compound isolated from Artemisia glabella , inhibits cholesterol crystal–induced activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in murine macrophages. In the March 2015 online issue of Circulation 1 we evaluated the impact of arglabin on cholesterol crystal–mediated NLRP3 activation in cultured murine macrophages and in ApoE2.Ki mice fed a high-fat diet. We showed that both Nlrp3 knockout and inhibition of NLRP3 activation by the compound arglabin significantly decreased the size of atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE2.Ki mice fed a high-fat diet. At the molecular level, arglabin inhibited the activity of the NLRP3 inflammasome and significantly reduced the subsequent production of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 18 in vitro …

International audience; Secretory Phospholipase A2 of type IIA (sPLA2 IIA) plays a crucial role in the production of lipid mediators by amplifying the neointimal inflammatory context of the vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), especially during atherogenesis. Phenformin, a biguanide family member, by its anti-inflammatory properties presents potential for promoting beneficial effects upon vascular cells, however its impact upon the IL-1β-induced sPLA2 gene expression has not been deeply investigated so far. The present study was designed to determine the relationship between phenformin coupling AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) function and the molecular mechanism by which the sPLA2 IIA expression was modulated in VSMCs. Here we find that 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribonucleotide (AICAR) treatment strongly repressed IL-1β-induced sPLA2 expression at least at the transcriptional level. Our study reveals that phenformin elicited a dose-dependent inhibition of the sPLA2 IIA expression and transient overexpression experiments of constitutively active AMPK demonstrate clearly that AMPK signaling is involved in the transcriptional inhibition of sPLA2-IIA gene expression. Furthermore, although the expression of the transcriptional repressor B-cell lymphoma-6 protein (BCL-6) was markedly enhanced by phenformin and AICAR, the repression of sPLA2 gene occurs through a mechanism independent of BCL-6 DNA binding site. In addition we show that activation of AMPK limits IL-1β-induced NF-κB pathway activation. Our results indicate that BCL-6, once activated by AMPK, functions as a competitor of the IL-1β induced NF-κB transcription complex. Our findings provide insights on a new anti-inflammatory pathway linking phenformin, AMPK and molecular control of sPLA2 IIA gene expression in VSMCs.

Background— This study was designed to evaluate the effect of arglabin on the NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition and atherosclerotic lesion in ApoE 2 Ki mice fed a high-fat Western-type diet. Methods and Results— Arglabin was purified, and its chemical identity was confirmed by mass spectrometry. It inhibited, in a concentration-dependent manner, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, but not IL-6 and IL-12, production in lipopolysaccharide and cholesterol crystal–activated cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages, with a maximum effect at ≈50 nmol/L and EC 50 values for both cytokines of ≈ 10 nmol/L. Lipopolysaccharide and cholesterol crystals did not induce IL-1β and IL-18 production in Nlrp3 −/− macrophages. In addition, arglabin activated autophagy as evidenced by the increase in LC3-II protein. Intraperitoneal injection of arglabin (2.5 ng/g body weight twice daily for 13 weeks) into female ApoE 2 .Ki mice fed a high-fat diet resulted in a decreased IL-1β plasma level compared with vehicle-treated mice (5.2±1.0 versus 11.7±1.1 pg/mL). Surprisingly, arglabin also reduced plasma levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides to 41% and 42%, respectively. Moreover, arglabin oriented the proinflammatory M1 macrophages into the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype in spleen and arterial lesions. Finally, arglabin treatment markedly reduced the median lesion areas in the sinus and whole aorta to 54% ( P =0.02) and 41% ( P =0.02), respectively. Conclusions— Arglabin reduces inflammation and plasma lipids, increases autophagy, and orients tissue macrophages into an anti-inflammatory phenotype in ApoE 2 .Ki mice fed a high-fat diet. Consequently, a marked reduction in atherosclerotic lesions was observed. Thus, arglabin may represent a promising new drug to treat inflammation and atherosclerosis.

Objective: We examined the arterial phenotype of semicarbazide-sensitive amine-oxidase null mouse (SSAO −/−) using various techniques including high resolution echotracking. Methods and results: SSAO −/− mice showed no change in arterial pressure under anesthesia. The in vivo arterial diameter, only measured in the carotid artery (CA), was higher in SSAO −/− than in SSAO +/+ animals. Elastic modulus–wall stress curves and CA rupture pressure were similar between SSAO −/− and +/+ mice, indicating no change in arterial wall stiffness or mechanical strength. There was no significant difference in insoluble elastin, total collagen content and elastic lamellar morphology between the two genotypes. No alteration in vascular reactivity was observed in aortic rings and mesenteric arteries from SSAO −/− mice. Aortic lysyl oxidase (LO) activity remained unaltered, indicating that SSAO invalidation is not accompanied by a compensatory increase in LO activity. Conclusion: This is the first functional study of arteries lacking SSAO. Our results indicate that SSAO −/− mice present an increased arterial diameter associated with normal arterial mechanical properties, suggesting that SSAO deficiency might contribute to arterial wall remodeling. However, these results argue against the hypothesis that SSAO intervenes in elastic fibre organization, elastin cross-linking processes and vasoreactivity.

