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Objective: To compare the efficacy of Copal varnish versus dentin bonding agent for the prevention of postoperative sensitivity in amalgam restorations with the help of Visual auditory score (VAS). Study Design: Comparative clinical study. Place and Duration: A randomized control trial was conducted in the Department of Operative Dentistry after approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Fatima Memorial Hospital (FMH-03-2020-IRB-752-M). Methodology: A randomized control trial was conducted in which sample size of 60 was calculated, 30 in group. A (copal varnish) and 30 in group B (dentin bonding agent) with 95% confidence level and 80% power of test, 5 % level of significance. Non-probability consecutive sampling was used using lottery method. Inclusion criteria included both male and female patients with age range 18-40 years and no significant signs and symptoms of pain prior to treatment. Teeth which were previously restored and deep cavities with less than 2mm of remaining dentin thickness on periapical radiograph, with reference to GV Black’s class I were excluded from the study. Results: The study subjects were 60 patients requiring restorations for class I cavities. Each treatment group had 30 patients. A single operator evaluated all the patients at baseline and performed the procedure. The patients were recalled at 24 hours and 7th day, for postoperative evaluation. No significant difference was found in the mean sensitivity score of both the classes. Chi-square test was analyzed to find out the frequency of postoperative sensitivity and efficacy among males and females. No significant difference was found among both males and females. Practical implication: Current study can help dentists choose the right materials for restorative procedures, reducing postoperative discomfort. It also highlights the importance of regular dental check-ups and early intervention to prevent invasive procedures and promote oral health for the community. Conclusion: Copal varnish and dentin bonding agents are equally good in terms of their efficacy and reduction of postoperative sensitivity, in class I amalgam restorations. The effect of cavity depth and amount of tooth reduction greatly affect the result of postoperative sensitivity in class I lesions confined to outer 1/3rd of dentin. Keywords: Copal varnish, dentin bonding agents, Amalgam, dentinal tubules

Although the results derived from orthodontic treatment are focused at attaining an aesthetically pleasing soft tissue profile as directed by Angle's paradigm, however hard tissue including bone and tooth dimensions also play a pivotal role in attaining the set goal. This study was focused on evaluating the comparison of photographs and cephalometric radiographic images to dictate the differences that might occur when the same aesthetic evaluation technique is applied. A cross sectional comparative study was carried out at Frontier college of dentistry, Abbottabad and Sharif Medical and Dental College, Lahore from June to November 2020.In this cross-sectional study, 60 subjects were incorporated as part of the study amongst which lateral cephalometric radiographic images and photographs, other diagnostic records such as dental casts were procured. The same analysis was applied to assess the lower third of the face in both the photographs and the radiographs with focus on the Labiomental and nasolabial angles for comparison.The normal value of Nasolabial angle 102.10°±3.126° (NLA2) indicates the relationship of nose and upper lip which is within the normal range for the age group selected. No significant difference was found between the nasolabial angles measured by two separate methods (p-value is 0.67). Mean labiomental angle was found to be 120.70°±6.46°(LNA1) and 121.60°±5.386 degrees °(LMA2) respectively, which was within the normal range for the age group selected.There is no significant difference in the assessment of lower facial height and aesthetics between lateral cephalometric radiographic images and photographs taken from the camera.