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Introduction: Tonsillectomy is one of the most common surgeries done worldwide and often the first one a child sustains. Pain relief after tonsillectomy is helpful for oral feeding after surgery. Acetaminophen and diphenhydramine have been conventionally used for reducing pain. This study was conducted to compare the effect of honey and diphehydramine on pain relief after tonsillectomy. Materials and Methods: For this randomized clinical trial study, 120 patients of 5 to 12 years undergoing tonsillectomy were recruited. The patients were divided into four groups randomly. After tonsillectomy and beginning of eating, Group A took 5cc honey alone every hour, Group B was given 5 cc 50% honey (mixed with water) every hour, group C was treated with 1mg/ kg diphenhydramine every 6 hours and group D was observed without any intervention. In all patients, severity of the pain was evaluated by ocher questionnaire at recovery, and 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours after surgery. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and the repeated measures ANOVA (SPSS version 17). Results: The repeated ANOVA showed a significant decreasing trend of pain scores during the study for both pain scales (p < 0.05), but the rate of trend was similar between the four groups (p > 0.05). No statistically significant difference in pain was detected among the groups. Conclusion: Although honey can help the pain decrease, more research is supported for confirmation of this effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Vitamin D deficiency is a known pandemic problem which has thousands of bad health outcomes. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of maternal vitamin D, Ca, and PO4 levels on growth indexes of newborns at birth and 1 month and 3 months after delivery in pregnant women admitted to Hajar hospital of Shahrekord, Iran in 2016. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 196 pregnant women admitted to the hospital. During pregnancy, 5 mL of mother's blood and 5 mL of umbilical cord blood were taken. Serum calcium and phosphorus levels were determined immediately after sampling and then centrifuged. After collecting the samples, 25-OHD levels were measured by ELISA method. Neonatal growth indexes such as weight, height, and head circumference atbirth,1 month, and 3 months were measured. Data were analyzed using independent samples t test, ANOVA, and correlation coefficient by SPSS version 16.0. Results: Deficiency of vitamin D, phosphorus, and calcium was observed in 76%, 1%, and 25% of women, respectively. Moreover, deficiency of vitamin D, phosphorus, and calcium was reportedin56.1%, 15.8%, and 9.2% of newborns, respectively. There was a significant relationship between calcium level in newborns and their weight and height at birth, one month, and three months of age ( P < 0.05). Levels of vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus of mother and newborns were significantly correlated ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: More than two-thirds of mothers and more than half of the newborns were deficient in vitamin D. There was also a lack of calcium in one third of mothers and 9.2% of newborns, and phosphorus deficiency was observed only in 1% of mothers and 15.8% of newborns. Due to the low intake of these materials through nutrition, the supplementation of these substances, especially vitamin D and calcium, is required during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Breast cancer is one of the main causes of death in women, the early diagnosis of which is made by physical examination, mammography, ultrasound, and biopsy of breast masses. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of fine needle aspiration (FNA) compared to core needle biopsy (CNB) in breast masses. Methods: The current descriptive study was conducted in Kashani and Hajar hospitals in 2015. And a total of 200 patients diagnosed with breast masses participated in this study. First, patients referred to the clinic, received local anesthesia in the area, and then underwent FNA using 10 cc syringes and 23G needles, and simultaneously CNB specimens were taken by a special needle for diagnosis. FNA and CNB specimens were transferred to the Pathology Department with a few day interval for cytological interpretation. Results: The sensitivity and specificity of FNA compared to CNB in the diagnosis of malignant breast masses were 83.9% and 89.9%, respectively. Moreover, the positive and negative predictive values of FNA for breast masses were 78.8% and 92.5%, respectively. The accuracy of FNA test for breast masses was also 0.88%. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, FNA test had a high sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value in the diagnosis of breast masses. Therefore, it could be used as an appropriate diagnostic tool, and could obviously save many costs as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) is associated with gastric ulcer and gastric adenocarcinoma. Polymorphisms in the host genes coding for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) may influence the innate and adaptive immune response to the infection, affecting the susceptibility toH. pylorior the disease outcomes. However, the details and association with different polymorphism and clinical expression of infection remain unclear. A case-control study consisting of 58 patients withH. pyloriinfection and 44H. pyloriuninfection was conducted. Genomic DNA was extracted and genotypes of TLR4 Asp299Gly polymorphism were assessed through polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Mucosal cytokines expression inH. pylori-infected and uninfected gastric biopsies was determined by real-time PCR. The expression of IL-6, IL-17, IL-21, IL-23 and TGF-β1 was significantly higher in patients with D299G polymorphism in TLR4. But the expression of IL-18 between patients with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLR4 and patients with the wild-type allele was not significant. InH. pylori-infected patients with gastritis, SNPs in TLR4 may alter cytokine expression toward Th17 immune response in the gastric mucosa and may have increased risk for the development of peptic ulcer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]