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Understanding Pakistan's foreign policy is a herculean task because Pakistan has a diverse kind of country in its geostrategic and geoeconomic circumstances. This chapter will explain the theoretical and operational understanding of Pakistan's foreign policy framework in the contemporary world. Pakistan's geostrategic conditions are challenging and lucrative at the same time. Three nuclear powers surround it: China, India, and Russia. The fourth nuclear power is Pakistan, which is in the region. Iran, the fifth nuclear power, is in the making. Therefore, Pakistan is balancing its relations with Iran and Saudi Arabia, as an extremely Shia country and as a Sunni country, respectively. China is a communist, and the US is a democratic country, but Pakistan's foreign policy is based on mutual interests and peaceful co-existence. The qualitative method would mainly be used to test this research's hypothesis based on Pakistan's ability to sustain itself in the comity of a nation as a soft power and peaceful country instead of a warmonger in the region. The consolidation in the form of recommendations will also be included at the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the factors driving radicalization among Pakistani females, shedding light on the sources and elements of their radicalization. Additionally, it examines the recent historical context of sectarian teachings targeting women in Pakistan. Employing a qualitative research design, this investigation employs both descriptive and analytical approaches. Through discourse analysis of the data, we provide compelling evidence of the looming threat of religious radicalization in Pakistan. This threat emanates from socially endorsed beliefs, narratives, and popular religious slogans. Notably, extremist elements have adeptly exploited the religious sentiments of Pakistani women to advance their agendas, resulting in a significant portion of the vulnerable population becoming radicalized. This study also identifies several religious groups actively promoting radical views to garner public support. In conclusion, this article critically assesses the statements made by far-right religious parties, highlighting potential shortcomings, and proposes a pragmatic approach to eradicating radicalization among Pakistani females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sri Kartarpur Sahib is one of the most sacred religious sites for over twenty-seven million followers of Sikh religion around the world. This religious site known as gurdwara became a part of the premises of the state of Pakistan according to the partition plan in 1947. Sikh pilgrims desiring to visit this sacred place have always found it difficult due to the tensions between the two states of India and Pakistan. Finally, in August 2018, the newly elected Pakistani government under premiership of Mr. Imran Khan announced its intention to build a connecting corridor from Dera Baba Nanak in India to Kartarpur Sahib for the Sikh pilgrims. While it was generally considered a highly positive gesture towards building peace in the region, there was some negative response from the Indian side in particular. This paper discusses brief history of Kartarpur Sahib, the implications of the decision of constructing corridor by the Pakistan government and its importance in building peace between the two states and creating inter-faith harmony within Pakistan. An exploratory, historical and descriptive method has been applied. Besides consulting books and newspaper reports on this issue, two interviews were conducted to analyze contemporary situation. The results show that the move by the Pakistani government can very well be considered a way forward in peace building process and hurdles in implementation of a peace-oriented gesture need to be removed to promote inter-faith and inter-state harmony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Progress of China's economic development continues to be welcomed all around the world. However, the world's second largest economy is witnessing problems at home. The coming decade is going to keep China occupied with less of what happens around the world and more concerned with its three major issues of environmental problems, demographic challenges and political legitimacy. While China has been able to strongly address problems of air pollution and health through introduction of environmental institutes and courts, many enhancements in its Environmental Protection Law (EPL) can be made for improving the environment. As for its demographic challenges including an aging population, the country needs to work on a social security system through which the elderly can be enriched for serving in the country's social engagements. Lastly, if China's Communist Party (CCP) wants to overcome its problems of political legitimacy and internal stresses, the party would have to work towards guaranteeing judicial independence, deepen its economic reforms and be welcoming to the idea of inclusiveness, in which non-party members of the society have a say in the decision-making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world would call it, China is the 2nd superpower in the world and this fact is making headlines. With this shift of power, China is being seen as reshaping the world order. While China negated this fact in the beginning, four years later China presented itself as establishing 'new power relations.' What are the ground realties? How does China want the world to see itself? How the United is States challenging an emerging China and where are we heading towards is the emphasis of this paper. The first part, China