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The purpose of this research is to investigate the mediating role of emotional awareness and intolerance of ambiguity in the relationship between childhood fears and brain-behavioral systems with signs and symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder in high school girls and boys in Kouhdasht city. The purpose of this research is fundamental, and it is a descriptive-correlation form of structural equations in terms of its research method. The statistical population of this research is comprised of all pupils enrolled in the second secondary level of Kouhdasht city in Lorestan province during the academic year 2022-2023. According to the number of subscales (29 subscales), the sample size should be a minimum of 435. The analysis of 441 samples (273 girls and 168 boys) was conducted in this study. To collect data from the Fear Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (FSSC-R), Behavioral Inhibition/Activation Systems Scale, Emotional Awareness Questionnaire (EAQ-30), Intolerance of Uncertainty Questionnaire (IUS), and Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory – Revised (OCI-R) were employed to gather data from the Fear Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (FSSC-R). The data classification, processing, and analysis were conducted using SPSS 22 and Lisrel 8.85 statistical software. The structural equation modeling method was employed to evaluate the fit of the hypothetical model. The data analysis results indicated that the proposed model for the etiology of OCD was a reasonable fit. The findings indicated that obsessive-compulsive disorder is directly influenced by childhood fears, behavioral brain systems, emotional awareness, and intolerance of ambiguity. Additionally, this disorder is indirectly influenced by childhood anxieties and behavioral brain systems, which are characterized by an intolerance of ambiguity and an excitement of awareness. Therefore, it is recommended that these variables be incorporated into future research and the development of preventive and treatment protocols for OCD.

Objectives Age stereotypes, as common social beliefs about the aging process and the age groups, can have a considerable impact on the physical and mental health. Considering the lack of a reliable tool in Iran to measure age stereotypes, the present study was aims to investigate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the age stereotypes questionnaire. Methods & Materials This is a descriptive-cross-sectional study. Participants were 360 elderly people over 60 years old in Kermanshah, Iran, who were selected based on the inclusion criteria using a convenience sampling method. Participants completed the Persian versions of Kornadt and Rothermund’s age stereotypes questionnaire and Kaspar et al.’s awareness of age-related changes (AARC) questionnaire. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and confirmatory factor analysis in SPSS software, version 26 and AMOS version 24. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results The mean age of participants was 67.66±5.88 years. Participants were 175(48.6%) males and 185(51.4%) females. In assessing internal consistency, Cronbach’s alpha for the subscale of family and partnership was obtained 0.871; for the friends and acquaintances subscale, 0.842; for religion and spirituality subscale, 0.747; for leisure activities and social or civic commitment subscale, 0.774; for personality and way of living subscale, 0.809; for financial situation and dealing with money-related issues, 0.846; for work and employment subscale, 0.859; and for physical and mental fitness, health and appearance, 0.874. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the eight-factor model had a very good fit. The results of Pearson’s correlation test showed that the subscales of the age stereotypes questionnaire had a positive and significant correlation with the two subscales of the AARC questionnaire. Conclusion The Persian version of the age stereotypes questionnaire has good validity and reliability for older adults. It can be used in future studies in Iran to examine the relationship between age stereotypes and other important variables related to old age.

Abstract Background As with the increasing prevalence of loneliness among college students, it seems necessary to investigate the early grounds of its formation. Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine the relationship between attachment styles and loneliness through the mediating role of early maladaptive schemas (EMS). Methods This research was correlational, of structural equations modeling (SEM) type. The statistical population included all the college students of the universities of Kermanshah in the academic year 2020–2021, of whom 338 were selected using convenience sampling. The measures used in this study included DiTomasso et al.’s social and emotional loneliness of adults, Hazan and Shaver’s adult attachment, and Young’s schema scales. For data analysis, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and SEM were used in Lisrel 8.8 and SPSS-22 software. Results The results illustrated that the hypothesized model of the study has a good fit in the studied sample. It was also found that both the avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles are related to loneliness through two EMS of disconnection-rejection and other-directedness. Conclusions Based on the findings, measures are recommended to increase information regarding the basic and underlying factors affecting loneliness for therapists and psychological specialists.

