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Background: A major problem in surgical procedures is postoperative pain. The effectiveness of prescribing preoperative tizanidine in reducing postoperative pain is not clear. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of tizanidine as a premedication in reducing pain after septoplasty. Methods: This double blind clinical trial study was performed in 71 patients aged from 18 to 50 years, undergoing septoplastic surgery for the first time, who were classified in ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) classes 1 and 2 in the Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) Department of Shafa Hospital, in Kerman, Iran from April 2014 to March 2015. Patients were randomly assigned into two groups using numbers from a randomization table. A dosage of 4 mg of tizanidine was administered orally to the patients two hours before the surgery (septoplasty) in the intervention group. In the control group, placebo pills which were 100 mg vitamin B1 were prescribed. The severity of pain was measured and recorded after 4 and 8 hours, and the morning after the surgery. Results: 62 patients (87.32%) were male and 9 (12.68%) were female. The mean age of the subjects was 24.6±7.5 years. The two groups were similar in regard to age (P=0.54), but the duration of surgery was different in the two groups (P=0.038) and was longer in the group that received tizanidine. The mean of pain was different between the two groups, after 4 hours and was significantly higher in the group that received tizanidine (P=0.043). The mean of pain was not significantly different between the two groups after 8 hours (P=0.95) or one day after surgery (P=0.79). Conclusion: Although some researchers have reported that taking tizanidine before some surgeries may reduce postoperative pain, in this study the administration of tizanidine before surgery was not effective in reducing pain after septoplasty.

Background and aims: Noise is an important source of physical and psychological stress that is considered as the most important physical detrimental factor in developed and developing countries. In the United States, more than 30 million workers are exposed to dangerous noise, and 7.4 to 10.2 million industrial workers are at risk of hearing loss due to exposure to industry noise, but what is certain is that the noisy environment causes carelessness in activities. The brain becomes inconsistent in intellectual work and so on. Noise is an environmental stressors and in combination with other stressors can cause or exacerbate mental disorders and even under certain conditions can affect performance to the extent that WHO considers accidents as one of the indicators of performance decline. Recognizes noise-induced and recognizes ambient noise as a direct cause of mental disorders.Noise is the most common occupational hazard in various industries, especially petrochemicals and related companies. Noise exposure causes a wide range of the discomforts, disorders and occupational diseases and effects including focus loss, long-term memory loss, anger, increasing stress and etc. Cognitive performance such as consistent attention, comprehension, speed of reaction as well as correct information processing and correct decision making play a key role in performing many tasks .In some occupations, in order to react appropriately and in a timely manner, the person needs to process the information completely and without defects. Therefore, even temporary defects in cognitive and mental performance can lead to serious consequences in individuals, especially when an accurate and immediate response is needed. The results of various studies conducted in the oil and gas industry and related companies indicate that sometimes noise contact is outside the permissible range (85 dBA) .Basically, in the oil and petrochemical industries, a lot of noise is produced, which can be said that the main noise produced is related to the movement of fluids and related piping on the one hand, and on the other hand, the era of engines and compressors in refining operations. It is essential to maintain human health and safety of the work system at the highest possible level, and any error on the part of operators can lead to unintended and harmful consequences or accidents, or reduce the quantity and quality of products and irreparable economic losses and considering that the accuracy, speed of action and ability to perform skills by individuals; are the most important factors affecting the efficiency and increasing the productivity of human resources in improving the level of production and its quality, so evaluate the effects of different sound pressure level cognitive performance has been performed on petrochemical industry workers. Methods: This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in 1398 in Kavian Petrochemical Company located in South Pars region (Assaluyeh). In this study, before collecting information, the purpose of the study was explained to the participants. Demographic data collected included: age, work experience, body mass index and metabolism. Exclusion criteria included: less than one year of work experience, use of hypnotic and caffeinated substances, having any mental disorders, sleep disorders, major systemic diseases, etc. Subjects were divided into three groups (one control group and two case groups). There were 30 people in each group. In the study of the effects of sound pressure levels below the allowable limit, control room operators were selected and participants in 2 case groups were selected from site operators who were exposed to more than the allowable noise level. Metabolism of participants in three groups was determined according to ISO 8996 standard. Participants in the study had a work schedule of one week working day and one week working night. In this study, day workers who were active from 7 am to 7 pm were selected. To investigate the effect of noise on workers' cognitive performance, first the average equivalent sound level during the shift (beginning, middle and end of the shift) was measured .Since the sound pressure level is different in different parts of the workplace and the company workers normally commute in different parts of the environment, so to determine the average sound level equivalent to their exposure, the dosimeter is the most reliable method for measuring and evaluating. It is an individual encounter. The dosimetry was performed by TES-1345 dosimeter made in Taiwan, in accordance with ISO 9612 standard. Before using, the device was calibrated by a CEL110.2 calibrator made by Casella Company. In the studied units, measurements were performed using a regular grid pattern and then the cognitive performance of individuals at the beginning, middle and end of the shift was measured using CPT and N-back tests.The Continuous Performance Test (CPT) is used to measure people's attentive attention and alertness. It is a valid test that is used to find sustained attention deficit impaired performance.In the continuous performance test (CPT), 150 numbers appear at regular intervals and a stimulus is determined as the target stimulus, and the participant must press the relevant key on the computer screen as soon as possible by observing the desired numbers. The variables measured in the CPT test were commission error, omission error, and response time (milliseconds), and working memory test (N-back) is used to measure working memory of individuals, since this task includes both cognitive information retention and manipulation, it is known to be very suitable for measuring working memory performance. And repeatedly used for this purpose, in the working memory performance test (N-back), a sequence of numbers, step by step, appears randomly on the screen as a visual stimulus. . The subject should then examine whether the current stimulus presented is consistent with the N-stimulus preceded by it. The variables measured in the working memory performance test (N-back) were reaction time (milliseconds) and mean correct response. The collected data were analyzed with SPSS V.20 .Then descriptive methods (mean, standard deviation and frequency) were used to summarize the data. The normality assumption for the data was performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The main basis of data analysis was based on analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significance level in data analysis was considered less than 0.05. Results: Comparison of the results in the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) showed that the average equivalent sound level has no effect on the commission error, but at the end of the shift the commission error is significantly affected (P=0.040).However, the average equivalent sound level has no effect on the omission error and only the omission error in the middle and end of the shift is statistically significant (P0.05) and only the correct response in the middle and end of the shift was statistically significant. The highest reaction time and the lowest mean correct response belonged to the third group who were faced with a sound pressure level of 91.83± 1.78 dBA .Accordingly, the number of correct responses of the groups that were exposed to more than the allowable noise was significantly less than the group that was exposed to less than the allowable noise .Also, the number of errors in these groups was more than that group. According to the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and also according to the Memory Performance Test (N-Back), the sound pressure level increases the reaction time of the subjects (P