makes headlines, provides a brief insight into how China is making inroads as a major actor, pushing itself towards a reformist agenda while making sure that its selfinterest is not damaged. Mearsheimer's theory of neo-realism is studied in this regard. In the second part of the part, the strategic relationship of South Asian states, post 9/11 has been studied with respect to the theory of balance of power, with United States and India vs Pakistan and China Strategic Quadrangle. It is concluded that in comparison to United States and India, Pakistan and China's strategic partnership presents itself as a hallmark of 'Grand Security Strategy.' In the third part of the paper, with reference to the strategy of Bandwagoning and Balancing, scholarly discussion by Robert Ross, David Shambaugh and David Kang is detailed. The authors discuss the insecurities of Southeast Asian states and the balance they are trying to maintain between United States and China. They argue that 'balance of influence' is being maintained, evading the concept of balance of power. Fourthly, the paper debates the world of economic interdependence and states (US and China) which will dominate the 21st century. It relates this factor with specific reference to the European states, since their economies have majorly been at stake. The paper is limited to studying Sino-U.S. Competitions and Changes for the Global Political Order in the region of South Asia and European States. Conclusively, placing China into an international order does not come by choice, instead it is a necessity. Henceforth, U.S. needs to ensure that China is not seen as a disruptive but a positive force with which international affairs have to be restructured and balanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is focused on the impact of religion on the electoral pattern of the people of Punjab. Religion as a determinant of voting behavior is best expressed in the votes secured by the religious parties. Thus, religious parties vote in Pakistan and Punjab is studied to build an argument. Religion has a strong impact on human life. It influences each act and attitude of the individual especially in developing countries. In Pakistan; religion has a solid affect in shaping the political attitudes and beliefs of the individuals. It is one of the key elements of politics.2018 general elections saw a sudden rise in the vote bank of religious political parties. It witnessed a 2.17 % increase in the religious vote country wide and 1.32% increase in Punjab. Tahreek Labbaik Pakistan appeared on the scene as a radical Sunni Islamic party, it mobilized the barelvi vote bank to great effect. And it emerged as the third largest party of Punjab, in terms of votes polled. 2018 general elections also witnessed the rise of Milli Muslim League which was a political wing of Jamaat-ud-Dawa, who were previously rejecting the parliamentary form of government and were critical of voting in elections. The increase in the influence of the various spiritual gaddi nasheen in the electoral politics of Punjab was also a prominent factor during the 11th general election. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The groups of people based on religion, language or ethnicity living in a state but in lesser numbers are called minorities. The minority groups have been living in Pakistan amicably since independence and have been playing their active role in the development of society especially in education and health sectors. Despite being living in conducive environment as good and responsible citizens, the minority groups have been facing inequality, discrimination and victimization by both the state and society. These minorities have been marginalized in almost every segment of life including employment, education, and top of all-the religious freedom. The minorities, especially the Christians have some serious issues about their security and often mention that they have been targeted especially under Blasphemy Law in which they have been prosecuted in the name of religion. Most of these blasphemy cases have been found out to be the result of personal enmity and religious vendettas. The government needs to address these issues of minorities on emergency footings for an inclusive and moderate Pakistani society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the contemporary times, Middle East is engulfed in multiple crises ranging from contention amongst rival states to the terrorism. In addition to that, insurgencies, civil wars and proxies, a very active role of non-state actors as well as extra regional players have become a constant feature while defining Middle Eastern politics. This research study would analyze these conflicts from multiple perspectives that include economic, social and demographic structures that contributed in ignition of the crises in Middle East. Furthermore, the incongruence amongst various actors in Middle East severed and aggravated the crises that Middle East is facing in current era. This research study argues that a comprehensive and multilateral approach is required to resolve these issues, which are affecting Middle East. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Pakistan, The judiciary takes on the driving seat particularly in the last decade. The judiciary takes up all the cases of Public Interest litigation (PIL), ranges from the inconsequential cases of kite flying to the privatization of national institution and to the constitutional cases. This proactive role of judiciary has created apprehensions not only in Pakistan but at international leval too. The opponents of judicial activism hold that it cross its jurisdictional limits and interfere in the matters which are purely the prerogative of executive and legislature. The recurrent use of judicial powers by the Pakistan's apex court under the suo moto jurisdiction has taken up all the matters i.e. social, economic, political and constitutional. Pakistan has adopted the parliamentary democracy under the separation of power. The proactive role of judiciary violates the very principle of this theory by crossing its limits. The present research focuses on (i) The concept, origin and scope of judicial activism (ii) The impact of judicial activism in the political, constitutional and democratic process of Pakistan. The research will conclude that judiciary needs to adopt the policy of self-restraint rather than self-indulgent. Adherence to the democratic principle of separation of powers completely, Pakistan can build a strong democratic political system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan has successfully managed to clear its tribal regions of terrorist sanctuaries and their networks. However, many terrorists escaped into Afghanistan and found new safe havens and terrorist groups with whom they could ally with and carry out threats and terrorist activities in both Afghanistan and Pakistan. As of the present year and those to come, Afghanistan seems to be heading towards political and social chaos. Towards this end, Pakistan took up the initiative of securing its border with Afghanistan wanting the latter to become part of this initiative aimed at monitoring and regulating the cross-border activities. With Afghanistan showing no interest in securing borders, Pakistan has the legitimate continue with its border management initiatives. However, what must be remembered by both the states is that in the changing nature of security and the emergence of new terrorist groups inside both the countries is likely to deteriorate relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan if both the states do not work collaboratively towards securing their security interests. One way of moving forwards is to work under the framework of Border Security Initiative (BSI) which provides a detailed mechanism describing ways which not only helps to improve relations among the intelligence agencies but also includes the concept of border community policing complementing the built up of trust among people and the security agencies. Their inclusion in this initiative will not only assist the security agencies in carrying out operations against terrorist groups but will also help the local community come down to understand the reasons as to their sufferings and their happenings. The initiative towards Border Security Management (BSM) should be seen in terms of maintaining peace between both the countries As has been stated in the words of Victor Davis Hanson,"Between Friends, unfenced borders enhance friendship; among the unfriendly when fortified, they help keep the peace.". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the development in financial federalism of Pakistan through execution of NFC Awards. Improvement and mutual consensus in fiscal matters are not only vital for the overall economic wellbeing of a federation but also for its integration. An overview of federal governments in the world provided economically stronger center with comparatively less resourceful units. Pakistan like other federations of the world has gone through many ups and downs but still matters are to be settled. Wide economic differences in provinces have made collection and sharing of revenue complicated. Efforts in the NFC Awards are not revolutionary butA slow change to remove vertical and horizontal imbalances has been observed. Eighteenth amendment has helped provinces to obtain the revenue from local sources as well for devisable pool. Delay in next NFC Award points out that Fiscal federalism still needs interprovince coordination and more efforts for exploration of local resources. A national political debate along with economic realities are needed to regulate the process of NFC Awards. Pakistan can consider Canadian fiscal federalism to improve some issues highlighted in NFC debates. Execution of a just and acceptable Award will improve fiscal federalism as well as political federalism of Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

United Kingdom's (UK) foreign policy towards the Syrian crisis is quite significant with reference to the entry of Syrian refugees into Europe and the strategic balance of power in the Middle East. UK being a major power in the European continent understands the importance of sharing the humanitarian responsibility for protecting, aiding and accommodating the Syrian refugees. The British Government is aware of the fact that it is not only providing humanitarian assistance to the Syrian refugees but also going to host their hostilities and affiliations in the ongoing conflict inside Syria. The arrival of Syrian refugees and asylum seekers in UK presents a complex case of national versus humanitarian concerns in foreign policy analysis. This research paper is an attempt to focus on the convergence and divergence of interests between UK's Humanitarian assistance policy directed towards Syrian refugees and the British national security interests with reference to the strategic balance of power in the Middle East. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Countering terrorism is an essential national strategy. Pakistan, is making long term counter terrorism policies. This present research focuses on the role of police regarding this issue by raising some questions. What are the perceptions of public about police legitimacy, police performance, procedural justice and distributive justice? What are the instigating factors that may influence publics' attitude towards police and counter terrorism policing strategies? Pakistan police force must improve its police public relationship as a method to employ in combating and dealing with terror threats, since this strategy will have a direct impact on fight against terrorism in Pakistan. Miscreants attacked states legal institutions to make it more fragile in order to challenge the writ of the government. Police has also become target for these extremist groups in Pakistan because of its politicization that some terrorist organizations consider against their religious ethos so the role of police becomes important in the affairs of state. The best practices for fight against radicalization, Building Trust between the Citizens and the Police: Incorporating International Experiences and Police - Army Cooperation are important steps. Since the police is conscientious for positively symbolizing the authority of the state, their conduct to citizens is imperative for promotion of law-abiding approach amongst the public. Responsible role of police will help the state and society to counter terrorism in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nuclear terrorism has emerged as one of the principal concerns for states maintaining nuclear weapons technology as well as states maintaining peaceful nuclear programs. The idea is that non-state entities, in pursuance of their goals of achieving maximum tactical leverage over states, aspire to either jeopardize nuclear facilities as a means to warrant a radiological anomaly or would, in worst case scenario, acquire or construct weaponized devices. The concept of Improvised Nuclear Device (IND) or Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD) is both argued as a plausibility and as a reality in current global technological layout. More specified to South Asia, where non-state entities are allegedly employed for transnational target acquisition and the where the security paradigms are hampered by technological inferiority, it is speculatively concluded that chances of such occurrences are marginally higher as compare to other nations. Vulnerabilities of South Asia pertaining to radiological terrorism are extended internationally based upon proliferation patterns in South Asia, utilization of proxies for achievement of leverage, comparative technological inferiority of nuclear facilities and auxiliary systems, spread and introduction of terrorism in South Asia, lack of understanding of nuclear terrorism and inability to proactively participate in international non-proliferation regimes and designs. Important considerations in these regards would then have to focus on efficacy of security infrastructure from production to disposal and from civilian to military nuclear installations. Where in South Asia, states have maintained secrecy and state control over nuclear installations, radiological terrorism seems a highly unlikely scenario postulation but being cautious is still operationally necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In developing countries, making of a public policy features resolutions of problems entrenched in policy community and policy network. Its formulation does not only require decisions taken only from the highest authority but also includes enticement and involvement of many new actors bringing in additional actors and inducements important for a policy design. The paper attempts to study making of public policy in developing countries. Following the dominant model bureaucratic politics, various approaches, their policy designs, tools of policy, integration and involvement of actors, their discourse related to their policy communities and their networks of policy are studied to understand and learn lesson and important elements necessary for formulation of a policy. Further, reasons for loopholes and failures in public policy formulation have been elaborated by studying the case of Pakistan. In conclusion, the way forward for positive policy outcomes has been detailed by highlighting the concept of citizen participation and focusing on four focal areas of process, quality, structure and politics required for practicing and implementing policies in theory and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is an essential ingredient for the preservation of life on earth. Maintaining the food chains and humanizing the life standards are closely connected to the fresh and clean water accessibility. But, declining the magnitude of water and enhancing of its demands have extended the space between water accessibility and water demand. In Pakistan like many other countries of the world particularly in Asia, high population growth rates, feudal and aristocratic dominancy over community advantageous areas, swiftly urbanization, climatic changes, local and social variances in collaboration of absence of institutional responsibility and governance malfunctions have pressurized and over-stressed the water resources of the country. Although, water is not the only threat to human security of Pakistan but an infuriating factor to worsen the human security conditions in the country. Such water-stressed conditions in the country are mostly misused by some pressure groups and non-state actors to exploit the deprived people for the purpose of the promotion of their respective agendas. Therefore, it is dire need to understand the water accessibility, accepted water allocation among provinces, water mechanisms, inconsistency and requirement in Pakistan and its connection with security threats.This paper portrays the analysis about some of the most important inclinations and challenges in the areas of water availability and demands in Pakistan and its close connection with security of common people in the country. It examines the dynamic responsible factors behind these issues and evaluates the repercussions for human development and security and also recommends some suggestions for both the state and the general public in order to face the challenge by doing more with something less. