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Background Children living with HIV (CLHIV) on prolonged antiretroviral therapy (ART) are at risk for lipid and glucose abnormalities. Prevalence and associated factors were assessed in a multicentre, Asian longitudinal paediatric cohort.Methods CLHIV were considered to have lipid or glucose abnormalities if they had total cholesterol ≥200 mg/dL, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ≤35 mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) ≥100 mg/dL, triglycerides (TG) ≥110 mg/dL, or fasting glucose >110 mg/dL. Factors associated with lipid and glucose abnormalities were assessed by logistic regression.Results Of 951 CLHIV, 52% were male with a median age of 8.0 (interquartile range [IQR] 5.0–12.0) years at ART start and 15.0 (IQR 12.0–18.0) years at their last clinic visit. 89% acquired HIV perinatally, and 30% had ever used protease inhibitors (PIs). Overall, 225 (24%) had hypercholesterolemia, 105 (27%) low HDL, 213 (58%) high LDL, 369 (54%) hypertriglyceridemia, and 130 (17%) hyperglycemia. Hypercholesterolemia was more likely among females (versus males, aOR 1.93, 95% CI 1.40–2.67). Current PIs use was associated with hypercholesterolemia (current use: aOR 1.54, 95% CI 1.09–2.20); low HDL (current use: aOR 3.16, 95% CI 1.94–5.15; prior use: aOR 10.55, 95% CI 2.53–43.95); hypertriglyceridemia (current use: aOR 3.90, 95% CI 2.65–5.74; prior use: aOR 2.89, 95% CI 1.31–6.39); high LDL (current use: aOR 1.74, 95% CI 1.09–2.76); and hyperglycemia (prior use: aOR 2.43, 95% CI 1.42–4.18).Conclusion More than half and one-fifth of CLHIV have dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia, respectively. Routine paediatric HIV care should include metabolic monitoring. The association between PIs use and dyslipidemia emphasizes the importance of rapidly transitioning to integrase inhibitor-containing regimens.

Background The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends boosted protease inhibitor (bPI)-based HAART after failing non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) treatment. We examined outcomes of this regimen in Asian HIV-infected children.Methods Children from five Asian countries in the TREAT Asia Pediatric HIV Observational Database (TApHOD) with =24 weeks of NNRTI-based HAART followed by =24 weeks of bPI-based HAART were eligible. Primary outcomes were the proportions with virological suppression (HIV RNA<400 copies/ml) and immune recovery (CD4+T-cell percentage [CD4%]=25% if age <5 years and CD4+T-cell count =500 cells/mm3if age =5 years) at 48 and 96 weeks.Results Of 3,422 children, 153 were eligible; 52% were female. At switch, median age was 10 years, 26% were in WHO stage 4. Median weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) was -1.9 (n=121), CD4% was 12.5% (n=106), CD4+T-cell count was 237 cells/mm3(n=112), and HIV RNA was 4.6 log10copies/ml (n=61). The most common bPI was lopinavir/ritonavir (83%). At 48 weeks, 61% (79/129) had immune recovery, 60% (26/43) had undetectable HIV RNA and 73% (58/79) had fasting triglycerides =130 mg/dl. By 96 weeks, 70% (57/82) achieved immune recovery, 65% (17/26) had virological suppression, and hypertriglyceridaemia occurred in 66% (33/50). Predictors for virological suppression at week 48 were longer duration of NNRTI-based HAART (P=0.006), younger age (P=0.007), higher WAZ (P=0.020) and HIV RNA at switch <10,000 copies/ml (P=0.049).Conclusions In this regional cohort of Asian children on bPI-based second-line HAART, 60% of children tested had immune recovery by 1 year, and two-thirds had hyper-lipidaemia, highlighting difficulties in optimizing second-line HAART with limited drug options.