Background: Studies showed that the extreme use of the Internet that is prevalent among adolescents today affects their depression, social anxiety, and academic performance, communication with parents, self-esteem, and efficiency. Internet use expectancies and coping strategies also affect the relationship between the underlying factors and Internet addiction. Aims: In this regard, this study examined the model of predicting Internet addiction in high school students. Methods: This was a descriptive-correlational study and its population was all male and female high school students in Gorgan city. Research instruments included the Young Internet addiction test (2013), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (1965), the Schwartz Self-Efficacy Scale (1995), inventory for chronic stress (Schultz, 2004), brief cope (Carver,1997) and Wegmanns Internet use expectancies. Results: The findings showed that the aspects of psychological pathology have no significant effect on Internet addiction (P> 0. 1). But personality aspects and social cognitions have a negative effect on Internet addiction (P

Abstract Background and Aims The COVID‐19 pandemic has caused new conditions such as nationwide quarantine, a dramatic decrease in‐person interaction and an increase in death anxiety for governments and people. The pandemic of an unpredictable disease with no definite treatment can pose physical and psychological risks to individuals. The present study aimed to investigate the state of anxiety, coping styles, and hopelessness of people in the lockdown period and reopening in Iran. Methods In this national population‐based cross‐sectional study, a total of 1191 people who had access to social networks from all over Iran completed the anxiety, hopelessness, and coping style questionnaires online using the snowball sampling method. Analysis was conducted using Stata software version 12 (Stat Corp). The significance level was set at 0.05. Results The results of the study suggested that women experienced higher levels of anxiety than men, and, in stressful situations, women were more likely to use emotion‐focused coping styles, while men frequently used problem‐focused coping styles. The majority of participants reported moderate levels of anxiety and low levels of hopelessness (64.04%). The results of multiple linear regression show any level of anxiety mild (ß = 0.59, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.32–0.85), moderate (ß = 0.72, 95% CI: 1.36–1.08), and severe (ß = 2, 95% CI: 1.36–2.56) relative to the none anxiety significantly increase the hopelessness, Furthermore, showing a negative significant adjusted association with the problem‐focused coping style (ß = −0.06, 95% CI: −0.07 to −0.04), and a significant positive association with the emotion‐focused coping style (ß = 0.04, 95% CI: 0.02–0.06). Conclusion Our findings could be used to prevent psychological damage in societies and suggested addressing problem‐focused coping style, especially during a crisis, and providing people with preprepared mental health protocols at this pandemic.

Background: Specific learning disabilities are a set of heterogeneous disorders that are severely manifested in the learning and application of listening, speaking, reading, writing, and math skills and can have neurological roots. One of the therapies used in this field is neurofeedback, but a review of the history of neurofeedback and learning disabilities shows that there are many contradictions about the effects of neurofeedback on brain waves in children with special learning disabilities. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of neurofeedback on the modulation of brain waves and basic executive functions in children aged 8 to 12 years with special learning disabilities. Methods: This research was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population of this study included all boys and girls with dyslexia and dysgraphia introduced to centers for learning disabilities in Kermanshah. Sampling Method of this study is convenience sampling. For this purpose 20 students aged 8 to 12 years were selected and randomly divided into two groups of 10 people. The experimental group received neurofeedback intervention for 20 sessions of 40 minutes. In order to record the brain waves, a two-channel neurofeedback device was used and to measure the active memory, change the attention and inhibit the response, Wechsler memory software(Khodadadi, Amani, 2014), Wisconsin(Khodadadi et al, 2014) and Stroop cards(Khodadadi et al, 2014) were used. In order to analyze the data, univariate analysis of covariance and multivariate analysis of variance were used. Results: the present protocol can suppress the ratio of theta waves to alpha(η2= 0.821) and improve the executive functions of attention change(classes(η2= 0.320), in place(η2= 0.544)), response inhibition(Concordant Time(η2= 0.434), Inconcordant Time(η2= 0.536)) and active memory(Auditory memory Span (η2= 0.515), Visual memory Span(η2= 0.536) in children with dyslexia and dyslexia. Conclusion: Neurofeedback through the conditioning is likely to lead to the formation of new synaptic connections, ultimately modulating brain waves and improving basic executive functions.