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is viewed as the most crucial sector in elements of state's power in recent times. Energy sector is not only closely associated to the economic progress of a state but also determined the standing of a state in the committee of nations. In this connection energy sector is closely associated with the good governance and astute policy making mechanism of any state. By applying same hypothesis on Pakistan's energy scenario, many factors come to surface that help to understand the energy sector crisis in Pakistan. Revival of energy sector in Pakistan, in many ways is connected to the revival of governance standards in Pakistan. This is the only remedy that can stabilize the energy sector but also boom the economy of the country. Unless a longterm and viable policy is created with the consensus of all stakeholders, no policy can meet its desired ends. There are several examples in the region and in the world where nations have overcome their energy sector issues with viable policies. These examples can help Pakistan in many ways to overcome its energy sector issues. Good Governance is such a panacea that can help out to overcome many issues including energy sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is a global power and economic giant in search of diversified resources to run its industry and potential markets which it can tap to remain a leading seller. The next door neighbor, Central Asia, provides with this opportunity. Central Asian energy resources are a stimulus for all global powers. United States interest in the region alarms China and makes it more cautious of its interests. China is investing hugely in Central Asian energy infrastructure to being energy hungry. It eyes on Central Asian oil and gas resources. After disintegration of Soviet Union, Central Asia could not step out of isolation and economic backwardness. Here interests of China and Central Asia converge. However, the cultural and religious divergence may become a hindrance in smooth transition to bilateral engagement. This paper endeavors to analyze the enormity of economic and security benefits of this relation which may overcome the social gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent P5+1 nuclear agreement with Iran has openeda new era of geo-politics in the region and beyond. It has concurrently thrown up new challenges and opportunities rejuvenating oil politics with Asia-Pacific as its locus. Mired in internal strife and tearing itself apart, the Middle East is witnessing emergence of a new political order. Saudi Arabia may no longer be the key regional arbiter in foreseeable future. Pakistan's enduring cold war relationship with Washington and revolution in Iran distanced the two countries. The unrelenting killing of Shias in Pakistan till recently further widened the chasm between Islamabad and Tehran. The nuclear agreement and ongoing strife and exceptionally muddled situation in the Middle East yearns for a new look foreign policy by Pakistan. With realignments underway, firm political resolve by Islamabad to accomplish the agreed points under NAP most expeditiously must be followed by imploring new avenues for a closer and warmer relationship with Tehran. Failure to do so is fraught with risk to Pakistan's internal and external security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to analyze that why some nations to nuclear in the international structure for the sake of national security when nuclear is an expensive and hard option? Due to fragile geo-political position of Pakistan, security concerns have always forced her to find balance of power in the south Asian region through different ways. Having fought three major wars with India in 1948, 1965 and 1971 in an asymmetric military environment, Pakistan had been in disadvantageous position. War of 1971 in which Pakistan lost its Eastern wing (now Bangladesh, as an independent state) and nuclear explosion by India in 1974 forced Pakistan to follow the nuclear path. This paper analyzes the results of nuclear policy in the form of economic sanctions imposed by US and its allies, and reversal of US policy after 9/11 regarding sanctions against Pakistan. In the wake of 9/11 incident for joining the US led Global War on Terror, General Musharraf had announced that his objective was to save the nuclear and missile assets of Pakistan. This paper analyses that how Pakistani governments of General Musharraf, and Zardari from 2001 to 2013, had been under immense pressure through different coercive tactics ( from Dr. A. Q khan's network to safety of nuclear program) to ruin the Pakistani nuclear program which had proved to prevent wars between India and Pakistan since 1999 to 2013. What costs Pakistan had to pay and what benefits Pakistan gained due to nuclear program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A leader is a core element of making and implementing foreign policy in a state. The study of "Individual Level" in international relations proves that ideas, emotions, psychology of a leader leave a deep impact on foreign policy and internal policies of a state. This aspect and school of thought is quite applicable in Pakistan where individuals have made more policies than