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The use of Learning Management Systems (LMS) in school management has quickly increased in 21st century due to its efficiency and effectiveness. LMS used in this study can provide principals, supervisors, and subject teachers with the information for informed planning, policymaking, and evaluation through tools of monitoring, communication and decision making. The current study explores the e-leadership by school principals through an LMS provided by 3-P Learning Organization Australia. This LMS is implemented in more than fifty private schools in Pakistan. This study was conducted under the interpretive paradigm and phenomenology design was used to explore the phenomena of the Learning Management System. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six participants, coordinators and LMS supervisors and teachers. The results of this investigation showed that decision making, monitoring and communication in this LMS give broad help to school principals in dealing with their associations and dynamic support of educators thus increment the viability of E-leadership. Information based basic leadership is the result of the observing, and correspondence among the instructors, understudies, and guardians. So as to improve e-initiative, I suggest school principal ought to extend the utilization of refreshed information of instructing and gain from educators, understudies, and guardians derived through LMS.

We are living in the age of quality competition, in marketing term, everything only persists until sustains its quality. If something elapsing its quality is meant to ending its existence from the world gradually. The idea of quality education is challenged and comprehended from numerous aspects. During the past decade, the number of higher education institutions (HEIs) in Pakistan has increased and the need for quality education is increased. Keeping in view the needs of the society the alarming question is the quality improvement of these HEIs. In the long run, the quality of education depends upon the teachers' qualities who are serving as nation builders in the system. The Higher Education Commission (HEC) is working as a regulator of Degree Awarding Institutions (DAIs) in Pakistan. All regulated & accredited DAIs by HEC Pakistan are evaluating, improving and sustaining their quality through internal quality body Quality Enhancement Cells (QECs). All universities sustaining their internal quality through the operationalized mechanism of QEC are structured by the Quality Assurance Agency (QAA). The leading aim of the existing paper was to analyze the content concerning the quality assurance process of Higher Education (HE) in Pakistan. This study was conducted under the interpretive paradigm and evaluative content analysis was applied. The selected document was Self-assessment Manual used by Quality Enhancement Cells for the quality assurance of DAIs in Pakistan. Through thematic analysis, seven themes ("Curriculum," "Facilities," "Labs," "Students support," "Faculty," "Institutional support" & "Process control") were noted. Furthermore, it was assessed the QEC manual, mechanism and all its performance are measuring the quality of all disciplines with the same brush. By hanging all quality keys at the same grid (Manual), Teacher Education Programs (TEPs) are indirectly sustained in the standings of quality improvement in Pakistan. It was concluded that quality means meeting the predetermined standards and noted six themes during qualitative analysis was based on the Self-Assessment Manual used by QECs in DAIs in Pakistan.

The foremost purpose of this empirical study was to explore the role of e-learning in the preparedness of preschool children in the incorporation of the values of sustainable development in pre-school students. The paradigm of the study was interpretivism and the phenomenology design was used for this qualitative investigation. Through the judgemental sampling technique, 30 preschool children and eight teachers were selected. An observation checklist and interview protocol were prepared to measure the role of technology (e-learning) in the Preparedness of Preschool Children for Incorporating the values of Sustainable Development through E-Learning and how e-learning Sustain or Retains Future Demands of preschool children. Four themes (Television, Mobiles phone, tablets and digital gadgets) were noted during the analysis of data by N-Vivo-10. The results indicate that TV and Mobile Phones were the most used tools for Childers for incorporation of the standards and values of sustainable development in the preschool children.

The foremost purpose of the paper was to explore the relationship between the Pareto Principle and employees' compensation. The study was quantitative and 330 leaders were surveyed at the public and private universities of Lahore District. The instrument consisted of 52 items with the Cronbach alpha of 0.94 was used to collect data from the leader regarding the Pareto Principle and employees' compensation.Through multistage sampling technique, 330 top and middle-level leaders participated in the survey. The results of the survey revealed a significant positive association (r=0.876) between Pareto law and employee compensation.

