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Emerging economies and ecosystems are critically dependent on fossil fuels, and a country’s energy dependence is a significant measure of its reliance on foreign suppliers. This study evaluates the impact of energy reliance on energy intensity, CO2 emission intensity, and the utilization of renewable resources in 35 developing and 20 developed nations, as well as the connection between renewable energy (REN), GDP growth, and CO2 emissions. This study employs the generalized linear model (GLM) and the robust least squares (RLS) method to assess the inverse association between renewable energy and developed and developing economy policymakers, utilizing unique linear panel estimate approaches (1970–2022). The impact of renewable energy as a response variable on economic growth, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions across four continents is investigated in this study. The findings indicate that developing countries experience a rise in per capita CO2 emissions if their renewable energy use exceeds their capacity. This finding remains significant even when other proxies for renewable energy use are introduced using modified approaches. Furthermore, it is particularly relevant to industrialized nations that possess more developed institutions. Even more surprisingly, in terms of the energy and emission intensity required for growth, energy dependence has accelerated all components. The regional analysis revealed a spillover impact in most areas, suggesting that the consequences of energy dependence are essentially the same in neighboring countries. The growth of the renewable energy sector and the decrease in greenhouse gas emissions depend critically on the ability of regional energy exchange unions to mitigate the negative environmental and economic impacts of energy dependency. These underdeveloped countries need to spend more on research and development to catch up technologically.

Emerging economies and ecosystems rely heavily on fossil fuels, and a country's energy dependence is a strong indicator of its reliance on foreign suppliers. This study investigates the impact of energy dependence on energy intensity, CO2 emission intensity, and the exploitation of renewable resources in 35 developing and 20 developed nations. It also explores the correlation between renewable energy, GDP growth, and CO2 emissions. This study utilizes the Generalized Linear Model (GLM) and the Robust Least Squares (RLS) method to investigate the negative correlation between renewable energy and policymakers in established and emerging economies. It also employs distinctive linear panel estimation techniques spanning from 1970 to 2022. This study examines the impact of renewable energy on economic growth, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions across four continents. Developing countries see an increase in per capita CO2 emissions when their utilization of renewable energy exceeds their capacity. Even with the introduction of several proxies for renewable energy use using changed techniques, this discovery remains valid. Moreover, this is particularly crucial for industrialized nations with well-established institutions. Energy dependency has increased the energy and carbon intensity needed for expansion across all components, which is surprising. The regional study discovered a spillover impact in most regions, indicating that the consequences of energy reliance are similar in neighboring countries. Regional energy exchange unions play a vital role in reducing the adverse environmental and economic impacts of energy dependence, which is essential for the growth of the renewable energy sector and the decrease in greenhouse gas emissions. Undeveloped countries need to enhance their investment in research and development to advance technologically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the outcomes of open and closed technique in surgical management of Pilonidal Sinus. Study Design: Randomized control trial. Place and Duration of Study: All three Surgical units, at Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad, Pakistan from 1 April 2006 to 31 December 2015. Materials and Methods: A total of 65 patients with Pilonidal Sinus presented at Out Patient Department were included. Detailed history, general physical and systemic examination especially sinus area were done along with laboratory investigations. The patients were divided into two groups; patients in group I were managed by open technique and those in Group II were managed by closed technique. All patients were called for review at 01, 06, 12, 18 & 24 months interval to check for the recurrence and complications. The data was entered on SPSS 22.0 for analysis. Results: A total of 65 patients with Pilonidal Sinus disease were included in the study. Wound infection and dehiscence was found in 0.76% patients managed with close technique and in 5.17% patients managed with open technique. Similarly Recurrence rate in close technique were also found more i-e 12.06%while in Open technique only in 03.44%. Conclusion: The management of Pilonidal sinus is a surgical challenge. Both techniques are effective but the open technique is better option as compared to close technique because of low recurrence and wound dehiscence rate.