Abstract Background The current study aims to investigate the relationship between attachment styles and happiness through the mediating role of reminiscence styles in the elderly. Methods This was a correlational study of structural equations modelling (SEM) type. The statistical population included all the elderly aged at least 60 years living in Kermanshah province, Iran in 2021, among whom 380 (182 men and 198 women) were selected using convenience sampling method. Participants filled out the questionnaires of Adult Attachment Styles, Oxford Happiness, and Amani et al.’s Reminiscence Styles. Results The results indicated that secure attachment style has a positive and negative relationship with positive reminiscence (PR) and negative reminiscence (NR), respectively. However, the opposite held true for both avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles. It was also found that secure attachment style has a positive relationship, and avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles have a negative relationship with happiness. Moreover, participants’ gender and age had no moderating effect on the mentioned relationships. The results of SEM indicated that secure and ambivalent attachment styles were associated with happiness through both PR and NR, and avoidant attachment style was associated with happiness only through NR. Conclusions The findings emphasize the significance of the development of internal working models based on the kind of parent-child’s reminiscences and narratives, and the lifelong effects of these models.

Background: Numerous researches have been done on the effect of two therapy cognitive and acceptance and commitment-based treatment on symptoms of depression and psychosomatic problems in the workplace. But the effect of combining therapy cognitive with acceptance and commitment on symptoms of depression and psychosomatic problems in the workplace there is a research gap. Aims: The aim of present study was the efficacy of combining therapy cognitive with acceptance and commitment on symptoms of depression and psychosomatic problems firefighters of Mashhad city. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test, follow up with control group. Statistical population included all 1100 firefighters in Mashhad in 2018. Out of 68 people identified in the screening , 30 subjects were selected by random sampling method and they were randomly divided into two groups (15 persons), one experimental groups and one control group. Research instruments include: depression index: (Beck et al., 1979), Psychosomatic symptoms in nonclinical context: (Mohr., 2000), General Health Questionnaire(Goldberg and Hillier., 1979), and Combining Therapy Cognitive with Acceptance and Commitment Sessions (Hallis., Cameli ., Dionne., Knäuper., 2016). The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. Spss software version 22 was used for analysis. Results: There was a significant difference between the two groups in the posttest in symptoms of depression and psychosomatic problems. Experimental group showed a significant decrease compared to the control group (P< 0/001). Conclusion: Employees who attended combining therapy cognitive with acceptance and commitment sessions had reduced symptoms of depression and psychosomatic problems. This treatment plan is recommended for high- strain work environments prone to psychological problems such as depression and psychosomatic problems

Introduction: Suicide is one of the mental health problems and the third leading cause of death among adolescents. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the role of experimental avoidance, emotional regulation difficulties, and body image concern in predicting the probability of suicide among adolescent girls. Method: The method of the present study was descriptive of the type of correlation and the statistical population included all adolescent girls in Kermanshah City in 2019. By available sampling method and based on Morgan table, 350 people were selected as a sample. The research instruments included the adolescents Suicide Questionnaire, the Bond et al. Experimental Avoidance Questionnaire, the Grater and Roemer Emotional Regulation Difficulties Scale, and the Lillton body image concern questionnaire, all of which were valid and reliable. To analyze the data, Pearson correlation and multivariate regression analysis were used simultaneously, which were finally analyzed by SPSS software version 22. Results: The results showed that experimental avoidance, emotional regulation difficulties components (except lack of emotional awareness), and body image concern had a significant effect on the probability of suicide (P>0.001). The results of the analysis also showed that the predictor variables together can accurately determine the 27.7% the probability of suicide. Conclusion: The probability of suicide in adolescent girls can be predicted by the variables of experimental avoidance, emotional regulation difficulties, and body image concern. Therefore, it is suggested that psychologists and counselors pay attention to the role of experimental avoidance, emotional regulation difficulties, and body image concern to reduce adolescent's suicide.

Background: The present study aimed to investigate the psychological determinants of adherence to treatment among patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) referring to Imam Ali Hospital in Kermanshah, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 227 patients (mean age=58.10, SD = 13.44) with CVDs, randomly selected amongst those admitted to Imam Ali cardiovascular center of Kermanshah in 2018. Data were collected through Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ), the Jefferson Scale of Patient’s Perceptions of Physician Empathy (JSPPPE), the Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ), and Adherence to Treatment Questionnaire. The relationships between the criterion and predictor variables were assessed using Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression (stepwise method) in IBM SPSS Statistics-23. Results: The adherence to treatment was associated with meaning in life (r=0.367), patients’ perceptions of physician empathy (r=0.218), and illness perception (r=-0.238), at the 0.01 level. Meaning in life, patient’s perceptions of physician empathy, and illness perception explained 18.6% of the variance in adherence to treatment. Meaning in life (beta=0.367 and P≤0.001) was the most influential predictor of adherence to treatment. Additionally, there was a significant difference in the score of adherence to treatment by gender (23.46±4.42 for female vs. 24.77±3.53 for male, P = 0.030). Conclusion: The patients’ perceptions of physician empathy, meaning in life, and illness perception were important factors to predict adherence to treatment in patients with CVDs. Gender was a significant predictor of the adherence to treatment.

