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Sol-Gel is formed by conversion of liquid precursor into a sol and then to a gel. This technique is a common process for forming porous materials via solidification from a real solution phase. Preparation of homogenous solution, hydrolysis, gelation, drying, densification are major steps in sol-gel formation. Sol-Gel derived materials include glasses, ceramics, and nanoparticles, each offering unique properties and characteristics tailored to particular applications. Sol-Gel offers a distinct pathway for creation of many new and conventional nanomaterials that had been improved by combustion or hydrothermal treatment. This review highlights sol-gel process, steps involved in preparation and applications in medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research article bacterial (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungal (Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans) enzymes are used for molecular docking of novel marine alkaloid jolynamine (10) and six marine natural compounds. Till date, no computational studies have been reported. In addition, MM/GBSA analysis is conducted for estimation of binding free energies. Furthermore, ADMET physicochemical properties were explored to understand the drug likeness property of compounds. In silico results showed that jolynamine (10) has more negative predicted binding energy among natural products. The ADMET profile of all compounds accepted the Lipinski rule and jolynamine also showed negative MM/GBSA binding free energy. Moreover, MD simulation was subjected to check structure stability. The outcomes of MD simulation of jolynamine (10) showed structure stability over 50 ns simulation. This study will hopefully facilitate the finding of other natural products and expedite the drug discovery process to screen drug like chemical compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of different cations and anions on the CO2 solubility in ionic liquids was investigated using a systematic approach in the current work. Four ionic liquids (ILs) containing the same cation ([C2CN Bim]) were synthesized, each incorporating a different anion (DDS, BS TFMS, and DOSS). In addition, four ILs with different cations ([C2CN Bim], [C2CN Him], [C2CN Oim], and [C2CN Dim]) were prepared, all containing the same anion (DOSS). Then, these ILs were characterized and utilized to determine how various cations and anions influence CO2 solubility. The prepared ILs were characterized using NMR and elemental analysis. Impurities, such as moisture and halide content were also determined. The CO2 solubility was studied using the gravimetric method (MSB) at pressures of 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 bar. An investigation was also conducted to examine the influence of temperature on the solubility of CO2 in [C2CN Dim] [DOSS]. Henry's law constants were calculated along with the thermodynamic properties such as standard enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy (ΔH0, ΔS0, ΔG0). In addition, the CO2/CH4 solubility selectivity was determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The α-chymotrypsin is widely present in the digestive system of prokaryotes and eukaryotes that helps in the digestion by the hydrolysis of the peptide bond. It is serine protease enzyme (E.C. 3.4.21.1) and involves in many biological processes as well as in pancreatic disorders. In the previous study, marine red alga namely Jolyna laminariodes was used for the isolation of succinylanthranilic acid ester (2). Further, analogues were synthesised from anthranilic acid by using succinic anhydride, maleic anhydride and glutaric anhydride into corresponding dicarboxylic acids and further into acid ester including succinylanthranilic acid (1), succinylanthranilic acid ester (2), maleinylanthranilic acid (3), maleinylanthranilic acid ester (4), glutarnylanthranilic acid (5) and glutarnylanthranilic acid ester (6). For all natural products analogues percent inhibition against α-chymotrypsin have been calculated. In this study, molecular docking is used to estimate the binding energy of natural product analogues against α-chymotrypsin enzyme. The docking energies are in good agreement with experimental findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed to assess the type and severity of COVID vaccine-induced menstrual disorders and also to investigate the risk factors for menstrual changes following COVID-19 vaccination in Pakistani females. A crosssectional survey-based study was conducted in females between 12 -70 years of age from February to July 2022. The survey was conducted via in-person interviews as well as via social media. The data was analyzed using standard descriptive statistical parameters, the sociodemographic and clinical features were evaluated and reported as frequencies (percentages). The study comprised a total of 1023 female subjects. Approximately 36.9% of women reported menstrual abnormalities following immunization, with 30.5% experiencing them following their second dose. However, in majority of these women (21%) the symptoms were resolved after 3 months of irregularity. Vaccine type significantly influenced the incidence of menstrual disorders (p<0.001) which were linked to Pfizer-Biontech, Sinopahrm, Sinovac, Moderna at rates of 14.9%, 9.5%, 4.7% and 2.7%, respectively. Both AstraZeneca and Moderna were implicated in postmenopausal bleeding (1.6% and 0.8%, respectively). The study showed that females receiving COVID-19 vaccines experienced menstrual irregularities such as short duration of periods, decreased volume of bleeding, and frequent menstrual cycles. However, the symptoms were temporary and self-limiting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]