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Predicting the behaviour of oil reservoirs depends crucially on the reliability of their numerical models. However, the latter have great uncertainties that push petroleum engineer to validate them periodically by the commonly known process of "Hi story Matching (HM)''. In practice, engineers perform this process manually, which is difficult and tedious. In this article, we aim to assist and accelerate this process using the Evolution Strategy algorithm implemented on Petrel RE software. We are evaluating for the first time the effectiveness of such an algorithm on a real numerical model. The latter is composed of nine production wells under a natural depletion regime with a historical production data of 6 years. For this, we have followed four steps, starting from the definition of an objective function, passing by sensitivity and uncertainty analysis on the model properties and finishing with the optimization process. As a result, the Algorithm was found to successfully match the historical production data of both the field and the wells and in a shorter time compared to the traditional method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional over-the-row sprayers achieve very little deposit on leaves near the ground and on the underside surfaces of !eaves throughout the canopy. Air assistance has the potential to improve deposition of droplets on these leaf surfaces. To gain some insight on the effect of air assistance, the effects of airspeed, airflow rate, and air jet orientation were isolated. The study was carried out in a spray chamber with a standard spray boom over micro-plots of greenhouse grown broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) plants. Air was delivered slightly behind the nozzles from a variable width slot producing a uniform two-dimensional air jet. The orientation of the air jet with respect to the vertical could be adjusted from -10 to 40 °. The ranges of the independent variables were airspeed, 0 to 36 m [s.sup.-1] airflow rate, 0 to 1.3 [m.sup.3] [s.sup.-1] [m.sup.-1], and air jet angle, -10.2 to 40.2 °. Two sets of flat fan nozzles (Volume Median Diameter = 230 and 400 µ m, both delivering 250 L [ha.sup.-1] at 6 km [h.sup.-1]) were used to carry out two full sets of experiments. Results showed that airspeed had the larger impact on leaf coverage. Higher airspeeds ([is greater than] 25 m [s.sup.-1]) and airflow coupled with finer sprays increased the coverage of the underside of the leaves at all levels within the canopy and of the top side of the leaves in the lower third of the canopy. However, lower airspeeds ([is less than] 20 m [s.sup.-1] are desirable for a better coverage of the upper side of the leaves in the higher two-thirds of the canopy. In all cases, angling the air jet forward at 20 to 25 ° is recommended., BROCCOLI HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED as a vegetable useful in promoting good health and this has boosted the demand for this produce. Like many other field crops, broccoli is threatened by [...]

Juice of sweet pearl millet and sweet sorghum can be extracted by mechanical pressing and then fermented to produce bioethanol. Since the juice contains a significant amount of soluble sugars, delays between the juice extraction and its transformation may be critical as sugars can degrade quickly. The main objective of this study was to determine the impact of storage time on sweet pearl millet and sweet sorghum juice pH and soluble sugars concentration. In 2013, the juice extracted from both crop species was stored at ambient temperature or under 4°C in a refrigerator up to 72 h. Juice was sampled every 24 h. In the 2014 experiment, the juice was stored at ambient temperature for 12 h and sampling was made after 0, 2, 4, 7, 8, 10, and 12 h. Obtained results showed that when the juice was refrigerated at 4°C, the pH and soluble sugars concentration remained stable throughout the 72 hours of storage. At ambient temperature, the total soluble sugars concentration significantly decreased during the first 24 h of storage of sweet sorghum juice (-17%) and between the first 24 to 48 h of sweet pearl millet juice (-29%). However, the total soluble sugars concentration did not vary in the juice of both crop species during the first 12 h of storage at ambient temperature. Producers have therefore up to a 12h-storage delay at ambient temperature after extraction before the need of a transformation process or the addition of preservation agents to avoid sugar degradation of the juice of both crop species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies the effects of water volume rates on spray deposition and control of tarnished plant bug in strawberry crops. Relationship between the amount of tracer recovered per leaf weight and the amount of tracer recovered on the leaf area; Spray deposition on the ground and on plant parts.