Lysyl oxidases (Lox), which are members of the amine oxidase family, are involved in the maturation of elastic lamellae and collagen fibers. Modifications of amine oxidases in idiopathic annulo-aortic ectasia disease (IAAED) have never been investigated. Our aim was to examine the expression of several proteins that might interfere with elastic fiber organization in control ( n = 10) and IAAED ( n = 18) aortic tissues obtained at surgery. Expression of amine oxidases and semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO), and cellular phenotypic markers were examined by immunohistopathology and confocal microscopy. The expression of these proteins was assessed in relation to clinical and histomorphological features of the arterial wall. In control aorta, SSAO staining was expressed along elastic lamellae, whereas in aneurysmal areas of IAAED, SSAO was markedly decreased, in association with severe disorganization of elastic lamellae. Smooth muscle myosin heavy chain was also decreased in IAAED compared with controls, indicating smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation. Multiple regression analysis showed that elastic lamellar thickness (ELT) was correlated positively with the SSAO: elastin ratio and negatively with the Lox: elastin ratio, and that the clinical features of IAAED (aneurysm, thoracic aorta diameter, and aortic insufficiency) were positively correlated with ELT but not with SSAO. The relationship between SSAO expression and ELT suggests that this amine oxidase may be involved in elastic fiber organization. However, in advanced IAAED, the deficit in SSAO expression could be secondary to the decrease and fragmentation of elastic fibers and/or to vascular smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation.

The widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has radically transformed the prognosis of HIV-infected patients in the developed countries. Unfortunately, a serious metabolic syndrome combining peripheral lipoatrohy, central adiposity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia has arisen in these individuals. The etiology of this heterogeneous syndrome named lipodystrophy syndrome (LDS) is multifactorial, but adipose tissue is very likely a key factor that contributes to several clinical or metabolic aspects of the syndrome. In peripheral adipose tissue, HAART may act on both preadipocytes and adipocytes to induce fat loss. Several components of the HAART regimen can inhibit preadipocyte differentiation, in particular through alterations in the expression and/or function of the transcription factor sterol responsive element binding protein-1c. In superficial mature adipocytes, HAART promotes insulin resistance and apoptosis. Insulin resistance of peripheral fat cells could be the consequence of increased lipolysis and adipocytokine dysregulation. In turn, the increased free fatty acid disposal and the disturbances in adipocytokine production may induce skeletal muscle and liver insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and a fat redistribution toward deep depots, causing visceral lipohypertrophy. The metabolic profile observed in LDS is reminiscent of that observed in metabolic syndrome, raising potential implications for cardiovascular risk in these patients. The pathophysiological mechanisms at the basis of this syndrome represent a rational basis for the treatment or prevention of the metabolic complications.

A serious metabolic syndrome combining insulin-resistance, dyslipidemia, central adiposity, and peripheral lipoatrophy has arisen in HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. The aim of this work was to examine the effects of the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) efavirenz on adipocyte differentiation and metabolism. When induced to differentiate in the presence of efavirenz (5-50 microm), 3T3-F442A preadipocytes failed to accumulate cytoplasmic triacylglycerol droplets. This phenomenon was rapidly reversible and was also readily detectable in the 3T3-L1 preadipose cell line and in primary cultures of human preadipocytes. When applied to mature 3T3-F442A adipocytes, efavirenz induced a delayed and moderate reduction in cell triglyceride content. Measurement of [(3)H]deoxyglucose uptake, basal and agonist-stimulated lipolysis, and cell viability indicated that these pathways are not involved in efavirenz effects on triacylglycerol accumulation. By contrast, we found that the NNRTI induced a dramatic dose- and time-dependent decrease in gene and protein expression of the lipogenic transcription factor sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c). Adipose conversion was only altered at the highest efavirenz concentrations, as suggested by the mild reduction in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-alpha. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-beta remained unchanged. The inhibition of SREBP-1c expression was accompanied by a sharp reduction in the expression of SREBP-1c target genes and in the adipocyte lipogenic activity in efavirenz-treated cells. Finally, the inhibitory effect of efavirenz on cell triglyceride accumulation was prevented by directly providing free fatty acids to the cells and was reversed by overexpression of a dominant positive form of SREBP-1c, reinforcing the implication of this transcription factor in the antilipogenic effect of the drug. When considered together, these results demonstrate for the first time that the NNRTI efavirenz induces a strong inhibition of the SREBP-1c-dependent lipogenic pathway that might contribute to adipose tissue atrophy.

Cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) derived from rat aortic media were used to examine semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) expression during their differentiation process. In a defined serum-free medium permissive for in vitro VSMC differentiation, there was a large increase in SSAO mRNA and protein levels and in the related enzyme activity during the course of cell culture. This pattern of expression was concomitant with that of some smooth muscle–specific mRNA markers of differentiation. mRNAs in differentiated cultured VSMCs were comparable to those detected in total aorta and media. Pharmacological properties of SSAO present in VSMCs were similar to enzyme activities previously described in the aortic wall. In this model, we also demonstrated that methylamine, a physiological substrate of SSAO, activated 2-deoxyglucose transport in a time- and dose-dependent manner. This methylamine effect was reproduced by other SSAO substrates and was prevented by the SSAO inhibitor semicarbazide. It was antagonized in the presence of catalase, suggesting that SSAO-activated glucose transport was mediated through H2O2production. In addition, methylamine promoted glucose transporter 1 accumulation at the cell surface. Thus, we demonstrate for the first time the differentiation-dependent expression of SSAO in VSMCs and its role in the regulation of VSMC glucose uptake.

Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) is an amine oxidase related to the copper-containing amine oxidase family. The tissular form of SSAO is located at the plasma membrane, and is mainly expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells and adipocytes. Recent studies have suggested that SSAO could activate glucose transport in fat cells. In the present work, we investigated the potential role of a chronic SSAO activation on adipocyte maturation of the 3T3-L1 pre-adipose cell line. Exposure of post-confluent 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes to methylamine, a physiological substrate of SSAO, promoted adipocyte differentiation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. This effect could be related to SSAO activation, since it was antagonized in the presence of the SSAO inhibitor semicarbazide, but not in the presence of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor pargyline. In addition, methylamine-induced adipocyte maturation was mimicked by 3T3-L1 cell treatment with other SSAO substrates. Finally, the large reversion of methylamine action by catalase indicated that hydrogen peroxide generated by SSAO was involved, at least in part, in the modulation of adipocyte maturation. Taken together, our results suggest that SSAO may contribute to the control of adipose tissue development.

The beta3-adrenergic receptor (beta3-AR) exerts a central role in the transduction of catecholamine effects in white and brown adipose tissue (WAT and BAT). A recent report has documented that insulin strongly down-regulates beta3-AR expression and catecholamine responsiveness in 3T3-F442A adipocytes [Fève, El Hadri, Quignard-Boulangé and Pairault (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 5677-5681]. In the present report we show that the rise in plasma insulin levels elicited by the fasted/fed transition is associated with a reduction in beta3-AR mRNA levels and beta-adrenergic responsiveness in WAT and BAT. beta3-AR transcripts are also decreased in adipose tissue from animals subjected for 6 h to euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic glucose clamps. Moreover, insulin acts directly on cultured rat white and brown adipocytes to decrease beta3-AR gene expression and adenylate cyclase activity in response to beta3-AR-selective agonists. These results suggest that there is a close relationship between food intake, plasma insulin levels and beta3-AR expression.

International audience; The thioredoxin (Trx) system comprises Trx, truncated Trx (Trx-80), Trx reductase, and NADPH, besides a natural Trx inhibitor, the thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP). This system is essential for maintaining the balance of the cellular redox status, and it is involved in the regulation of redox signaling. It is also pivotal for growth promotion, neuroprotection, inflammatory modulation, antiapoptosis, immune function, and atherosclerosis. As an ubiquitous and multifunctional protein, Trx is expressed in all forms of life, executing its function through its antioxidative, protein-reducing, and signal-transducing activities. In this review, the biological properties of the Trx system are highlighted, and its implications in several human diseases are discussed, including cardiovascular diseases, heart failure, stroke, inflammation, metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases, arthritis, and cancer. The last chapter addresses the emerging therapeutic approaches targeting the Trx system in human diseases. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 19, 1266-1303.

International audience; Macrophages play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. These cells express cathepsin L (CatL), a cysteine protease that has been implicated in atherogenesis and the associated arterial remodeling. In addition, macrophages highly express peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ, a transcription factor that regulates numerous genes important for lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, for glucose homeostasis, and inflammation. Hence, PPARγ might affect macrophage function in the context of chronic inflammation such as atherogenesis. In the present study, we examined the effect of PPARγ activation on the expression of CatL in human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM). Activation of PPARγ by the specific agonist GW929 concentration-dependently increased the levels of CatL mRNA and protein in HMDM. By promoter analysis, we identified a functional PPAR response element-like sequence that positively regulates CatL expression. In addition, we found that PPARγ-induced CatL promotes the degradation of Bcl2 without affecting Bax protein levels. Consistently, degradation of Bcl2 could be prevented by a specific CatL inhibitor, confirming the causative role of CatL. PPARγ-induced CatL was found to decrease autophagy through reduction of beclin 1 and LC3 protein levels. The reduction of these proteins involved in autophagic cell death was antagonized either by the CatL inhibitor or by CatL knockdown. In conclusion, our data show that PPARγ can specifically induce CatL, a proatherogenic protease, in HMDM. In turn, CatL inhibits autophagy and induces apoptosis. Thus, the proatherogenic effect of CatL could be neutralized by apoptosis, a beneficial phenomenon, at least in the early stages of atherosclerosis.

