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Background and Aim: Head-and-neck cancers (HNCs) are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in both the developed and developing worlds. One of the most common types of HNC is oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The rationale behind the present study is to analyze the effectiveness of nuclear proliferative markers in comparison to the various grades of OSCC. This study utilizes Anneroth's histopathological multifactorial grading system for squamous cell carcinoma and further tends to compare this histological grading with nuclear proliferative indices of p53 and argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR). The aim of this study was to establish and develop a correlation between the proliferative markers, AgNOR and p53, and the histologic grade of the tumor (Anneroth's grading). Materials and Methods: A total of 60 cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma were taken from October 2020 to September 2022. The histological grading was done according to Anneroth's grading, and a score was given. P53 expression was graded according to the percentage of cells showing p53-positive immunostaining, and scoring was done from 0 to 3. The AgNOR score was calculated by examining 100 nuclei and calculating the mean AgNOR score per nucleus. Results: A significant linear correlation was obtained between the histological grading of OSCC and the proliferative markers (p53 and AgNOR). Conclusion: The analysis of the NOR count provides invaluable assistance in determining tumor aggressiveness and cellular proliferation rates. They can prove to be efficient tools to procure information on the malignant potential of different premalignant lesions. Elevated p53 expression implies greater clinical severity, a higher histological grade, and a poor prognosis for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Hence, the proliferative markers can be used as adjuncts to the histological grading system of OSCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometriosis is a prevalent benign condition arising from the female reproductive system and affects about 7%–10% of females. The association of endometriosis with serous borderline ovarian tumors has been a matter of interest in gynecology. Sampson first described the association between endometriosis and carcinoma. The endometriosis-associated ovarian malignancies are clear cell adenocarcinoma and endometrioid adenocarcinoma, whereas serous and mucinous are rare malignancies associated with endometriosis. Here, we present the case report of a 45-year-old female in which endometriosis was associated with borderline serous tumor, since there is a lack of enough confident criteria for diagnosing endometriosis-associated ovarian tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND : The histological response to chemotherapy is regarded as an independent prognostic variable in bone tumours. The surgical pathologist, thus has an important role in the management of primary malignant bone tumors like osteosarcomas and Ewing′s sarcoma subsequent to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: We report a short series of fifteen cases of osteosarcoma and three cases of Ewing′s sarcoma in which the histological response of the tumor after giving neoadjuvant chemotherapy to the patient of bone tumours was assessed and graded. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Bone tumours was assessed and graded by Huvos grading. The correlation of this histopathologic tumor response with clinical outcome is a well-established routine investigation in patients with bone sarcomas and the grading of the tumor response is based on definable histopathologic criteria. RESULT: Fifteen out of eighteen cases in this study showed a response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, which was categorized as Huvos Grade 1 (%50%) and Huvos Grade 2 (50% to 90%). One case of osteosarcoma showed a Grade 4 response with a total absence of tumor cells in all the sections. One case of osteosarcoma and Ewing′s sarcoma each were categorized as Grade 3, showing tumor foci. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that necrosis of tumor area when greater than 90%, is regarded as a powerful positive prognostic indicator for survival in patients of high grade bone sarcomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Oral verrucous hyperplasia and verrucous carcinoma are two clinicopathologically distinctive oral verrucous lesions, current understanding of these lesions is perplexing hence it is important to investigate the clinicopathological features of the two verrucous lesions and estimate their relationship. The present study was undertaken with the aim of identifying the pathological features in an attempt to differentiate both lesions. Materials and Methods: Archives of the department were retrieved for verrucous lesions. 20 cases were included in the study. Each patient was reviewed for clinical details like age, sex, habits, clinical features like site of lesion, clinical diagnosis, presence of associated lesions. Pathological details including both gross and microscopic features were analyzed. Results: A total of 20 patients included in the study showed a male preponderance with a significant association with tobacco consumption and size of lesion. Majority of the lesions were localized to the buccal mucosa, histopathological features were characteristic of each lesion. Expression of Ki-67, a proliferative marker showed, a statistically significant association between the mean LI of both the lesions. Conclusions: VH and VC are closely related lesions difficult to clinically differentiate, hence histopathological evaluation plays a pivotal role in establishing a diagnosis. Differentiating the two is essential and it should be kept in mind that VH may transform into VC hence, acting as a potential precancerous lesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brenner tumors of ovary are usually an incidental finding. It is an uncommon tumor which is seen affecting women of fifth to sixth decade. It is classified under transitional cell