With the prologue of devolution of power 2001, district level educational managers are working with new accountability environment. This study was proposed to explore the opinions of Executive District Officer (EDOs) of Punjab regarding the devolution in education. The data was collected through primary source by semi-structured interviews. It was found that most of the district administrations in education like EDOs, had no managerial training before joining these posts. Some of the EDOs described that devolution had little effect on enrolment, dropout, and female enrolment. All EDOs expressed unhappiness over lack of any orientation or professional development provided to them in this context. Most of the powers had been concentrated in the office of EDOs whereas DEOs; Deputy DEOs have merely become reporting officers. The personnel in the hierarchy of education department before devolution were, answerable to people of the same cadre at district, division and provincial level like in district to DEOs, at divisional level to Director (Education) and at provincial level to Director Public Instructions (DPI) but in post- devolution scenario they had to report to the bureaucracy at the district level (District Coordinating Officer) which eroded their autonomy.

This study aimed to determine the changes needed to improve classroom assessment at the secondary level in Pakistan. The instruments used in this mixed-method study included a research questionnaire, interview, and qualitative classroom observation. The study concluded that major changes needed to improve classroom assessment included the usage of a variety of assessment techniques, reduced workload of teachers, provision of special guidelines to weak students, and provision of professional training and proper assessment materials to teachers. It is recommended that the administration of Federal Government Educational Institutions (FGIEs) should arrange continuous professional training for teachers on classroom assessment. The provision of proper assessment materials should also be ensured. School principals should play an effective role in providing guidelines to faculty members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2001, the global community has dedicated more consideration to promoting the admittance of quality education that builds resilience against radical ideologies. It is because radicalization primarily relies on social and dogmatic marginalization. The worldwide campaign on peace education (PE) is based primarily on countries linked to growing violent extremism and militancy. The core aim of the research was to explore the role of the madrasah system in the peace-building attitudes of students through religious education for bringing harmony in the society. The paradigm of the research was interpretivism and methodology was qualitative, and the design was phenomenology. The semi-structured interview was used to collect data. The 12 participants were selected for data collection. Data were collected till saturation. Contextual validity was ensured by recording the interviews and note-taking. All the recorded interviews were transcribed. Initially, the data were entered into N-Vivo=12. Thematic analysis was used in order to interpret the results. Thematic analysis is a form of qualitative data analysis. It is generally applicable to a series of texts, such as transcripts of interviews. There were four major themes (Role of Madrasah Management, Values by Madrasah, Challenges for Madrasah & Reasons for Misconception) that were noted by using thematic analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education for sustainable development is universally recognized in the current times to achieve sustainable development goals. The importance of this can be seen in the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development from 2004 to 2014. There is a dire need to align higher education towards its preparation for achieving the Sustainable Development 2030 through the transformation of its curricular and co-curricular activities. The purpose of the study was to critically explore the steps taken by the Higher Education institutions for attaining these goals. The study was conducted under the interpretivism paradigm. The design was transcendental phenomenology and the methodology was qualitative. A semi-structured interview was used to collect data from nine purposively selected participants. The data were collected from six-voice chancellors (VCs) from the different universities located in Punjab. In the initial phase, codes were developed based on collected data and in second phase four (HED (Higher Education Department) & SDGs, Journey towards 2030 Agenda, SDGs Possible Through Education & Status of Pakistan & Agenda) themes were finalized during thematic analysis. There is a calamitous time to set a new policy for the SDGs strategies of the Higher Education department to attain SDGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social structure in which human beings live is a major source of their personality development as well as mental satisfaction that leads towards a happy life. Such a smooth personality development as well as mental satisfaction can become a source of achievments in their economic and social life. Educaitonal institutions are reflection of social system but these are not the only sources of personality development and academic achievment. Social setup in which students live is also equally responsible for students academic achievement. This research was an initial step towards analysis of effects of social factors on students social satisfaction and also its effects on the students academic achievment. This research has got a sample of 900 participants and after necessary cleaning of data found a sample of 777 (Seven hundrend and seventy seven students) from six different universities of punjab, Pakistan. The research has used seven (07) point likert scale questionnaire, using exploratory (for instrument development) and confirmatory factor analysis. The research found that social support and gender discimination both have significant effect on social satisfaction of student as well as on academic achievement. But on the otherhand access in community have minor but significant effect on students academic achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appearance of a new paradigm of e-leadership in which the Learning