governments. These leaders took those decisions as per their cognitive map and left deep, long lasting and relatively negative impacts at social level in Pakistan. These affects needs to be met and resolved on emergency footings or else they will further destabilize Pakistan in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Militancy has become the major security challenge to Pakistan. Religious, sectarian and ethnic based militancy not only proliferated in the tribal regions of Pakistan but also affected the urban centres. In order to counter the acts of militant, military operations were launched by Pakistan army. In this context, the increasing pace of militancy and counter militancy measures taken by Pakistan since 2003 had a profound influence on Pakistan's relation with Afghanistan, US and India. On the other hand, it also created some incentives and opportunities at the foreign policy and security front in the shape of aid and assistance and its coalition with US. The present study will focus on some research questions. How the issue of militancy affected Pakistan foreign policy? What incentives and constraints were developed on Pakistan's foreign policy due to counter militant measures taken by Pakistan in its tribal areas? How the issue of internal security influence the external relations of Pakistan? How the outcome of militancy and counter-militant measures affected Pakistan's foreign policy? Research suggests Pakistan should highlight its counter militancy measures in international community by media campaign, effective diplomacy at UN and speedy trial of militants in courts to give them a strong message. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 21st century, there has been a growing debate about urban security. Much of this discussion has focused on the changing definition of security, one that has been transformed in terms of military security towards human security. Everywhere around the world, states are trying to shift and adapt strategies according to the changing definition. With the people migrating from rural to urban areas, cities a dwelling for humans have become a center for a nations growth and development since it is here that much of political and economic developments are maintained. Their sustainability and resilience has become a challenge for governments, especially those of the third world countries. The catalyst of urban terrorism has intensified this challenge with governments around the world being involved in overreactions for their existential threats, without addressing much of the root cause of the problem. Thus, it is in this context that the paper first identifies the nature of threat, its perception and its linkage to strategic culture shaping the national security policy of a country. As a case to the nature of national threat, concept of urban security and terrorism is detailed. Lastly, the paper emphasize on the concepts of urban resilience and prosperity, which can be taken as cases of precaution while formulating strategies for its protection. Highlighting examples of urban terrorism around the world the paper moves on to conclude that acts of urban terrorism are growing and much of the tactics followed by terrorist are being adopted from warfare conducted by urban insurgents. It is concluded that threat in this case is the result of states internal failed policies, which can be detrimental for national, regional and international security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A government branched into national, provincial and local has its own functions and local self-government despite having enormous effects on the citizens has been paid very less tribute to! A local government needs to be strengthened out if democracy is to be kept alive. Decentralization has been opted by various countries for nation-building purposes and programs. In Pakistan, military government supported devolution process and it was pioneered by Gen. Pervaiz Musharraf. It resulted into making of a new scheme of local government and this article is a peep into the making, working and results/outcomes of this process and focuses on the relationship between provincial and local governments from 2001 to 2009. The devolution cannot function if local governments are not granted the power of making their own decisions which has been mostly done by provincial governments early on. This article attempts to throw ample light not only on the relationship of the said governments but also on what levels the manipulation occurred, how did it hinder the development process and troubled the spirit of devolution? Harmonization in all concerned areas is the need of the hour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the role of military in the politics of Pakistan. The researcher highlights how our politicians have always been unable to develop a political culture on democratic parameters in the country. Side by side the masses start lacking trust in the politicians and political setup for their authoritarian attitude and inheritor leadership. Our political parties, no doubt, have good shows in the case of local leaders but unluckily they have been lethargic in giving birth to the leaders of national and international caliber. This factor creates gaps for military to enter politics and stay there under the very doctrine of 'necessity'. Since the very early days of our emergence on the globe of the world, there has been a misconception that military may align all the disorders and civil institutions are not allowed to promote but in fact military did some better than these politicians. The research is based on the analysis of the authentic material in the form of literature