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Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer with a poor prognosis, lacking therapeutic targets. miRNAs play crucial roles in TNBC through regulating various mechanisms, including cellular growth and proliferation. This study aims to identify critical target genes of two novel miRNAs (miR‐3143 and miR‐3182) involved in the cell cycle of TNBC as possible therapeutic targets and investigates their regulatory and therapeutic roles through a systems biology approach and in vitro experiment. Datasets related to the TNBC cell line (MDA‐MB‐231) were screened and retrieved, and Gene regulatory networks were constructed. Significant regulatory motifs were detected and analyzed using the FANMOD and Cytoscape analyzer, and the clusters and seeds were identified using the MCODE. Functional enrichment analysis was also performed using DAVID and STRING. The most critical genes were determined using the analysis of GRN motifs and PPI clusters. The essential genes involved in the cell cycle were selected and verified using the bc‐GenExMiner v4.7. We overexpressed miR‐3143 and miR‐3182 in the MDA‐MB‐231 cell line using human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (HUCMSC)‐miRNA loaded exosomes, and the expression of the critical target genes was investigated using RT‐qPCR. We identified eight critical genes as potential therapeutic targets. Their expression decreased by overexpression of miR‐3143 and miR‐3182 in RT‐qPCR. The identified critical genes have probably significant roles in the pathogenesis of TNBC through the cell cycle. We suggest that the overexpression of miR‐3143 and miR‐3182 could be a new therapeutic candidate in TNBC and is worth more investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]