Search

Objectives: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the relation between liver function tests and biochemical cardiovascular risk factors in chronic kidney disease patients. Methodology: this study was conducted in Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar, from Ist May 2022 till 31st Oct, 2022. 250 patients in total were included in this study. All the people included in this study were chronic kidney disease patients at pre dialysis stage 3 to 5. Data collected included demographic information, liver function tests and biochemical cardiovascular risk factors. CKD-EPI equation was used to calculate glomerular filtration rate. Results: This study resulted in ALT being negatively correlated with C reactive protein and intact level of parathyroid hormone and positively correlated with glomerular filtration rate, triglyceride, calcifediol and albumin. Gamma-glutamyl transferase was negatively correlated with HDL cholesterol and positively correlated with glomerular filtration rate, triglycerides and C reactive protein. AST was negatively correlated with C reactive protein and intact level of parathyroid hormone and positively correlated with glomerular filtration rate, HDL cholesterol, albumin and calcifediol. In diabetic patients AST and ALT were positively correlated with glomerular filtration rate, additionally AST was also positively correlated with HDL cholesterol but negatively with intact parathyroid hormone. Gamma-glutamyl transferase had no correlation. In total population of the study and in diabetic group correlation analysis was run between glomerular filtration rate and biochemical cardiovascular risk factors, it resulted in GFR being negatively correlated with albuminuria, C reactive protein and intact parathyroid hormone and positively correlated with triglyceride, calcifediol and albumin. A partial correlation analysis, controlled for GFR, was also run between cardiovascular risk factors and LFTs. It resulted in no correlation between both. Practical implication: this study could be useful when planning the treatment of CKD patients with cardiovascular risk factors. Also in predicting the risk of cardiovascular disease in CKD patients based on the LFTs. It could also help initiate further reseach on related topics like the role of LFTs in predicting cardiovascular disease in CKD patients. Conclusion: this study concluded that relation between liver function tests and biochemical cardiovascular risk factors in chronic kidney disease patients could be the function of compromised glomerular filtration rate. Keywords: cardiovascular risk factors, chronic kidney disease, aspartate transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alanine transaminase

Objective: To asses if Topical probiotics and steroids can accelerate the process of angiogenesis in wound repair. Study Design: Longitudinal Experimental study. Setting: Al-Tibri Medical College. Period: Jan 2020 to Dec 2020. Material & Methods: Total 72 male albino rats were acquired from the animal house of the institution, and 18 as a requirement of per day of sampling included 6 animals/gp. An equal size incision of (2x2cm2) was made in all the animals. Group A was given Topical Normal Saline (Control Group), Group B was given the Probiotic (Lactobacillus Acidophilus), and Group C was given Topical Steroid (Dexamethasone). Samples from the wound created surgically was obtained on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st Day and slides were created to observe the number of blood vessels formed and angiogenesis under a light microscope. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 21.0. To compare the mean between the groups, the ANOVA was applied along with post hoc Tukey's test. The level of significance was considered P≤0.05. Results: The mean number of blood vessels formed in Group A (Control Group) was 2.75, 4, 5.25, and 5.50, in Group B (Probiotics Group) was 10, 13.50, 2.25, and 1, and in Group C (Steroid Group) was 3.75, 5.50, 3, and 2.25 on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st Day respectively. Significant difference was seen in the mean number of blood vessels formed when the Probiotic group was compared to Group A and C. Conclusion: Topical Probiotic accelerates the process of angiogenesis in wound repair due to their anti-inflammatory response.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic caused an abrupt transition from face-to-face to online anatomy teaching, learning, and assessment. Although online education has ensured the continuity of anatomy education during the pandemic, its implementation has been challenging, and its effectiveness has been questioned. Therefore, literature pertinent to online anatomy education during the pandemic is crucial to explain Covid-19's disruptions to this field. Accordingly, this scoping review explored changes, disruptions, and gaps in anatomy teaching and assessment during Covid-19 using an enhanced version of Arksey and O'Malley's six-stage protocol. Five online databases were searched for articles that described changes and disruptions in anatomy education. Three independent researchers were involved in titles, abstracts, and full texts screening, while another four researchers were independently involved in data extraction, charting, and synthesis. This review revealed six themes: immediate strategic plans and actions, teaching and learning changes, online assessment practice, students' and educators' receptivity and adaptability, online learning and assessment effects, and future directions. It also revealed four gaps: non-future-ready curricula, learning obstacles, administrative and teaching challenges, and online education ethical issues. The results were reported in tabular and narrative forms, following the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR guidelines). Understanding the evolution and gaps in anatomy education during the Covid-19 pandemic will help anatomists design future-ready, adaptable curricula.