Fire in Iranian schools has led to death, serious injury and disability for dozens of students and teachers. The aim of this study was to explore the causes, consequences and lessons learned from school fires in Iran. The available literature, including scientific texts, previous research and media reports, was searched using English and Persian keywords. The keywords were: "students, school, Iran, fire, burn and incidents". No time limitation was imposed. Results showed that 62 school and student dormitory fires have been reported in Iran, of which 14 school fires and 2 student dormitory fires led to human injuries or casualties (25.8%). In these incidents, thirty students (19 girls and 11 boys) and one teacher died. More than 60 students, 8 teachers, and 2 staff suffered burn injuries or disabilities. The main causes of the fire incidents were use of non-standard kerosene heaters (38.7%) and faulty electrical wiring (35.4%). Lack of knowledge about dealing with accidents, inappropriate physical conditions of the school building, lack of fire extinguishers in the building, and carelessness were the main reasons for the deaths and injuries. In conclusion, it is essential to reduce the incidence of fire and prevent its casualties with proper management and standardization of school buildings.Les incendies dans les écoles iraniennes ont tué, gravement blessé et handicapé de nombreux enfants et enseignants. Cette étude a pour but d’explorer les causes, conséquences et implications de ces accidents. Nous effectué une recherche bibliographique, dans les revues scientifiques comme générales, à partir des mots « élèves, école, Iran, incendie, brûlure, accident », sans limite temporelle. Nous avons ainsi trouvé 62 incendies d’école ou de dortoir dont 25,8% responsables de victimes (14 écoles et 2 dortoirs) parmi lesquelles 30 élèves (19 filles, 11 garçons) et 1 enseignants sont morts. Plus de 60 élèves, 8 enseignants et 2 autre membres de l’encadrement ont été brûlés ou handicapés. Les 2 origines les plus fréquentes sont les chauffages à kérosène (38,7%) et les réseaux électriques défectueux (35,4%). Les accidents corporels étaient le plus souvent liés à la méconnaissance des consignes en cas d’incendie, à la vétusté de l’école, à l’absence d’extincteurs, au défaut d’entretien général des bâtiments. La réduction de l’incidence des incendies d’école passe par une réglementation appropriée sur la construction et l’entretien des bâtiments.

Metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent in type 2 diabetics and is a strong risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in such patients. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to the three criteria of ATPIII, IDF and the new criteria for metabolic syndrome diagnosis in Kerman, Iran. This cross-sectional study was performed on 950 diabetic type 2 patients. Data was analyzed by independent t-test, chi-square and logistic regression using the SPSS (revision 20) software. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Kerman was 73.4, 64.9, and 70.4%, according to the above criteria. Fasting blood sugar, gender, triglyceride, HDL, waist circumference, and systolic blood pressure were related to the prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to the above-mentioned criteria. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is high in type 2 diabetic patients and the above-mentioned factors exacerbate the situation.

Background and aims: Adequate lighting in work environments can increase productivity and concentration and reduce fatigue. Light and illumination studies have been done mainly in industrial environments, and public or administrative environments were less under consideration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ultraviolet radiation and illumination level at Kerman Medical Sciences University libraries. Methods: In this study, the total, natural and artificial amount of illumination was measured at two different times, at the center of the designated stations in 14 study halls and the height of 30 inches by Hagner (Model EC1) luxmeter. Also, ultraviolet radiation (UVB & UVA) was measured by Hanger (Model S4) equipped with UVB & UVA detectors. The results of ultraviolet radiation and illumination level measurements were compared with standard using Excel software. Results : The overall, natural and artificial illumination level, in 28.57%, 100% and 71.42% study halls was less than the National and IESNA standard (300 lux). The School of Nursing has the highest amount of UVB and UVA radiation in both total and natural light measurements. The Shahid Bahonar Hospital, men’s section had the highest amount of UVB and UVA radiation in artificial light measurements. Conclusion: Initiatives such as proper alignment of bulbs, periodic dusting and cleaning, regular replacing of burnt bulbs, using study desks with the appropriate level of brightness, placing lamps at appropriate heights, and using bulbs with less UV radiation can improve the lighting situation in libraries.

Background: Using Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) in clinical practice is an important strategy for improving and updating medical services. Therefore, EBM has recently attracted a lot of attention in many medical schools around the world. In this study we tried to evaluate the familiarity of clinical residents who are one of the main clinical decision makers in public hospitals and also the next generation of specialists with EBM and EBM databases. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in 2010 in which clinical residents of Kerman Medical University (KMU) participated. Residents were asked about the four main EBM databases. The data was collected by a self-administered questionnaire. Results: The data showed that from the respondents only 26.6% knew about EBM and only 28.7% of the respondents were familiar with "Up to Date", 22.3% were familiar with "Ovid EBM Reviews", 6.4% were familiar with "Cochrane" and 5.3% were familiar with "BMJ Clinical Evidence". The frequencies of those that actually used the databases for clinical decision making and could answer the search questions were even less. Conclusions: The results showed most of the residents lack sufficient knowledge about EBM and its databases. The reason is probably the inexistence of a systematic and comprehensive curriculum for EBM education during their residency program or undergraduate program. Thus, due to the importance of learning EBM in this group, there is a necessity to plan a comprehensive and proper education schedule for EBM and EBM database use at the beginning or further stages of residency.

Background: Nanoparticles have become one of the leading technologies over the past two years. The extensive use of nanoparticles has raised great concern about their occupational fate and biological effects. With an increase in the production and use of nanomaterial, it is more likely to get exposed to them occupationally and environmentally. Objective: To assess the toxicity of silver nanoparticles on human mononuclear cells. Methods: In this in vitro experimental study, suspensions of blood mononuclear cells from 10 young healthy men were incubated with 10-nm silver nanoparticles in different concentrations (range: 1–500 μg/mL) for 6 and 24 hours by MTT assay. Positive and negative controls were used for comparison. Results: After 6 hours of exposure, 10.9% to 48.4% of the cells died. After 24 hours of exposure, the rate ranged from 56.8% to 86.3%. Regardless of the exposure time, the maximum cytotoxicity was observed at the concentration of 500 μg/mL of silver nanoparticles. By increasing the exposure time to 24 hours, the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles substantially increased at all concentrations. Cell death was significantly higher when compared to the controls (p