International audience; In several neurodegenerative diseases of the CNS, oligodendrocytes are implicated in an inflammatory process associated with altered levels of oxysterols and inflammatory enzymes such as secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2). In view of the scarce literature related to this topic, we investigated oxysterol effects on these myelinating glial cells. Natural oxysterol 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OH; 1 and 10 muM) altered oligodendrocyte cell line (158N) morphology and triggered apoptosis (75% of apoptosis after 72 h). These effects were mimicked by 22(S)-OH (1 and 10 muM) which does not activate liver X receptor (LXR) but not by a synthetic LXR ligand (T0901317). Therefore, oxysterol-induced apoptosis appears to be independent of LXR. Interestingly, sPLA2 type IIA (sPLA2-IIA) over-expression partially rescued 158N cells from oxysterol-induced apoptosis. In fact, 25-OH, 24(S)-OH, and T0901317 stimulated sPLA2-IIA promoter and sPLA2 activity in oligodendrocyte cell line. Accordingly, administration of T0901317 to mice enhanced sPLA2 activity in brain extracts by twofold. Short interfering RNA strategy allowed to establish that stimulation of sPLA2-IIA is mediated by pregnane X receptor (PXR) at high oxysterol concentration (10 muM) and by LXR beta at basal oxysterol concentration. Finally, GC coupled to mass spectrometry established that oligodendrocytes contain oxysterols and express their biosynthetic enzymes, suggesting that they may act through autocrine/paracrine mechanism. Our results show the diversity of oxysterol signalling in the CNS and highlight the positive effects of the LXR/PXR pathway which may open new perspectives in the treatment of demyelinating and neurodegenerative diseases.

We thank Weissen-Plenz et al1 for their interesting insight into a role of the proinflammatory cytokine granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in the maturation of vascular elastic fibers.2 This consists, for the most part, of the action of lysyl oxidase. However, the authors suggest that other inflammatory mediators, like GM-CSF, in relation to semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO), are involved in the …

The inflammation that occurs during atherosclerosis is characterized by the release of large amounts of group IIA secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA). This study was designed to define the function of the three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) on sPLA2 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). We found that PPAR ligands decreased sPLA2-IIA activity and inhibited mRNA accumulation under inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, interleukin-1beta-induced sPLA2-IIA promoter activity was inhibited by the three PPAR ligands and in a similar way when cells were cotransfected with PPARalpha, PPARbeta, or PPARgamma, plus retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRalpha). Our study revealed that the regulation of sPLA2-IIA gene transcription by PPARalpha/RXR and PPARgamma/RXR heterodimers requires an interaction with a PPAR response element (PPRE) of the sPLA2-IIA promoter. In contrast, PPARbeta operates through a PPRE-independent mechanism. In addition, we demonstrated that VSMCs expressed the transcriptional repressor BCL-6. Overexpression of BCL-6 markedly reduced sPLA2-IIA promoter activity in VSMCs, while a dominant negative form of BCL-6 abrogated sPLA2 repression by PPARbeta. The PPARbeta agonist induced a BCL-6 binding to the sPLA2 promoter in VSMCs under inflammatory conditions. The knockdown of BCL-6 by short interfering RNA abolished the inhibitory effect of the PPARbeta ligand on sPLA2 activity and prostaglandin E2 release. Thus, the inhibition of sPLA2-IIA activity by PPARbeta agonists may provide a promising approach to impacting the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis.

Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO)–deficient mice present no alteration in elastin cross-linking processes and carotid mechanical properties. In contrast, previous studies have shown that SSAO inhibitors induced marked anomalies in arterial structure and function. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of semicarbazide (SCZ), an efficient SSAO inhibitor, on the arterial phenotype of the carotid artery in relation to modulation of SSAO and lysyl oxidase activities in growing rats. We first show that after 6 weeks of SCZ treatment (100 mg/kg per day), SSAO activity was reduced by 90%, whereas lysyl oxidase activity was only partially inhibited (

Membrane-associated semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) is mainly present in the media of aorta and in adipose tissue. Recent works have reported that SSAO activation can stimulate glucose transport of fat cells and promote adipose conversion. In this study, the murine 3T3-L1 preadipose cell line was used to investigate SSAO regulation by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a cytokine that is synthesized in fat cells and known to be involved in obesity-linked insulin resistance. SSAO mRNA and protein levels, and enzyme activity were decreased by TNF-alpha in a dose- and time-dependent manner, without any change of SSAO affinity for substrates or inhibitors. SSAO inhibition caused by TNF-alpha was spontaneously reversed along the time after TNF-alpha removal. The decrease in SSAO expression also occurred in white adipose tissue of C57BL/6 mice treated with mTNF-alpha. Overall, we demonstrated that reduction in SSAO expression induced by the cytokine had marked repercussions on amine-stimulated glucose transport, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This effect was more pronounced than the inhibiting effect of TNF-alpha on insulin-stimulated glucose transport. Moreover, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists thiazolidinediones did not reverse either TNF-alpha effect on amine-sensitive glucose transport or the inhibition of SSAO activity, whereas they antagonized TNF-alpha effects on insulin-sensitive glucose transport. These results demonstrate that TNF-alpha can strongly down-regulate SSAO expression and activity, and through this mechanism can dramatically reduce amine-stimulated glucose transport. This suggests a potential role of this regulatory process in the pathogenesis of glucose homeostasis dysregulations observed during diseases accompanied by TNF-alpha overproduction, such as cachexia or obesity.