Management System (LMS) is used for management functions in schools. This research aims to explore principals' experiences and perceptions about LMS and how LMS is used in administrative and academic processes in private schools of Pakistan? This research was carried out in two phases. The first step was to perform semi-structured interviews with school principals. A phenomenological coding technique was used to code and interpret the qualitative data obtained through interviews. As a result, three themes emerged from thematic analysis. The three emerged themes of management functions of e-leadership were Rollover, school roll, and organizing school. In the second stage, the quantitative instrument (Closed-ended questionnaire) was developed based on themes that emerged from the first stage. The data screening and demographic features of respondents were tested using SPSS 22 and the measurement and structural model were analyzed through the Smart PLS. The instrument's validity and reliability were determined using smartPLS and a quantitative survey of 124 principals. The results revealed that LMS with emerged themes has a significant impact on management functions of the 3P learning LMS. It concludes that the management function through this LMS enhanced the efficiency of the school principals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research aimed to design a scale to measure teacher educators' conceptions regarding sustainable development. A systematic review of the relevant literature was conducted to generate and operationalize the initial item pool. Initially, the quantitative scale consists of 54 items in total covering the following four dimensions i.e. environmental, social, economic and moral. After the expert opinion 10 redundant and ambiguous items were deleted from the tool. A total of 44 items were finalized for the scale under four domains with thirteen items under social dimensions, 10 items under economic and environmental dimensions and eleven items under moral dimensions. Through a survey, the scale was administered to 60 teacher educators chosen from 3 public sector teacher education departments of Punjab. The validity and reliability of the scale was statistically tested by computing confirmatory factor analysis and reliability analysis. The values of factor loading were between .973 to 0.512. A total of 07 items were dropped from the pooled items resulting in the retention of 37 items on the final version. The final scale indicates adequate reliability and validity across four dimensions of sustainable development. Theoretically, this scale contributes significantly to the identification of moral dimension of sustainability. The scale for teacher educators' conception regarding education for sustainable development could be a useful for understanding the ways in which teacher educators think about sustainability and could be useful to investigate the relationship between sustainable development conceptions and other variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The core aim of the current study was to examine the vision and priority areas regarding sustainable development defined in National Education Policy 2017. In this paper, the researchers analyzed the National Education Policy Document of Pakistan (2017) by using N-Vivo for qualitative content analysis. Sustainable development has three main key areas, i.e., society, economy, environment. The paper has tried to explain how far the three aspects of sustainable development have been incorporated in the National Education Policy. The content analysis of the policy indicates that some aspects of sustainable development have been addressed in the policy. Although no separate policy plan regarding education for sustainable development has been mentioned, there are instances that indicate integration of sustainable development in the policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aimed for the analysis of the contents of government documents that were formed after the World Education Forum in Dakar, Senegal, in April 2000. The Dakar Framework was a combined commitment of actions for the promotion of primary education in the world. Government has the assigned obligation to ensure the EFA Goals and targets are being sustained. Out of total hit documents, full-text documents regarding primary education were included for the study and a total number of 13 documents of 1500 pages and several paragraphs were analyzed. The study reveals that Majority of the documents shows that government is near to achieve UPE targets but the allocation of budget to education remained at 2.4 percent which is needed to be revised along with this low GDP primary school enrollment increased after the year 2000. The content analysis used to conduct this research. Mission statement related to UPE formed inductive codes to test the significant association with the documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable development (SD), a continually creating thought, with the plan to upgrade everyone’s satisfaction, by accommodating economic, environmental and social development. The leading aim of the paper in hands was to evaluate the role of educators concerning Education for Sustainable Development in Pakistan and this would be an initiate of a sustainable future in the country. This study was to reconnoitre the perception of educators about their role as an sustainable development (SD) promoter at primary level and this qualitative study conducted to identify the strengths, weakness, hurdles and responsibilities of a teacher as an SD promoter. The study was qualitative in nature and to gain an in-depth insight into the phenomenon a semi-structured interview protocol was developed 30 participants were selected on the bases of seniority by convenient sampling technique. The finding shows that there was a lot of potential in the teachers which are necessary to work as an agent of sustainability, the majority of them was unaware about the term "sustainability" but teaching SD concept for a long time without knowing it, to some extent curriculum also help them. Most of the teacher in this study had different challenges and obstacles, just like lack of resources, the lake of the support system from administration and society. All the educators believed that they need to be determined and resourceful to perform their tasks as an agent for sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on