Objective: To determine drug compliance among patients with rheumatological and musculoskeletal diseases and to identify the reasons behind poor compliance. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Rheumatology Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar Pakistan, from Aug 2020 to Feb 2021. Methodology: All patients aged 16 to 70, of either gender with inflammatory rheumatic diseases who were prescribed conventional DMARDs for at least six months were included in the study. Results: Two hundred and eighteen patients were included in the study. There were 59(27.1%) males and 159(72.9%) females with a mean age of 38.56±4.75years. There were 156 SPRA patients (71.5%), while SLE and SNIA accounted for 22(10.1%) and 17(7.8%) cases, respectively. Methotrexate was the most commonly prescribed medicine, 158(72.5%) while 90(41.3%) patients were prescribed Hydroxychloroquine and 43(19.7%) patients were prescribed Sulfasalazine. Regarding compliance, 112 (51.4%) patients were found to have good drug adherence. On the other hand, side effects and lack of awareness were found to be the most common cause of poor medication adherence. Conclusion: We concluded that adherence to medication among patients with inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases is poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the Hepatic safety of low dose methotrexate therapy in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Study Design: Prospective and Descriptive study. Settings: Department of Medicine, Peshawar Institute of Medical Sciences. Period: May 2020 to May 2021. Material & Methods: A total of 151 patients with rheumatoid Arthritis were included in this study. All diagnosed patients were advised baseline liver function tests and routine blood investigations. Patients were started on methotrexate 7.5 mg weekly. On each monthly follow-up visit, liver function tests were done to detect hepatotoxicity. Results: A total of 151 patients of rheumatoid arthritis were included in this study with a female to male ratio of 1.4:1. Average age of the patients was 43.76 years -+ 12.7 SD with range 17-72 years. Only in 17 (11.26%) of patients on 7.5 mg/weekly dose of methotrexate, mild hepato-toxicity was observed based on the elevation of aminotransferases more than two times upper limit of Reference(ULR). Conclusion: Although Hepato-toxicity can occur in a minority of patients on low dose methotrexate therefore in low dose it is a safe drug for the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: De Quervain’s tenosynovitis is a disorder of the tendons of the first dorsal compartment of the wrist that causes pain and functional disability, which may be refractory to conservative treatments. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has become increasingly popular in sports Medicine and Orthopaedic practice as treatment for muscle, tendon, and ligament injuries, and has received media attention because of its promise as a regenerative therapy. Objective: To determine the efficacy of intralesional injection of platelet rich plasma (PRP) in patients of De Quervain’s tenosynovitis Material & Methods: Th is descriptive series were conducted at Department of Orthopedics and Spine centre, Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital, Lahore Pakistan from January 2018 to July 2019. Total 100 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Platelet rich plasma was obtained after centrifuging the blood taken from the patient. Under aseptic measures a phlebotomist obtained blood in vacutainer. Vacutainer was centrifuged and middle zone containing platelet rich plasma was aspirated in a 5 ml disposable syringe. Th e patient received intralesional injection plus oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Th e included patients were evaluated three weeks after treatment initiation for pain relief. Time of start of symptoms for more than one year and history of diabetes was treated as effect modifier along with age and gender. Results: Mean age of patients was 41.26±11.26 years. Th ere were 53(53%) patients in the study who were diabetic. Efficacy of treatment was seen in 85(85%) patients. However in 15(15%) patients Intralesional injection of platelet rich plasma was not effective. Efficacy of treatment was not significantly associated with age, gender, diabetes status and duration of symptoms. Conclusion: Keeping in mind the results of this study and as well as the results of pilot study conducted prior to this study intralesional injection of platelet rich plasma can be effectively used for de Quervain’s tenosynovitis. However further studies are needed to put this treatment modality in the first line treatment options for patients with de Quervain’s tenosynovitis [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the epidemiological, clinical variables and common risk factors responsible for fatal outcome of burn patients in order to create awareness at mass level. Materials and methods: A prospective study of 678 patients admitted in burn unit from July 2011 to June 2015. Patients' information including demographic characteristic, cause of burn, place of accident, grading, percent of burning, treatment given at hospital and outcome were recorded. Results: Out of 678 patients 60.18% of females were affected. Accidental and domestic phenomenon was leading in all flame affects 50.88% of all patients. Mostly 11-20 years of people suffered. Conclusion: The mortality rate of burn injuries is alarming as compared to other injuries. Proper measures have to be taken at national and international level to decrease the incidence of burns and hence decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the frequency of thyroid dysfunction in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus using thyroid function tests. Methodology: This was a descriptive study conducted from January 2017 to June 2017. All patients presenting with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) were included irrespective of their age and gender. Thyroid status was determined by screening patients with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free T4 (FT4) and free T3 (FT3). Patients were categorised into five groups consisting of euthyroid, subclinical/overt hypothyroidism and subclinical/overt hyperthyroidism. Results: One hundred and four patients comprising of 38 (36.5%) males and 66 (63.5%) females had an overall mean age of 20.5 ±4.4 years, mean body mass index (BMI) 24.9 ±1.6 and mean duration of diabetes of 3.7 ±1.4 years. The mean HBA1c was 7.9 ±0.71% and mean TSH was 5.4 ±4.4 m IU/mL. Twelve (11.5%) patients were hypothyroid, 16 (15.4%) had subclinical hypothyroidism and 76 (73.1%) were euthyroid. No case of hyperthyroidism was seen. Conclusion: Thyroid dysfunction especially overt and subclinical hypothyroidism were commonly found in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]