in comparative politics, institutional theory, as well as civil military relations and political sector reforms. Through the conceptualization of the data, the researchers have developed thier stance that if our politicians learn to make decisions wisely like those of India, the results would be far better and healthier as both states got independence on the same turn of the history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan detonated its nuclear test on May 28, 1998 in the Chagai hills which is along the western border of the province, Baluchistan. Many personalities and organizations were involved in developing the nuclear device against a backdrop of political, security and economic constraints, as well as opportunities. India's 1974 nuclear explosion had proved a fundamental flashpoint for Pakistan's nuclear program. Pakistan decided to accomplish its vow to "eat grass or go hungry" in its mission on its advance for the nuclear weapons. Pakistan's nuclear program evolved under immensely intricate and challenging security dilemmas and circumstances. Historical experience, a combination of cultural nuances, idiosyncrasies of personalities, and domestic politics existed throughout the nuclearization process. Pakistan faced regional crises, geographical compulsions, technical challenges, global politics, external pressure and international propaganda to nuclear materials know-how. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The homeland security system is a concept born to prevent the threat of terrorism and all types of crime in the urban city structure of the developed world. The power and economy of the globalized world paved the way for safe cites to attain sustainable development through communication technologies and modern strategies. In post '9/11' scenario the world encountered with the threat of terrorism that forced the endangered countries to launch collective efforts against the growing threat of terrorism. The homeland security strategy is a multi-faced task to provide safety and security to our cities and sustain its development. It encompasses the basic principles of partnership, convenience, sharing network, transparency and follow-up. Pakistan is in dire need to opt such strategies of safety and security to sustain its economic development and its citizens' security. The study will discuss a proposed strategy of homeland security for Pakistan keeping its focus on both approaches security and safety. It also studies the U.S., U.K. and the Indian models of homeland security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Asia is very effervescent region in terms of its geo-political and geo-strategic uniqueness on the globe. India and Pakistan are two nuclear states in this region having conflicting and rocky relations. In the backdrop of the negative security externalities originating from US intervention in the region of South Asia, the hypothesis is that China is the only regional actor that has all the inducements and the capabilities to deal with the threats to the regional peace and stability. In South Asia, in terms of material physiognomies such as the regional delineation and its power polarity is blurred. By evaluating and investigating its security environment, this research study suggests how this dearth of clarity could be alleviated. India's role within the region is even more controversial. We found that in light of the regional disputes between India and Pakistan, China's role is probably the most critical for the regional security and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wake of 9/11 attacks and the U.S., lead "War on Terrorism", Pakistan launched a military operation in Waziristan. A ground for the nourishment of terrorist, today, the government has launched a full-scale operation in North Waziristan against the denial and elimination of terrorist ideology. Military operation conducted has positive and negative impacts and it alone is not the solution for conflict resolution. Learning lessons from other movements of insurgency and their post-conflict efforts;, our success for ending the seven years of insurgency, will be judged through the effort's made by the government and our model of peacemaking for the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of water has a central position in world politics. The flow of trans-boundary water makes it relevant for more than one state. Rapid increase in world population, industrialization, urbanization and scarcity of fresh water resources has put immense pressure on water resources, both surface and ground water. South Asia is the part of world inhabiting about one quarter of global population and presenting to the world most volatile conflicts. Interstate hydro politics is today one of the most important issues on states' agenda. The partition plan of India and Pakistan sowed the seed of this conflict. The other states of South Asia i-e, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal are also in a constant rift with India over water. This paper tries to explore the causes of this conflict, the intensity which water scarcity has assumed and its implications for regional relations. The research has suggested water governance as a solution to this issue on part of all states for internal management of water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main focus of the article is on the Pakistan China security environment in the context of United States India strategic convergence and possible repercussions on the regional security particularly and global security as well. In this era momentous developments have taken place in the context of US-India strategic partnership. The