Given the growing number of elderly population, the importance of old age and the problems this age group faces in the society, such as death anxiety (DA), identifying and comparing interventions to improve elderlies’ mental health, treatment and rehabilitation seems required in elderly-related researches. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of psychodrama, reminiscence and Allis’s rational-emotional and behavioral therapy (REBT) on DA in the elderly. It was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design and control group. The statistical papulation included all male elderly with DA residing in nursing homes in Kermanshah, Iran. At first, selected through convenience sampling was a center in which 40 elderlies were selected according to inclusion criteria and randomly divided to three experimental and one control groups. Psychodrama group received 12 sessions of 60 minutes within a period of one and half months, reminiscence group received 10 sessions of 90 minutes within a period of five weeks and REBT group received eight twice a week sessions within a period of one month. Templar’s short psychology and DA questionnaires were used to collect the required data. The results from univariate covariance analysis (ANCOVA) indicated that all three treatments were significantly effective in reducing DA (p < 0.05). Likewise, the results of LSD post hoc test showed the significant difference between psychodrama and reminiscence (p < 0.01) and between psychodrama and REBT (p < 0.01). Though the difference was not significant between reminiscence and REBT in decreasing of DA among elderly (p < 0.01). Hence, psychologists in elderly domain can utilize these interventions, specifically psychodrama, to reduce DA in aged people. References Abdollahzadeh, H., & Khabazi, M. (2017). 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Objectives: Psychological wellbeing can affect the various aspects of the life of older people. Most studies confirm that religiosity is associated with psychological wellbeing. However, the causes of this relation are unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the mediating role of death anxiety and self-compassion in the relationship between religiosity and psychological wellbeing. Methods & Materials: To investigate the purpose of the study, a total of 300 older people of Kermanshah were selected by simple random sampling method. The questionnaires of mini-mental state examination, religious orientation, self-compassion, death anxiety, and psychological well-being were used as research tools. To analyze the data, SPSS V. 23 was used to estimate descriptive and correlational indices, and AMOS V. 23 was used for structural equation modeling. Results: Based on the study results, the causal relationship model between religious orientation, self-compassion, death anxiety, and psychological wellbeing are confirmed based on various fitting indices. Therefore, religiosity has a direct relationship with psychological well-being. Besides, self-compassion and death anxiety can mediate this relationship. Conclusion: Religiosity can greatly affect the psychological wellbeing of the elderly by decreasing the anxiety of death and increasing self-compassion. Therefore, in explaining the relationship between religiosity and psychological wellbeing, attention to the critical role of self-compassion and reduction of death anxiety are among the desirable methods for preventing mental health problems in the elderly.

Objectives Death anxiety as an important issue in the elderly’s life can negatively affect health and prevent them from having an effective aging period. The present study investigated the relationship between death anxiety, and gratitude and perceived social support in the elderly. We also estimated death anxiety in the elderly according to the level of gratitude and perceived social support. Methods & Materials This was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population included all bedroom independent elderly of the Kahrizak Charity Hospital in Tehran Province, Iran (N=515), including 309 women and 206 women. Applying stratified random sampling method, 220 samples were selected. The research tools were Templer’ Death Anxiety Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and Gratitude Questionnaire. Inclusion criteria were obtaining a score of ˃22 in the short cognitive status examination, the age of ˃60 years, primary school education, the lack of emotional disturbances like depression, and a minimum one-year residency at the center. The questionnaires were self-reporting and the study participants were informed about the study design by written consent forms. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. Results The obtained results revealed a negative and significant relationship between gratitude and death anxiety, as well as perceived social support in the studied elderly (P