Modulation of beta-adrenoreceptor expression by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was investigated in murine 3T3-F442A adipocytes. TNF-alpha treatment of mature adipocytes decreased beta3-adrenoreceptor mRNA content in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, with a 8.5-fold decrease observed after a 6-h exposure to 300 pM TNF-alpha. beta1-Adrenoreceptor mRNA abundance was slightly decreased by TNF-alpha treatment, while beta2-adrenoreceptor mRNA levels were potently induced (6-fold increase at 6 h). (-)-[125I]Iodocyanopindolol saturation and competition binding experiments indicated that TNF-alpha induced a 2-fold decrease in beta3-adrenoreceptor number, a nonsignificant reduction in beta1-subtype population, and a approximately 4.5-fold increase in beta2-adrenoreceptor density. This correlated with a lower EC50 value measured for epinephrine in stimulating adenylyl cyclase, whereas the EC50 value for norepinephrine increased. Nuclear run-on assays on isolated nuclei and mRNA stability measurements showed that TNF-alpha increased both beta2-adrenoreceptor gene transcription and beta2-adrenoreceptor mRNA half-life, while beta1- and beta3-adrenoreceptor gene expression was modulated only at the transcriptional level by the cytokine. These findings demonstrate a differential modulation by TNF-alpha of the three beta-adrenoreceptor subtypes in adipocytes, which may contribute to metabolic disorders induced by the cytokine in the adipocyte.

The effect of thyroid hormones on the beta 3-adrenoceptor expression was studied in the preadipose 3T3-F442A cell line. As assessed by molecular and pharmacological analyses, triiodothyronine addition to differentiating 3T3-F442A cells caused a 2.3-fold increase in beta 3-adrenoceptor mRNA levels, which was correlated with a parallel induction of beta 3-adrenoceptor number and of beta 3-adrenoceptor coupling to the adenylate cyclase system. Nuclear transcription experiments showed that triiodothyronine did not significantly alter the transcription rate of the beta 3-adrenoceptor gene. By contrast, the hormone increased by 36% the half-life of beta 3-adrenoceptor mRNA. Triiodothyronine exhibited a discrete effect on beta 3-adrenoceptor expression when added to mature 3T3-F442A adipocytes. This study indicates that thyroid hormones exert a differentiation-dependent and post-transcriptional regulation of beta 3-adrenoceptor expression in adipocytes.

Beta 1- and beta 3-adrenoceptor mRNA and protein expression, and contribution of each subtype to the catecholamine-sensitive adenylyl cyclase system were studied during the adipose conversion of the murine 3T3-F442A cell line. Northern and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses indicated that emergence of beta 3-adrenoceptor transcripts was concomittant with that of the gene encoding adipsin, a very late marker of adipose differentiation. Conversely, the induction of the beta 1-adrenoceptor mRNA occurred early after cell commitment towards adipose conversion. Changes in beta-subtype gene expression were accompanied by parallel modifications in receptor expression and function. 125I-cyanopindolol saturation and competition binding experiments showed a 3-fold increase in beta 1-adrenoceptor density in day 3 post-confluent cells. The beta 3-subtype population became detectable later and represented approximately 95% of total beta-adrenoceptors in day 8 and day 12 post-confluent cells. Adenylyl cyclase activity in response to the beta 3-adrenoceptor-selective agonists CGP12177 (4-(3-t-butylamino-2-hydroxypropoxy)-benzimidazol-2-one), ICI201651 ([(R)-4-(2 hydroxy-3-phenoxypropylamino-ethoxy)-N-(2- methoxyethyl)phenoxy-acetamide]) and cyanopindolol was virtually absent in young adipocytes, but dramatically increased in mature cells. The respective contributions of the beta 1- and the beta 3-subtypes to the production of cAMP were resolved by an Eadie-Hofstee computer analysis of isoproterenol and norepinephrine concentration-response curve of adenylyl cyclase activity. Agonist response curves in the presence of beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonist indicated that the beta 1-subtype accounted for the totality of beta-adrenoceptor-mediated adenylyl cyclase activation in young adipocytes. In mature adipose cells approximately 90% of this response was due to an activation of the beta 3-adrenoceptor. In addition, approximately 84% of the maximal norepinephrine-stimulated lipolysis was mediated by the beta 3-adrenoceptor in fully differentiated adipocytes. The differentiation-dependent expression of beta-subtypes in adipocytes is a biphasic process involving an initial and moderate induction of beta 1-adrenoceptors followed by the emergence of a prominent beta 3-adrenoceptor population. Compared analysis of both receptor occupancy and cAMP production shows that the beta 3-subtype is more efficiently coupled to the adenylyl cyclase system than the beta 1-adrenoceptor. Thus in mature adipose cells this receptor subtype represents the core of cAMP-dependent regulation of the lipolytic, antilipogenic and thermogenic effects of catecholamines.

