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The purpose of the current study was to compare outcomes of diclofenac versus corticosteroids following strabismus surgery. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. An electronic search was performed to include comparative studies of diclofenac versus corticosteroids following strabismus surgery. The analysis was based on fixed and random effect models. Primary outcomes included discomfort, chemosis, inflammation, conjunctival gap, intraocular pressure, and conjunctival injection. Secondary outcomes were conjunctival congestion, discharge, and drop intolerance. Eight studies with a sample of 469 eyes were included. At weeks 1 and 4 postoperatively, there were no statistically significant differences between the diclofenac and corticosteroid groups, except for conjunctival injection at week 1 (mean difference [MD] = −0.21, P = .04) favoring diclofenac. Interestingly, all primary outcomes significantly favored diclofenac at week 2: discomfort (MD = −0.34, P = .03), conjunctival chemosis (MD = −0.16, P = .04), conjunctival inflammation (MD = −0.16, P = .02), conjunctival gap (MD = −0.17, P = .002), intraocular pressure (MD = −2.53, P < .00001), and conjunctival injection (MD = −0.30, P = .03). Moreover, conjunctival congestion was significantly improved for dexamethasone, whereas discharge and drop intolerance was not statistically different. Diclofenac is comparable to various corticosteroids when used following strabismus surgery. However, it is important to note that diclofenac yielded significant improvements in discomfort, conjunctival chemosis, inflammation, conjunctival gap, intraocular pressure, and conjunctival injection, mainly at 2 weeks postoperatively. [ J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus . 20XX;X(X):XX–XX.]

Ocular trauma, which is a globe injury, is one of the most prevalent eye diseases, leading to hospitalization and severe eye deficits. The term globe rupture is used to describe a wide range of globe injuries. Globe rupture is defined as globe injury caused by the blunt object or due to an impact with inside-out mechanism. Globe injuries are expected to cause 3.5 eye injuries per 100,000 people worldwide, leading to about 203,000 new cases each year. Globe rupture is one of the most serious globe injuries resulting in lifelong blindness. The purpose of this research is to review the available information about the etiology, epidemiology, assessment, and prognosis of globe rupture. Globe rupture have a 27-fold high chance of development after previous intraocular surgery, myopia, age, among women, and a sudden collapse. Sharp objects trauma is a reason of globe rupture among children while accidents or injuries at work, assault, and car accidents are common causes for adults. The length of the wound and its location, both are important prognostic factors for primary care of globe rupture. Awareness of prognostic factors allows for more accurate and targeted interventions aimed at reducing vision loss caused by open ocular trauma. Literature has quite scarce epidemiological data regarding the globe rupture in future however, more population-based studies can significantly contribute. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment is essential for management of disease also awareness and use of protective equipment can also decrease the risk of globe rupture and injury.

Retinopathy is a broad term that involves damages occurring to the retina. The disease is a serious one, being a significant risk factor for blindness. It might also refer to abnormal blood flow-induced retinal damage or retinal vascular disease. Disturbances in the retinal blood flow can remarkably lead to ischemia and damage to the retina. Moreover, the accumulation of exudates (causing macular edema) and bleeding might cover the photoreceptors on the retina, leading to visual impairment. In the present literature review, we have provided updated evidence regarding the types and causes, and outcomes of retinopathy. Accordingly, a comprehensive search was conducted on the databases, including Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, Embase, and Scopus, to identify all relevant articles. Estimates show that retinopathy is highly prevalent among individuals with systemic disorders like diabetes and hypertension. Diabetic and hypertensive retinopathies are the commonest causes of retinopathy. Retinopathy of prematurity is another cause affecting neonates. However, the condition is usually self-limited with no interventions, although highly prevalent in around 40% of newborns. There are two main types of retinopathies, including non-proliferative and proliferative types. Both types can occur as complications of diabetes mellitus, indicating the need to enhance the management of this population and improve the quality of care. Hypertension and poor glycemic control can remarkably determine the outcomes of the disease, implying the need to apply proper health interventions. Neonates with severe retinopathy of prematurity might suffer from severe outcomes, including loss of vision, glaucomas, and cataracts.

The study examined how CSR is practiced in Kuwait, a country in an understudied region of the world, and considered the impact of the political and economic structure of a country on CSR practices. Semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of communication executives found strong cooperation between the public and private sectors in Kuwait for CSR projects and for promoting country image, related to the sociocultural context of the country. Kuwaiti corporations associate themselves with the country of Kuwait when engaging in CSR activities in other countries and have a strong sense of corporate citizenship that reflects the collectivistic culture. Understanding CSR in different societal and cultural contexts and how it can affect country image is important for global public relations scholarship as well as for successful business practice.