tumors of ovary, which includes benign, borderline, and malignant Brenner tumors and transitional cell carcinoma. These tumors have been associated with synchronous and metachronous neoplasia, most commonly other ovarian epithelial tumors such as mucinous cystadenoma. Occasionally, these tumors may be associated with endometrial hyperplasia or carcinomas which are due to hormones elaborated by the stromal component of Brenner tumor. The hormone produced is estrogen and less commonly androgens, which alters the estrogen and progesterone levels, causing hyperstimulation of endometrium. We present a case of 50-year-old postmenopausal women who presented with coexisting incidental Brenner tumor with leiomyoma and Endometrial adenocarcinoma. Only few authors have reported similar tumor occurrence in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterotopic or ectopic tissue is a congenital anomaly, which is defined as the presence of the tissue outside its normal location, without neural, vascular, or anatomic connection with the main body of an organ in which it normally exists. This tissue is usually discovered incidentally and may be asymptomatic or may present with nonspecific gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Pancreatic and gastric heterotopia are the two predominantly occurring heterotopic tissues in the GI tract.[1],[2] The prevalence of ectopic pancreatic tissue in the GI tract ranges from 0.6% to 13.7% of autopsy series and it can be present anywhere in the GI tract with the most common localizations being stomach (27.5%), duodenum (25.5%), colon (15.9%), esophagus, and Meckel's diverticulum.[3],[4],[5] It is a rare finding in the gallbladder and its prevalence has not been ascertained due to lack of large-scale studies and systematic review of literature. Similarly, heterotopic gastric tissue is common throughout the GI tract from the tongue to the rectum,[6],[7] but it is extremely rare in the gallbladder with only around 34 cases reported in literature so far, while other cases of different types of heterotopic tissues in the gallbladder such as liver tissue and others such as adrenal and thyroid tissues have been described.[8] The most common presentation of ectopic tissue in the gallbladder is colicky pain in the epigastrium or right upper quadrant sometimes associated with nausea and vomiting. Here, we are presenting two incidentally detected cases, each of gastric and pancreatic heterotopias in the gallbladder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculous infection is highly prevalent in India, however, hydatid disease is relatively uncommon. Frequent sites of predilection of hydatid disease are the liver and lungs. Other unusual sites of infliction are the peritoneum, thyroid, breast, pancreas, and mediastinum. Hydatid disease in the axilla is quite uncommon. We hereby report a case of coexistent axillary hydatid disease with tuberculous lymphadenitis. To the best of our knowledge, even after extensive search of the literature we did not come across any such case. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a cost-effective procedure performed on an outpatient basis and helped clinch a prompt diagnosis, with minimum discomfort or complications. The role of FNAC in early diagnosis cannot be overemphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lymphomas are malignancies of the lymphoid tissues involving cells of the immune system. Primary systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) represents an aggressive lymphoma characterized by neoplastic proliferation of lymphoid cells with an anaplastic appearance. Large pleomorphic cells are "hallmark" cells with horseshoe-shaped or kidney-shaped nuclei and a constant expression of the CD30 molecule on all neoplastic cells. There is a vast morphological spectrum posing a challenge to pathologists in the diagnosis of ALCL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Amyloidosis is characterized by the deposition of polymeric fibrillar proteins in the extracellular compartment in tissues and organs ultimately leading to damage with functional compromise. Cutaneous amyloidosis is clinically classified into more common macular, papular and the rarer nodular form. The present study was undertaken with the aim to histopathologically analyze and characterize clinically diagnosed amyloid cases. Methods:The present study was a retrospective analysis of skin biopsies conducted over a one year period. Data on the age and presenting clinical features were retrieved from the accompanying laboratory request forms or patients records wherever available. All skin biopsies with a histologic diagnosis of amyloid were retrieved and reviewed, the pattern of amyloid deposition identified and classified. Special stains including Congo Red stain was done in all the cases. Results: Histopathological confirmation of cutaneous amyloidosis was seen in nine out of fourteen cases and was confirmed by positive Congo-red stain under polarized light. Out of this seven were females and two were males. Majority of the lesions were of macular type. In all the nine cases, family history was negative and no evidence of systemic involvement was noted, either clinically or based upon the lab investigations. Conclusions: In this pilot study of 9 cases, histologically diagnosed as cutaneous amyloidosis we noted a female preponderance in young and middle-aged persons. Macular amyloidosis was the most common form and the most common site of involvement, the upper extremity and the inter-scapular/back region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ependymoma has been typically described as an intramedullary tumor which is derived from ependymal cells. Intradural extramedullary spinal ependymomas are extremely rare. Hereby, we present a case report of a patient was diagnosed with an intradural extramedullary spinal tumor extending from D8-D9 level. Patient underwent gross total resection of the tumor. The tumour was diagnosed as a collision tumor, ie Ependymoma with Schwannoma like areas on histopathological examination, later confirmed by immunohistochemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]