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The purpose of this paper is to gain an insight into the conflict management strategies (CMS) of faculty in the higher education institutions (HEIs) of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. To achieve the above mentioned purpose, survey method was used with the help of questionnaire. In this research, impact of CMS was assessed on the negative consequences and the impact of demographic variations on CMS was examined in higher education. Negative consequences were significantly explained by avoiding strategy and dominating strategy. This research has found significant differences in the dominating and obliging strategies among the male and female respondents. Regarding the designation, significant differences were found in the dominating strategy and avoiding strategy. While age of the respondents also exerted significant influence on the compromising strategy. (Contains 13 tables.)

The purpose of this paper is to gain an insight into the conflict management in public and private sector universities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. To achieve the earlier mentioned purpose, survey method was used with the help of questionnaire. In this research, impact of university type (public and private sector) was examined on the conflict management strategies of the teachers in higher education. Moreover, a systematic approach was adopted to discover existence of conflict, its intensity, types and sources in these two types of universities. Results indicate that conflict was intense in the public sector universities; interpersonal conflict was more prevalent in public sector while task conflict was high in the private sector universities. Findings indicated that faculty in both types of universities used integrating, compromising and avoiding styles simultaneously in case of conflict. There was no significant difference in the conflict management strategies of both types of universities. Finally, it was revealed that there was no formal system in both types of universities to manage conflict. (Contains 11 tables.)

Modern societies are confronted with a plethora of issues that have far-reaching socio-political ramifications. The negative effects of diversity are primarily the result of state policies. Where societies were not homogenous, attempts were made to bring desperate populations together to advance official nationalist projects. Pakistan, being dominantly a Muslim state, has religio-cultural and ethnic diversity where minority groups have raised their voices against the unjust state's policies. This study examines how these issues evolved over the course of Pakistan's history. The paper attempts to answer the question 'why has Pakistan's plurality become unmanageable?' The results demonstrate that a high degree of centralization of authority, the adoption of Urdu as a national language, a sense of domination of the central institutions by the Punjabis, underrepresentation of ethnic minorities in state institutions, and controlled society has aggravated the position of diverse groups in Pakistan, with colossal consequences to national economy and social harmony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tends to examine the moderated mediation role of external locus of control (ELC) and risk tolerance (RT) in the relationship between heuristic availability bias (HAB) and investment decision‐making (IDM). We used SPSS PROCESS Model 7 (moderated mediation) on a data set gleaned from 385 practicing stock investors at Pakistan Stock Exchange. The results of the study revealed that the relationship between HAB and IDM is partially mediated by RT, whereas, the ELC significantly moderates the relationship between HAB and RT. Moreover, in the case of moderated mediation, the ELC showed a significant moderating role in the relationship of HAB with IDM through RT. Since the findings of the study argue that ELC intensifies the influence of HAB on investors' risk‐taking propensity that inculcate them toward making investment decisions. The practical and theoretical implications of the study are discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]