exploring the relationship between Pareto Principle and levels of Leadership Proposed by inordinate leadership expert J.C Maxwell. Through multistage sampling technique, 213 dyads were nominated to participate in the study. The study was quantitative and data was collected through two structured questionnaires LLAQ (for subordinates) and PPQ (for leaders. The results signposted that, all the five levels positively correlated with the coefficient Pinnacle (r=.46), People Development (r=.37), Production (r=.41), Permission (r=.42), and Position (r=.46). Additional findings were reconnoitred that, People development level has literature support having relationship Pareto Principle with five levels of leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Job Embeddedness is relatively a new and theoretically a rich construct. It includes on the job factors and off the job factors which help in measuring an employee's intention to stay. The job embeddedness model by Mitchell and Lee (2001) has 6 original dimensions. Organization links and community links (individual connections with people in the organization and community), organization fit and community fit (individual perception of fit within an organization and community), organization sacrifice and community sacrifice (what the individual gives up when leaving the organization or community). Ramesh & Gelf and worked on its extension. Three new dimensions were added by Ramesh & Galfand (2010) by including family factor (family links, family fit, and family sacrifice) and suggested that this factor would predict turnover in a better way. Job embeddedness enables us to look the relations of an employee and the employer in a new context. The uniqueness of this construct is its focus on retention instead of turnover. The objective of this study is to explore the job embeddedness level of college faculty members of Higher Education Department, Govt of Punjab. 459 college faculty members were selected by using convenience sampling technique. Data was collected using job embeddedness questionnaire. Analysis of the collected data revealed that college faculty members showed high mean score on organization fit and community fit dimension of job embeddedness model. Demographic factors like gender, work experience, locality and designation showed a significant effect on job embeddedness level of college faculty members. College faculty stands on a medium level on job embeddedness scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The core purpose of the existing paper was to measure the validity and reliability of Leadership Level Assessment Questionnaire developed by J.C. Maxwell in Pakistan particularly in educational context. Leadership Level Assessment Questionnaire was designed to assess the executives' leadership level familiarized by Maxwell. This was a quantitative research and survey method was used for collecting data from the top and middle-level leaders. Through multistage sampling technique, 580 subordinates were selected to participate in this study. Leadership Level Assessment Questionnaire was partially used as an instrument of the study. The results exposed that the Leadership Level Assessment Questionnaire has good internal consistency (alpha=0.95), discriminant (AVE=0.89) convergent (SMC=0.94) and construct (PCA=0.67) validity in the Educational context in Pakistan. However, there was a dire need to test the Leadership Level Assessment Questionnaire fully in educational or other perspectives of leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professional knowledge and its understanding in true sense provides sound base for the field performance. A skill is considered to be the disposition of knowledge behind it. The same is the case with the teaching profession as it demands excellent presentation of the acquired knowledge in actual classroom setting. The present study is an effort to determine the extent to which the teachers are capable of applying their professional knowledge in the classroom. For assessing the professional knowledge of the participants of the study i.e. prospective teachers, were administered a self-reporting questionnaire and later on observed during teaching practice to assess the level of implementation of the acquired professional knowledge. The results of the study revealed that there exists significant relationship between the understanding of acquired professional knowledge and its classroom application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A considerable number of Pakistani youth wants to leave the country and settle in Western countries for better education and job opportunities as revealed in the current study. Stress due to socio-economic, geo-political and various yet unknown factors emerged as the major cause for brain drain. Present study was conducted in a public sector university of Lahore and primary data is based on personal views and perceptions of individuals collected through semi-structured focused group interviews. The population of the study was 1800 students enrolled in different degree programs and the purposive sample consisted of 90 students. The stress levels of students were checked through questionnaire developed by International Stress Management Association. Mild, moderate and high levels of stress were found to be existent among the sample population with majority 79% suffering from high levels of stress and at a risk of physical and socio-academic failure. It was revealed that majority 91% of the participants were not satisfied with the current socio-economic and political situation and that they wanted to leave the country for good either through student visa or through permanent immigration. Hence stress is impacting their social, emotional and personal lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper is to explore the role of a leader in enhancing the faculty members' job satisfaction, as perceived by the faculty, in a public university context of Pakistan. The qualitative approach has been employed through using semi-structured interview protocol to generate rich qualitative data. Five campuses out of a total of 13 campuses/divisions were selected of a case university from where 15 faculty members were interviewed. The findings highlight that the leader's role has been found to be critical for the faculty members' job satisfaction. The findings further show that the