United States is single super power in the world after the disintegration of the USSR. It is evident that the United States has short-term strategic targets as well as long term strategies in the regional and international politics. It seems that the United States is desirous to secure its protuberant and foremost status in the regional and international political scenario. United States have altered its policy towards South Asian order to achieve its core strategic intentions of having a dominant and leading status in the region in the backdrop of 9/11. The United States has restructured its security policy to accomplish its strategic objectives and has constructed its defense and military conglomerate with India. The United States and India have progressed to engaged egalitarianisms which is based on common strategic leverage in the region, political and economic gains. The designs and arrangements, United States and Indian developed cooperation is not of the same like in the cold war era between the stake holders but by using all the ways and diverse linkages, the United States is advancing its strategic policy objectives in the South Asia. This paper will explore the opportunities and challenges for Pakistan and China security environment in the context of these momentous developments in the region. The authors will also focus on the complicated security situation in South Asia to arrive at a logical solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of extremism topology is not only applicable to the past and present situation but also defines its roots in the future extremism. It is important to investigate that how Pakistani society engulfed in extremism? All phases are required to be investigated with the analysis of causes and their implication within the global political structure. The present study focuses to explore the nature of issue in the case of Pakistan. Pakistan has adopted many policies to counter the activities by the extremist groups. Reforms in education system and focus on youth can be helpful in managing the issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the implications of the Iranian Nuclear programme both for the regional and the global politics. It relates the origin and development of the programme. It examines the reasons why Iran initiated the nuclear program and how have the difficulties of both Iran and West affected the regional and global politics.

The term Indian Ocean States is applied to both coastal and landlocked states. In the connection total 51 states are remained under discussion in the Indian Ocean strategies. Their issues and problems are diverse. These issues have made the India Ocean an area of conflict. The wealth and the resources of the Indian Oceans have significantly involved the extra regional actors in the ocean. The present study focuses that this involvement of extra regional actors and the competition between the regional powers has shaped the policies and designs of global political settings regarding Indian Ocean. The study concludes that, Politics and strategies are an ongoing phenomena but the reality is that Indian Ocean is having the name of the India but is not totally in Indian control and custody. In this world of power and competition things and patterns keep on changing hence the command of Oceans. The changing power pattern round the globe is affecting the politics of Indian Oceans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of nuclear escalation is neither simple, nor straightforward in the context of the South Asian region. This is mainly because this region is a home to two inherently rival nuclear states. Nuclear equation in South Asia is not quite simple to comprehend the changing political and strategic scenario of this region. After 1998, both India and Pakistan moved towards a stage where slight negligence and irresponsible behavior can result huge devastation in the entire region. Moreover, the risk of attaining the nuclear material through espionage in both states can lead to a disastrous outcome where the non state actors and the terrorist organizations are operating to challenge the status quo. Nuclear weapons ensure the security of the state on one hand and on the other, risk of nuclear war casts a deep shadow over the region. Both India and Pakistan has to think out of box solutions to lessen the dangers of a nuclear holocaust. The study concludes that existing nuclear security culture in Pakistan is appropriate .International community should preempt any situation of escalation between the two, rather than engaging in "fire-fighting." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the politics of federalism in Pakistan. There are multiple geographic, economic and demographic variations that demanded special apparatus of management. As security, economy and identity were the common goals of all units; federal system was the most suitable answer to these issues and demands in the case of Pakistan. With an analysis of the concept, present research examines the history and constitutional development regarding federalism in Pakistan. Political life is teeming with institutions. Democracy must also flourish within the structures of political parties. If it doesn't, democracy will flounder. Federations may vary at the level of centralization, and in the forms of governance, but political institutions are important. The paper concludes by suggesting some policy measures to improve federalism in Pakistan. Relatively decentralized and inclusive governance is more likely to enable Pakistani federation to accommodate interests, identities and working of institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]