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The current mixed methods, exploratory study aimed to develop and determine the psychometrics of a scale to assess the spiritual needs of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The study was performed in two stages: qualitative and quantitative. Through 14 interviews with patients with COVID-19, three themes, including Composure , Meaning in Life , and Global Responsibility , were formed. In the quantitative stage, content validity was achieved through the comments of 10 experts and patients. A total of 330 participants completed the instrument to assess construct validity. Exploratory factor analysis with 29 items and four subscales was performed, indicating a 6-point Likert scale. Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranged from 0.82 for the whole scale and 0.85, 0.81, 0.79, and 0.72 for the Composure, Communication, Meaning in Life, and Global Responsibility subscales, respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficient (test–retest analysis) was 0.79 and showed acceptable stability for the scale. The “Spiritual Needs Assessment Scale for COVID-19 Patients” is a 29-item multi-dimensional scale with robust psychometric properties, which can measure various aspects regarding the spiritual needs of patients with COVID-19. [ Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 60 (4), 47–54.]

Background: Due to the growing prevalence of cancer globally, the disease is considered one of the most important sources of stress, disability, and reduced life satisfaction. Although life satisfaction is supposed to be a relatively stable psychological construct, it may change in response to life events. Life-satisfaction is the assessment of the quality of life according to one’s chosen criteria. Objectives: The purpose of this research is the psychometric evaluation of the Persian version of “Brief Multidimensional Life Satisfaction Scale” (BMLSS) in Iranian patients with cancer. Methods: The present study was a methodological research, during which the BMLSS was translated and the Farsi version was validated for patients with cancer. Results: The fit indices of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the dual dimension of the BMLSS. Regarding the convergent validity of the BMLSS, the total score of the instrument had a positive and significant relationship with age and the sense of religiosity. Cronbach's alpha and Intraclass Correlation were calculated. Conclusions: The findings indicated that this Persian version has good validity and reliability and can be used as a comprehensive instrument in Iran.

As one of the existential dimensions of human beings and an influential factor on health, spirituality is of great significance in care provision for cancer patients. This concept is rooted in patients’ beliefs regarding health and disease, due to the cultural and the historical background of Iranians, most of whom are Muslims. Cancer patients have various spiritual needs and seek different coping methods to deal with their disease. One of these coping methods is the spiritual coping approach. In order to study the concept of spirituality and the spiritual needs of these patients, many studies have been done in Iran, applying different methodologies, mostly qualitative ones. Since in order to address the spiritual needs of patients it is necessary to have a proper tool for assessing these needs, the Spiritual Needs Assessment Scale of Patients with Cancer was developed, and simultaneously, the Spiritual Needs Questionnaire (SpNQ) was validated among the population of Iranian cancer patients. This chapter discusses the spiritual needs of Iranian cancer patients, the process of development and the psychometric evaluation of these tools and their similarities and differences.

Purpose Early childhood cancer creates various challenges in parents' lives and influences new needs, the identification of which requires a valid and reliable tool. The aim of this study was to translate and validate the Family Inventory of Needs (FIN) with the parents of children with cancer. Method In this methodological research, 210 parents of children with cancer visiting pediatric oncology referral centers in Iran were selected through convenience sampling, based on the study inclusion criteria. The Farsi version of FIN was developed through translation and back-translation. Face validity as well as construct validity using the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed. The correlation between the score of FIN and the score of Caring Ability of Family Caregivers of Patients with Cancer-mothers’ version (CAFCPC-mother's version) was also calculated in order to evaluate the convergent validity . Furthermore, the stability and internal consistency reliability were investigated using software packages LISREL and SPSS. Results The results of CFA showed that the single-factor structure of the tool with 20 items has an appropriate fit with the data and is therefore approved. Pearson coefficient (r) of the correlation between the mean scores of the NFI and the CAFCPC-mothers’ version was calculated to be 0.17 (p Cronbach's alpha of the tool was calculated as 0.90, and the test-retest correlation coefficient as ICC = 0.91. Conclusion The Farsi version of the FIN has appropriate psychometric properties among the population of Iranian parents of children with cancer. It may therefore be a suitable tool for measuring the emotional, physical, and psychological support provided for the parents of children with cancer.