Specific learning disorder (SLD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder.Students with SLD have a high level of cognitive problems, resulting in their academic failure.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of computer-based cognitive rehabilitation on cognitive avoidance of students with specific learning disorder. This study was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test.The population included all third grade to sixth female students with learning disorder in city of Kermanshah. A sample size of 28 were selected and divided into control and experimental groups. Research Instruments included The Cognitive avoidance Questionnaire (CAQ) of Sexton and Dugas (2008), the Colorado Learning Difficulties Questionnaire (CLDQ) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children. Captain Log's cognitive rehabilitation program at 12 session of 50- 60 minute twice a week for the study group was developed. For data analysis, covariance analysis with SPSS software was used. Covariance analysis indicated that the effectiveness of computer-based cognitive rehabilitation caused reduction in children's cognitive avoidance (P

Background: Research has shown that there is a relationship between attachment styles and sexual satisfaction, but does sexual self-efficacy of addicted men can have to mediate this regard? Aims: Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of sexual self-efficacy in the relationship between attachment styles and sexual satisfaction of addicted men in Kermanshah. Method: The present research was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of this study included people were referred to addiction treatment centers in Kermanshah. The research sample consisted of 250 of the five addiction treatment centers who were selected by non-probability sampling method. Adult Attachment scale(Hazan & Shaver, 1987), Larson's Sexual Satisfaction scale (Larson,1995), and Sexual Self-efficacy scale(Vaziri et al.,1993) were used for data collection. Results: The data were analyzed using statistical methods, including the Pearson correlation coefficient, multivariate regression analysis, and path analysis. Conlusions: The results showed that there is a relationship between attachment styles and Men's sexual satisfaction, this means that secure attachment style is a positive predictor (R

Introduction: Reduction of the quality of sleep is one of the most common complaints of women during pregnancy that leads to negative consequences on the mental health of pregnant women. Some factors that associate with quality of sleep are how to use cognitive emotion regulation strategies and brain-behavioral systems. This investigation aims to study the relationship between sleep quality with cognitive emotion regulation strategies and brain-behavioral systems in pregnant women. Methods: This study was conducted in the first half of 2016 on 302 pregnant women who referred to health centers in Kermanshah city and were chosen using cluster sampling method. Subjects completed the Pittsburgh sleep quality questionnaire, Garnefski cognitive emotion regulation strategies questionnaire and Carver and White BIS/BAS questionnaire with a self- assessment method. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistical, Pearson’s correlation and regression and statistical and SPSS22. The significant level considered as: (P< 0/05). Results: There was significant relationship between sleep quality with emotion regulation strategies and behavioral inhibition system; the use of negative and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and high activity in the behavioral inhibition, decrease the quality of sleep in pregnant women. Conclusion: Using some of the negative and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies such as rumination and disaster concept, and high activity in behavioral inhibition system can decrease sleep quality in pregnant women.

Elderly people have a tendency to think about death and anxiety due to their physical conditions, weakness to illnesses, disability and losing relatives and friends (grief and loss). Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on the anxiety of death and the general health of mourning elderly women. It was a semi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design including a control group and a follow up period. Samples included all elderly women who experienced mourning attending elderly centers in Kermanshah in 2018, out of which 24 were selected based on inclusion criteria, and were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 8 sessions of 90-minute cognitive-behavioral group therapy. Goldberg and Hiller's general health questionnaire, Templer death anxiety, mourning experience of Bart and Scott, and Folstein and Partners mental examination brief test were used to collect the required data. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 22). The results suggested a significant difference between the mean scores of death anxiety and general health components of experimental and control groups in the post-test (P

Introduction: Sexual function disorders in infertile women may indirectly decrease the success rate of their treatment. Therefore, it is essential to eliminate such disorders in order to improve infertility treatment outcomes in women. Considering the lack of research on infertile women, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of sexual education skills on the outcome of infertility treatment in women. Methods: This clinical trial was conducted on 20 infertile women with sextual function disorders aged 22-36 years, who referred to Motazedi Sterility Clinic in Kermanshah, Iran in 2016. Research units were selected via convenience sampling. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control group (10 women in each group). Women in the intervention group received training on sexual education skills (10 sessions), and the control group had no intervention. Data were collected using the sexual function index by Rosen et al. (2000). Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 19 using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Mann-Whitney U test, paired t-test, and Fisher's exact test. Results: Sexual skill training improved the sexual function of infertile women (P=0.001). After three months, the number of pregnancies in the intervention group was higher compared to the control group although the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.291). Conclusion: According to the results, sexual education skills could improve the sexual function of the infertile women. Therefore, it is recommended that sexual skill training be implemented as an effective cognitive-behavioral, non-pharmacological method to enhance sexual and reproductive health.