Ischemic diseases are one of the leading causes of death in the world. In ischemic tissue, in order to avoid tissue necrosis, angiogenesis is stimulated through pro-angiogenic factors synthesis such as chemokines or microRNAs (miRs). CXCL12 (SDF-1α), is a pro-angiogenic chemokine expressed by endothelial cells in ischemic conditions. miR-126 (miR-126-3p and miR-126-5p) is involved in angiogenesis by accelerating endothelial progenitor’s recruitment induced by CXCL12, by stimulating the expression of its receptors on the endothelial cells surface. On the other hand, the role of CXCL12 in miR-126 regulation and their involvement in angiogenic processes induced by CXCL12 remains unknown. During my thesis, I was interested in the involvement of miR-126 and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in CXCL12-induced angiogenesis. Our results showed for the first time that CXCL12 induces miR-126-3p expression in vitro in HUVEC and ex vivo in rat aorta. In addition, miR-126-3p is necessary for the formation of vascular networks (in vitro and ex vivo) and for CXCL12-induced HUVEC migration process. In addition, we showed that CXCL12 induces a decrease of SPRED-1 protein expression (aknown target of miR-126-3p) and this inhibition have stimulated the formation of vascular networks induced by CXCL12 more significantly. Finally, we showed that GAGs are necessary for the formation of vascular networks (in vitro and ex vivo) induced by CXCL12., Les pathologies ischémiques constituent l’une des principales causes de mortalité dans le monde. En situation ischémique, afin d’éviter une nécrose tissulaire, la stimulation de l’angiogenèse est permise par la synthèse de facteurs pro-angiogéniques comme des chimiokines ou des microARNs (miRs). CXCL12 (SDF-1α), est une chimiokine exprimée par les cellules endothéliales en situation d’ischémie. Le miR-126 (miR-126-3p et miR-126-5p) est impliqué dans l’angiogenèse en accélérant le recrutement de progéniteurs endothéliaux attiréspar CXCL12, en stimulant l’expression de ses récepteurs à la surface des cellules endothéliales. En revanche, le rôle de CXCL12 dans la régulation de l’expression des miR-126 et leur implication dans le processus angiogénique induite par cette dernière demeure inconnue. Durant ma thèse, je me suis intéressé à l’implication des miR-126 et des glycosaminoglycannes (GAGs) dans l’angiogenèse induite par CXCL12.Nos résultats montrent pour la première fois que CXCL12 induit l’expression du miR-126-3p in vitro dans les cellules HUVEC et ex vivo dans des aortes de rats. De plus, le miR-126-3p est nécessaire à la formation de réseaux vasculaires (in vitro et ex vivo) et au processus de migration des HUVEC induite par CXCL12. Par ailleurs, nous montrons que CXCL12 induit une diminution de l’expression protéique de SPRED-1 (une cible connue du miR-126-3p) et cette inhibition stimule de façon plus importante la formation de réseaux vasculaires induite par CXCL12. Enfin, nous montrons que les GAGs sont nécessaires à la formation de réseauxvasculaires (in vitro et ex vivo) induite par CXCL12.

Oxidative stress and inflammation play a pathogenic role in atherosclerosis. Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) is an anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory protein with atheroprotective effects. However, in vivo cleavage of Trx-1 generates a truncated pro-inflammatory protein, Trx-80, which compromises the therapeutic use of Trx-1. The aim of my thesis is to characterize a new therapeutic strategy based on Trx-mimetic peptides (TxMP) for the treatment of atherosclerosis. We synthesized a small peptide based on the active site of Trx-1 named CB3. Firstly, CB3 was validated on cultured peritoneal murine macrophages (cellular viability, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory responses). Secondly, the atherosclerotic mouse model (ApoE2.Ki) fed a high fat diet was intraperitoneally injected with CB3 to measure their anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic effects. Our results clearly showed that, similar to the full length Trx-1, CB3 exerts protective effects by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in macrophages and in ApoE.Ki mice. The atheroprotective effect of CB3 opens promising therapeutic approaches for treatment of atherosclerosis.; Le stress oxydatif et l'inflammation jouent un rôle pathogène dans l'athérosclérose. La Thiorédoxine-1 (Trx-1) est une protéine anti-oxydante et anti-inflammatoire ayant des effets athéroprotecteurs. Cependant, le clivage in vivo de la Trx-1 génère une protéine tronquée pro-inflammatoire, la Trx-80, qui compromet l'utilisation thérapeutique de la Trx-1. L'objectif de ma thèse est de caractériser une nouvelle stratégie thérapeutique basée sur l’utilisation des peptides mimétiques de la Trx-1 (TxMP) pour le traitement de l'athérosclérose. Nous avons synthétisé un petit peptide basé sur le site actif de la Trx-1 appelé CB3. D’une part, le peptide CB3 a été validé sur des macrophages murins péritonéaux en culture (viabilité cellulaire, réponses anti-oxydantes et anti-inflammatoires). D’une autre part, un modèle de souris athérosclérotique (ApoE2.Ki) nourri avec un régime alimentaire riche en graisse a reçu une injection de CB3 par voie intrapéritonéale afin de mesurer son effet antioxydant, anti-inflammatoire et anti-athérogène. Nos résultats ont clairement montré que le peptide CB3 exerce des effets protecteurs similaires à la Trx-1, à savoir une réduction de l'inflammation et du stress oxydatif chez les macrophages et les souris ApoE.Ki. L'effet athéroprotecteur du CB3 ouvre des perspectives thérapeutiques prometteuses pour le traitement de l'athérosclérose.