Background: Nurses are responsible for maintaining and improving the health and quality of life of patients. Therefore, it is important to assess the quality of life of nurses in order to improve it. Quality of life is affected by many variables and among them burnout, perceived social support and psychological hardiness are the leading ones. This study aimed at predicting the quality of life of nurses based on job burnout, perceived social support and psychological hardiness. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on nurses working in governmental hospitals in Tehran , 2015. Four-hundred nurses were selected by multistage cluster sampling. The instruments were burnout, perceived social support, psychological hardiness and quality of life questionnaires. The data was analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple regression model simultaneously. Results: The results showed that the burnout and quality of life of the nurses had a significant and negative relationship (r=-0.39) and the perceived social support (r =0.61) and psychological hardiness (r =0.45) had a positive and significant correlation with quality of life of nurses (P

Background: Cancer is considered one of the most important health issues in Iran. Regarding that Iranians have a positive attitude towards complementary medicine; the demand for this type of treatments is increasing. However, those undergoing this treatment often have limited awareness on it. Objectives: This study aims at determining the perspective of cancer patients on using complementary medicine. Methods: In this descriptive study, 176 cancer patients from all over the country were selected by purposeful sampling, according to the inclusion criteria and, then, completed demographic characteristics questionnaire and the Questionnaire on Integrating Complementary Medicine in Oncology Treatment. The data were analyzed, using SPSS software version 20. Results: More than half of the patients used complementary medicine and according to their viewpoints, using herbal medicine was considered their first priority. At the same time, 46% of the research samples consulted with care providers on how to use complementary medicine for cancer treatment. The most frequent referrals to specialists were referrals to complementary medicine experts. The researchers expected complementary medicine to improve their symptoms of anxiety, fatigue, and depression. Conclusions: The use of complementary medicine as a complementary approach in cancer patients can have an impact on the improvement of symptoms, which ultimately enhances the quality of life in patients. Due to the concerns about applying these approaches, it is necessary to train care providers in order to consider the perspective of cancer patients in this regard and to obtain their past medical history.

Background and Objectives: Identify the factors affecting quality of life (QOL) is one of the major goals for improving the Health Related Quality Of Life (HR-QOL) in patients suffering from Congestive Heart Failure (CHF). Considering the fact that there are few published studies in this regard in Iran, as a developing country, this research was designed to determine the HR-QOL in Iranian CHF patients and its related factors. Methods and Materials: In this cross-sectional study, random sampling was used to select 1840 female CHF patients. After obtaining informed consent, patients' demographic and disease-related data (using a researcher-made questionnaire which assessed eight dimensions including role-physical, physical functioning, bodily pain, general health, vitality, role-emotional, social functioning and mental health), and the HR-QOL data (using the SF-36 questionnaire) were assessed and analyzed with SPSS version 15. Results: A high proportion of the participants had an unfavorable HR-QOL in physical functioning (44.56%), role-physical (49.55%), role-emotional (59.83%), mental health (54.50%), and general health (53.36%) dimensions and a relatively favorable HR-QOL in social functioning (50.57%), vitality (49.26%), and body pain dimensions (52.55%). A significant relationship was found between the HR-QOL and the employment status, level of education, being cared for at home, functional capacity, disease duration, frequency of medical encounter and hospitalization, duration of hypertension and concurrent CHF, presence of edema, presence of disease symptoms and morbidities, intensity of fatigue at the study time and previous months, and the type of medications. Conclusion: According to the results, QOL in CHF patients was unfavorable in the scales of general health, role-emotional, and mental health.

Introduction: Diagnosis of cancer can cause huge spiritual crisis in a person and affect different aspects of life. At this stage, patients have certain spiritual needs. Aim: This study was conducted to explain spiritual needs of cancer patients in Iran. Materials and Methods: In this qualitative study, 18 cancer patients, referred to the Cancer Institute of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran were selected using purposive sampling method, and their spiritual needs emerged out of conventional content analysis of interviews conducted with them. Results: From 1850 initial codes, 4 themes (connection, peace, meaning and purpose, and transcendence) were identified that contained categories of social support, normal behavior, inner peace, seeking forgiveness, hope, acceptance of reality, seeking meaning, ending well, change of life meaning, strengthening spiritual belief, communication with God, and prayer. Conclusions: Spiritual needs of cancer patients should be recognized, realized, and considered in care of patients by the medical team. An all-out support of health system policy makers to meet patients′ spiritual needs is particularly important.