Objectives Population is an ever-increasing phenomenon. During old age, the declining social relationships impact the lifestyle and life satisfaction. The present study investigated the correlation between social support/religious orientation and life satisfaction among the elderly. Methods & Materials The present study was descriptive and correlational. The subjects included Kermanshah elderly nursing home residents in 2016. The cohort comprised of 126 elderlies (mean 69.76 and standard deviation 9), who were chosen by convenience sampling. The instruments used in this study included the social support appraisal scale, religious orientation scale, and the satisfaction with life scale. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and regression and the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) were used for data analysis. Results A significant correlation was established between religious orientation and life satisfaction (P

For downloading the full-text of this article please click here. Background and Objective: Considering the vital importance of the elderly’s well-being and the rapid growth of their populations, studying the role of various variables in the well-being of the elderly is necessary; therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between psychological well-being and religiosity and death anxiety in the elderly. Method: This research adopted a descriptive, correlational design. The statistical population of this study consisted of all elderly men in Kermanshah's part-time elderly care centers comprising 700 people in total. Out of this population, 200 individuals were selected by simple random sampling. The research instruments were Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire (Ryff, 1989), Muslim Attitudes toward Religion (Wilde and Joseph, 1997), and Death Anxiety Inventory (Templer, 1970). Entry criteria included: 1) a score of 22 at the cognitive state test, 2) a minimum age of 60 years, 3) a minimum of junior high school education, 4) enough monthly earnings. People who did not have these conditions were excluded. Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression were used for data analysis. All ethical issues were observed in the study and the researchers declared no conflict of interests. Results: The findings showed that there was a significant, positive relationship between psychological well-being and religiosity (r= 0.39, P

Background and Objective: Considering the importance of the role of nurses in increasing the individuals’ health, family, and society, the present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between perception of social support and tendency of using psychotropic substances in nurses. Methods: The statistical population of this descriptive-correlational study consisted of all nurses of hospitals in Kermanshah (2016). 341 nurses were selected using cluster sampling method and the data-gathering tools was the multi-dimensional scale of social support perception (Zimat et al. 1988) and questionnaire (Bahremand and colleagues, 2014) was applied for the tendency of using psychotropic substances. Data were analyzed by SPSS-22 software, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis tests. Results: The results of the research showed that there was a significant relationship between the components of the perception of social support and the general score of the tendency toward psychotropic substances. These relationships were meaningful in level (P

Since we have witnessed an increase in the number of divorce and single-parent families, paying more attention to importance problems among mother-headed families that face multiple difficulties seems necessary. Therefore, this study was conducted with aim of exploration the pathologies in mother-headed families. This study was a qualitative research, in which the content analysis approach was applied. The research procedure consisted the participation of 38 mother-headed families in focus group discussion sessions, literature review and semi-structured interview by 10 researchers in the field of family in a 12 months period in 2016. To analyze the collected and registered data, they were coded in 3 phases of open coding, axial coding and selective coding. Data analysis led to extraction of the 12 main themes of problems and psychological disorders of mothers, physically problems of mothers, psychological problems and disorders of children, physically problems of children, children's educational problems, employment problems, interpersonal problems among family members, former husband and his family problems, financial problems, housing problems, problems of family of origin and problems of people around and social support networks. This study provided a new understanding of the experiences of mother-headed families by describing their problems. The roots of this problems in addition to individual and interpersonal problems, are in changes in social structure of our society. Therefore, results showed this families has significant problems in various aspects of their families that require more attention by authorities.