The NLRP3 inflammasome activity is abnormally elevated in many human inflammatory diseases, including cardiovascular and metabolic diseases such as atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) respectively. Therefore, there is considerable interest in the identification of effective therapeutics that selectively inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. In this study, we have identified Arglabin as a potential small molecule inhibitor that targets the NLRP3 inflammasome activity in cell culture and in an animal model, the ApoE2.Ki mice fed a high-fat Western-type diet (HFD). Arglabin, a plant sesquiterpene lactone, has been used extensively as an herbal remedy that proved effective in treating cancer of the liver, lungs and breast at early stages. Arglabin inhibited, in a concentration-dependent manner, IL-1β and IL-18 production in lipopolysaccharide and cholesterol crystal-activated cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages. In addition, Arglabin activated autophagy as evidenced by the increase in LC3-II protein. Intraperitoneal injection of Arglabin (2.5 ng/g body weight twice daily for 13 weeks) into female ApoE2.Ki mice fed a HFD resulted in a decreased IL-1β plasma level and reduced plasma levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides. Treatment of ApoE2.Ki mice fed a HFD with Arglabin significantly reduced the plasma concentration of anti-oxLDL antibodies. Moreover, Arglabin oriented the proinflammatory M1 macrophages into the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype in spleen and arterial lesions. Consequently, a marked reduction in atherosclerotic lesions was observed in the median areas in the sinus and whole aorta. In comparison to vehicle-treated mice, Arglabin reduced plasma levels of glucose and insulin. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the presence of active caspase 3 in Langerhans islets of ApoE2.Ki mice fed a HFD that was significantly inhibited by Arglabin treatment. Moreover, Arglabin reduced susceptibility to apoptosis in cultured INS-1 cells by increasing concentration-dependently Bcl-2 levels, which led to concomitantly decreased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. In cultured INS-1 cells, Arglabin increased the expression of the autophagic markers Becline 1 and LC3-II in a concentration-dependent manner. Consequently, our results indicate survival-promoting properties of the Arglabin molecule in pancreatic β-cells.In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that Arglabin may represent a promising new drug to treat atherosclerosis and T2DM., L’inflammasome NLRP3, un complexe protéique pro-inflammatoire, joue un rôle essentiel dans le processus pathologique de l’athérosclérose et du diabète de type 2 (DT2). Il est responsable de la maturation de la pro-IL-1β et de la pro-IL-18 respectivement en IL-1β et IL-18 biologiquement actives. L’objectif de cette étude consiste à identifier et caractériser un inhibiteur spécifique de l’inflammasome NLRP3 qui pourrait contribuer à limiter l’évolution des plaques d’athérome et l’installation du DT2. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons isolé l’Arglabine d’une plante, Artemisia glabella, connue pour ses vertus anti-tumorales. L’effet de l’Arglabine a été étudié au niveau des macrophages et des cellules β-pancréatiques, et chez des souris ApoE2.Ki et ApoE2.Ki/NLRP3-/- placées sous régime High Fat Diet (HFD). Les résultats in vitro montrent que l’Arglabine réduit, d’une façon dose-dépendante, l’activité de l’inflammasome NLRP3 et inhibe l’expression des protéines Nlrp3, IL-1β et caspase-1. Elle induit l’autophagie en augmentant significativement l’expression de la LC3-II au niveau des macrophages murins en culture. L’injection intra-péritonéale de deux doses journalières d’Arglabine (2.5 ng/g de m.c.) à des souris ApoE2.Ki placées sous régime HFD, normalise le profil lipidique et réduit l’oxydation des LDL au niveau du plasma des souris. Elle réduit le nombre des monocytes pro-inflammatoires (Ly-6Chigh) et augmente le nombre des monocytes anti-inflammatoires (Ly-6Clow). Au niveau des lésions artérielles, l’Arglabine oriente les macrophages présents vers un phénotype anti-inflammatoire M2. L’ensemble de ces résultats montre un rôle athéroprotecteur de l’Arglabine : elle réduit la surface des lésions artérielles au niveau du sinus aortique ainsi qu’au niveau de la totalité de l’aorte des souris ApoE2.Ki placées sous régime athérogène. De plus, le traitement par l’Arglabine normalise le profil glycémique et insulinémique des souris ApoE2.Ki. Elle réduit également l’activité de la caspase 3 au niveau des îlots de Langerhans et augmente de manière dose-dépendante l’expression de la protéine Bcl-2 au niveau des cellules β-pancréatiques. Par ailleurs, nous avons montré une augmentation de l’expression de protéines impliquées dans l’autophagie telles que la Becline 1 et la LC3-II sous l’effet de l’Arglabine. Ainsi, l’Arglabine réduit non seulement l’activité de l’inflammasome NLRP3 mais améliore aussi la survie des cellules β-pancréatiques. L’Arglabine constitue donc une molécule très prometteuse dans le traitement des maladies cardiovasculaires et le DT2.