exercise of behaviors related to all the transformational aspects and the first dimension (contingent reward) of the transactional leadership, that design the leader's role, by leaders have been highlighted as necessary for enhancing the faculty members' job satisfaction. The defined leader's role in the present study context to enhance the faculty job satisfaction is based upon and informed by the societal and organizational context of the current research. The readers of this research are, therefore, suggested the careful use of these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to investigate which leadership style(s) is/are more conducive and which can be a barrier to faculty job satisfaction in a Pakistani public university context. The study adopted qualitative approach to generate in-depth qualitative data. Fifteen faculty members were interviewed from five campuses out of total thirteen units of the chosen public university. The findings highlight that the participative leadership style and the behaviours associated with transformational style and the first dimension (contingent reward) of transactional leadership are perceived as conducive to faculty job satisfaction. Whereas, the practice of authoritative and laissez-faire leadership styles and the lack of exercise of leadership behaviours related to transformational and transactional (first dimension only) leadership are considered to be barriers to faculty job satisfaction. A cautious use of the findings is suggested because of the context specific nature of the leadership and its practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Devolution in education from provinces to district changed the crux of power for controlling schools from provincially centralized system to districts in Pakistan. Devolution in education across the globe showed mixed results (though most showed positive results) so far as their impact on students' achievement was concerned. This article has tried to add to the impact studies in this regards. Secondary School Certificate (SSC) examinations in Pakistan are conducted by autonomous boards. So SSC results could be the best means of recording students' achievement. The study presented in this article utilized a quantitative approach employing ex-post facto research using empirical data. One Examination Board was randomly selected out of 8 boards in the province Punjab and pre-devolution (1998-2003) and post-devolution (2004-2009) results of all five districts in Examination Board were analyzed. The results of the study showed that devolution in education has no significant impact on students' achievement. There was no improvement in students' achievement. Rather, the students average pass percentage decreased slightly after devolution. Even in some small districts the results were lower than pre- devolution period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored head teachers' (HTs') job satisfaction in the devolved educational system in Punjab, Pakistan. Government schools were controlled academically, administratively and financially by the provincial government before devolution in education from provinces to district. When Devolution Plan 2000 was materialized by the promulgation of Local Government Ordinance 2001, all these powers were devolved from provinces to district government. On one hand, HTs became accountable to district bureaucracy and on the other hand, to the political leadership at the three levels in the district (union council, town council and district councils). Accountability of the HTs increased many fold. Moreover, parents' involvement in school matters increased due to school councils. The study employed ex-post-facto cross sectional quantitative survey design supplemented with an open ended question. Job Descriptive Index (JDI) was used as the instrument to measure job satisfaction. Results of JDI and their open ended responses have shown that HTs were significantly more satisfied with their work on 'Work on Job', 'Opportunities for Promotion', 'Supervision', 'Co-workers' and 'Job in General' subscales of JDI during pre-devolution period. Devolution in education has no significant effect on the pay on 'Pay sub scale of JDI' of the HTs before and after devolution. HTs were highly dissatisfied with their pay before and after devolution periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implementation of Devolution Plan 2000 through Punjab Local Government Ordinance (PLGO) 2001 was a landmark in the history of decentralization in Pakistan. It was the first time when most of the political, administrative, and financial powers were devolved to district government. The objectives of this study were to explore whether implementation of devolution plan was followed in true spirit, to discover the focus and problems in its implementation and to identify the way forward. The study was conducted using document analysis. The data analysis show that though powers were devolved from provincial to district government but most of the academic, administrative and financial powers remained centralized at the top in the decision making hierarchy of the district. Decentralization of powers from provinces to district is a giant step towards decentralization but it needs to trickle down further in the district management especially to the schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study was to examine the impact of decentralization in education on the enrolment and dropouts at primary school level in the province and its low literacy and high literacy districts. Two districts, one from the low literacy category and the other from the high literacy category were selected randomly. A complete cohort of students from grade 1 to grade 5, separately for the pre-devolution period (1997-2002) and post-devolution period (2003- 2007) were followed using data from Education Management Information System Punjab (EMIS) for the former and Program Monitoring and Implementation Unit (PMIU) for the later period. A significant increase in enrolment and decline in dropout was observed during the post-devolution period. The less developed, low literacy district responded in a more positive way. Thus the findings support the argument that decentralization will help in expanding access to education and controlling dropouts which may lead to early attainment of universal primary education in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]