Specific learning disability (SLD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder Students with SLD have a high level of cognitive problems, resulting in their academic failure The aim of this study was the effectiveness of computer-based cognitive rehabilitation on reducing cognitive failure of students in Students SLD This study was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test. The population included all third grade to sixth female students with learning disabilities in the city of Kermanshah Of them, 28 patients were selected and divided into control and experimental groups. Research Instruments included The Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) of Broadbent, the Colorado Learning Difficulties Questionnaire (CLDQ) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children- fourth edition. Captain Log's cognitive rehabilitation program at 12 session of 50- 60 minute twice a week for the study group was developed. Covariance analysis indicated that the effectiveness of computer-based cognitive rehabilitation caused reduction in children's cognitive failure (P

Considering the vital importance of the well-being of the elderly and the rapid growth of their populations, it seems necessary to explore the role of various variables in their well-being. Therefore, the present research has been conducted with the aim of studying the relationship between psychological well-being and religiosity and self-compassion in the elderly. This is an applied research in terms of purpose and in terms of implementation method, it is descriptive correlational. The statistical population of this study includes all the 1190 elderly living in Kermanshah's part-time nursing homes, of which 700 are male and 490 are female over the age of 55. Using Morgan’s table, a sample of 300 men was selected. The research tools include Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWB), Muslim Attitudes toward Religion Scale (MARS; Wilde & Joseph, 1997), and Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form (SCS-SF; Raes et al., 2012). Pearson’s correlation coefficient method and stepwise regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The findings show that there is a positive and significant relationship between religiosity (r = 0.46) and self-compassion (r = 0.61) with psychological well-being (P

There is established relationship between quality of life of and subjective wellbeing and mental health in elderly people .the purposes of this study was to investigate the effect of improving quality of life on positive affectivity on elderly women in Kermanshah. The method was quasi-experimental whit pretest-posttest and control group. The sample selected From 214 women that were a member of the Farzanegan daily elderly center in Kermanshah. 30 qualified women who were matched selected by using cluster sampling and then assigned to two experimental and control groups randomly (n=15). Older people who were in the experimental group receive quality of life therapy Intervention (one session per week).and control group did not. Demographic questionnaire, and positive and negative affectivity scale (Watson, 1991) were completed by members of the experimental and control groups in the pre, post and follow-up test. The results obtained from covariance analysis indicated that quality of life therapy is effective on positive and negative affectivity in elderly women (P≤0.005). The two-month follow-up test showed that intervention Achievements to increase positive affect and lower negative affect is maintained. Therefore it is recommended that this treatment can be used as a Supportive therapy by psychologists and Aging medicine practitioners.

Background: In a cardiac patient, anxiety is the result of the individual’s perception of the treatment and is characterized by inability to predict, control, or achieve the desired treatment outcomes. Objectives: This study was carried out to investigate the extent of clinical anxiety in patients who underwent a cardiac rehabilitation program with different attitudes toward the disease risk factors. Patientsand Methods: The administrative data of this retrospective study were obtained from the database of the cardiac rehabilitation department of a hospital in Iran. The demographic and clinical information of 603 patients from April 2006 to April 2011 was collected using compiled forms of this database, the Beckanxiety inventory, and the structured clinical interview for axis I disorders. The univariate analysis of variance and the Bonferroni post-hoc analysis were used for data analysis. Results: After controlling for gender and educational level, we observed statistically significant differences in the modified means between the patients who considered the behavioral risk factors and those who considered the physiological risk factors (P = 0.012, MD = 5.03) and between the patients who regarded the behavioral risk factors and those who regarded the psychological risk factors (P = 0.0005, MD = 5.32) as the underlying cause of their cardiac condition, which means that the level of anxiety in the physiological and psychological groups was higher than that in the behavioral group. Conclusions: The anxiety of patients can be controlled through alteration in their attitudes toward the disease risk factors on the grounds that psychological or physiological factors per se do not trigger the occurrence of the disease, whereas behavioral risk factors, as the controlling agent, significantly influence its occurrence.

Objectives: The growing social and economical changes in the life style, have made Abstract it difficult for many people to assume the responsibility of taking care of older adults in the family, consequently institutions become the inevitable option for many elderly adults. The aim of this study was to compare mental health of institutionalized and community living elderly adults in Kermanshah. Methods & Materials: The study was a cross-comparative one. 127 community livings (83 male and 44 female) and the same number of institutionalized persons were selected using the available sampling method. General health questionnaire (GHQ-28) was the measure of the study. Results: The institutionalized elder adults gained higher mean scores in all the four subscales of GHQ-28. The findings showed a statistically significant difference in the mean scores of depression, somatic symptoms, and social dysfunction in the two groups. The women living in institutions showed more severe Social dysfunction compared to their men counterparts. Conclusion: Considering the results of this study it can be concluded that more attention should be given to the living environment of older adults living in institutions.