The NLRP3 inflammasome activity is abnormally elevated in many human inflammatory diseases, including cardiovascular and metabolic diseases such as atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) respectively. Therefore, there is considerable interest in the identification of effective therapeutics that selectively inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. In this study, we have identified Arglabin as a potential small molecule inhibitor that targets the NLRP3 inflammasome activity in cell culture and in an animal model, the ApoE2.Ki mice fed a high-fat Western-type diet (HFD). Arglabin, a plant sesquiterpene lactone, has been used extensively as an herbal remedy that proved effective in treating cancer of the liver, lungs and breast at early stages. Arglabin inhibited, in a concentration-dependent manner, IL-1β and IL-18 production in lipopolysaccharide and cholesterol crystal-activated cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages. In addition, Arglabin activated autophagy as evidenced by the increase in LC3-II protein. Intraperitoneal injection of Arglabin (2.5 ng/g body weight twice daily for 13 weeks) into female ApoE2.Ki mice fed a HFD resulted in a decreased IL-1β plasma level and reduced plasma levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides. Treatment of ApoE2.Ki mice fed a HFD with Arglabin significantly reduced the plasma concentration of anti-oxLDL antibodies. Moreover, Arglabin oriented the proinflammatory M1 macrophages into the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype in spleen and arterial lesions. Consequently, a marked reduction in atherosclerotic lesions was observed in the median areas in the sinus and whole aorta. In comparison to vehicle-treated mice, Arglabin reduced plasma levels of glucose and insulin. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the presence of active caspase 3 in Langerhans islets of ApoE2.Ki mice fed a HFD that was significantly inhibited by Arglabin treatment. Moreover, Arglabin reduced susceptibility to apoptosis in cultured INS-1 cells by increasing concentration-dependently Bcl-2 levels, which led to concomitantly decreased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. In cultured INS-1 cells, Arglabin increased the expression of the autophagic markers Becline 1 and LC3-II in a concentration-dependent manner. Consequently, our results indicate survival-promoting properties of the Arglabin molecule in pancreatic β-cells.In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that Arglabin may represent a promising new drug to treat atherosclerosis and T2DM., L’inflammasome NLRP3, un complexe protéique pro-inflammatoire, joue un rôle essentiel dans le processus pathologique de l’athérosclérose et du diabète de type 2 (DT2). Il est responsable de la maturation de la pro-IL-1β et de la pro-IL-18 respectivement en IL-1β et IL-18 biologiquement actives. L’objectif de cette étude consiste à identifier et caractériser un inhibiteur spécifique de l’inflammasome NLRP3 qui pourrait contribuer à limiter l’évolution des plaques d’athérome et l’installation du DT2. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons isolé l’Arglabine d’une plante, Artemisia glabella, connue pour ses vertus anti-tumorales. L’effet de l’Arglabine a été étudié au niveau des macrophages et des cellules β-pancréatiques, et chez des souris ApoE2.Ki et ApoE2.Ki/NLRP3-/- placées sous régime High Fat Diet (HFD). Les résultats in vitro montrent que l’Arglabine réduit, d’une façon dose-dépendante, l’activité de l’inflammasome NLRP3 et inhibe l’expression des protéines Nlrp3, IL-1β et caspase-1. Elle induit l’autophagie en augmentant significativement l’expression de la LC3-II au niveau des macrophages murins en culture. L’injection intra-péritonéale de deux doses journalières d’Arglabine (2.5 ng/g de m.c.) à des souris ApoE2.Ki placées sous régime HFD, normalise le profil lipidique et réduit l’oxydation des LDL au niveau du plasma des souris. Elle réduit le nombre des monocytes pro-inflammatoires (Ly-6Chigh) et augmente le nombre des monocytes anti-inflammatoires (Ly-6Clow). Au niveau des lésions artérielles, l’Arglabine oriente les macrophages présents vers un phénotype anti-inflammatoire M2. L’ensemble de ces résultats montre un rôle athéroprotecteur de l’Arglabine : elle réduit la surface des lésions artérielles au niveau du sinus aortique ainsi qu’au niveau de la totalité de l’aorte des souris ApoE2.Ki placées sous régime athérogène. De plus, le traitement par l’Arglabine normalise le profil glycémique et insulinémique des souris ApoE2.Ki. Elle réduit également l’activité de la caspase 3 au niveau des îlots de Langerhans et augmente de manière dose-dépendante l’expression de la protéine Bcl-2 au niveau des cellules β-pancréatiques. Par ailleurs, nous avons montré une augmentation de l’expression de protéines impliquées dans l’autophagie telles que la Becline 1 et la LC3-II sous l’effet de l’Arglabine. Ainsi, l’Arglabine réduit non seulement l’activité de l’inflammasome NLRP3 mais améliore aussi la survie des cellules β-pancréatiques. L’Arglabine constitue donc une molécule très prometteuse dans le traitement des maladies cardiovasculaires et le DT2.