Background & Objectives : Gastric cancer has a low survival and remains a serious threat to the health of human life, especially in developing countries such as Iran. The present study was performed to estimate the main effective factors in the survival rate of patients with gastric cancer in the Province of Kohgilouyeh & Boyerahmad. Methods: All cases of gastric cancer in Kohgiloyeh and Boyerahmad recorded in Provinces of Fars and Kohgiloyeh and Boyerahmad cancer registry were enrolled in this study. The impact of the independent variables on the survival was estimated by single and multivariate Cox regression controlled for the probable confounding variables. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan Meier curves, the log-rank test, and Wilcoxon test to compare the results. Analysis of the data was performed by SPSS 19, and P-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Among the 348 studied patients, 75.6% were male and the rest (24.4%) were female. In general, in this study, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5-year survival rate of the patients was 37, 27, 20, 19, and 18%, respectively. By combining these end variables in regression models, three risk groups were identified. In the high risk group, the cumulative survival rate was 0% at the end of the fifth year. Conclusion: Execution of the down-staging program through public education, considering the low survival rate in this province seems essential especially for high-risk groups such as farmers, ranchers and regional nomadic populations.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Pathogenic bacteria cause degeneration of periodontal tissues, which is essential for the reduction of gingival bacteria in order to reduce scaling and leveling. But there is no perfect treatment in pockets with a depth of more than 4 mm. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of chlorhexidine gel as a topical supplementation after scaling and leveling the root surface in the treatment of moderate to advanced periodontitis. METHODS: This tripartite clinical trial was performed on 31 patients with chronic periodontitis, each with at least four pockets of depth of 4 to 6 mm. 62 areas as controls and 62 regions of the experimental group were selected randomly. In all patients, scaling and leveling of the root surface were done. In the experimental group, in addition to the scaling and leveling, the chlorhexidine gel surface was injected into the pockets. In four steps, before treatment, 2, 3 and 6 months after treatment, the clinical parameters of gingival index, bleeding index, plaque index, adhesion index and probe index depth index were measured and recorded. (IRCT:1R1N2013081314350). FINDINGS: The plaque index, bleeding index, gingival index and pocket probe depth in the group receiving the topical gel of chlorhexidine showed a significant difference in all levels of measurement compared to the control group (PI: control group was 2.75±0.44 and case group was 1.94±0.38, p=0.000, BI: The control group was 1.0±0.5, the case group was 0.05±0.44, p=0.000, PPD: the control group was 4.62±0.73, the case group was 3.88±0.83, p=0.000, GI: The control group was 1.77±0.42, case group was 1.18±0.18, p=0.000). CONCLUSION: The results showed that injection of chlorhexidine gel with scaling and leveling of the root surface resulted in a greater improvement in periodontal clinical indices than SRP alone.

Background Determining the temporal variations and seasonal pattern of diseases and forecasting their incidence can help in promoting disease control and management programs. This study was performed to determine the seasonal variation of tuberculosis and forecast its incidence until the year 2015 in one of the northern provinces of Iran. Materials and Methods A longitudinal time series study was conducted. The study interval was from March 2001 to March 2011. The sum of daily registered cases in each month created 132 time points. The Box-Jenkins methods were used for determining the model. The best model was selected by analyzing the residuals and calculating the AIC and BIC. Results A total of 3,313 patients were diagnosed and recorded during this time. The highest number of cases was registered in May and the difference in monthly incidence of tuberculosis was significant (P=0.007). The incidence of tuberculosis was higher in spring and summer than winter (P=0.04). According to the best model which was SARIMA (0, 1, 1)(0, 1, 1)12 , the average incidence of tuberculosis in 2015 is estimated to be 12 in 100,000 persons per year. Conclusion The results of this study showed that in the north of Iran the incidence of tuberculosis has a cyclic pattern and the maximum incidence is in spring (May). Also, the trend of tuberculosis incidence is increasing and needs attention.

Background: Colorectal cancers (CRCs) including colon, rectum and anal cancers are the third most prevalent cancers in the world. There are strong evidence showing the risk of the cigarette smoking, alcohol use, low physical activity and some types of diets in CRCs; however, few studies explored the relationship between opium use and CRCs. This study aimed to investigate the association between opioid use and the incidence of CRCs. Methods: In a population-based matched case-control study in Kerman, Iran, 175 patients with colorectal cancers and 350 healthy controls (matched for age, sex, and place of residence) were interviewed from Sep 2014 to Nov 2014. Opium and its derivatives, cigarette, alcohol, and diet use were collected using a valid and reliable questionnaire. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Results: The use of opioids was associated with an increased risk of CRCs (adjusted odds ratio= 4. 5, 95% CI: 2. 4-8. 7). In addition, a dose-response relationship was observed between the cumulative use of opioids and the incidence of CRCs (with low use OR=3. 7; 95% CI: 1. 5-8. 6 and high use OR= 8. 0; 95% CI: 2. 9-21. 7). This dose-response relationship was also strong in patients with colon cancers, with OR= 3. 9 (95% CI: 1. 5-9. 9) and 9. 4 (95% CI: 3. 3-27. 0) for the low and high uses of opioids, respectively. Conclusion: Opioid use can lead to an increased risk of CRCs. Therefore, it is necessary to implement preventive policies to control the use of opioids.