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Although stable hydrogen (δ2H) and carbon (δ13C) isotopic compositions of bird feathers have been increasingly used to understand the migration of birds through assignment of individuals to established isoscapes, far less is known about the structure of feather isoscapes based on stable sulphur isotope (δ34S) assays. While δ2H isoscapes have been used to investigate the migratory origins of the Globe Skimmer (Pantala flavescens) dragonfly in India, no isotope studies have been applied to avian migration patterns in that region. Here, based on museum collections, we report the feather δ34S values of 13 avian species that included marine birds with expected 34S enriched feathers, resident birds throughout India and a single migratory species, Bar-headed Goose (Anser indicus). Feathers from the marine birds were the most enriched (20.6 ± 1.2 ‰, n = 10; range = 4.4 ‰) in 34S but terrestrial resident species also showed unexpectedly high δ34S values (11.7 ± 4.8 ‰, n = 74; range = 19.9 ‰) throughout most of India but the Himalayan region and Gangetic plain typically showed δ34S values less than 6.4 ‰. Our results show the utility of feather δ34S studies to decipher avian and other animal migration between these two regions.

The energy required for joining steel segments by using laser welding is relatively very low compared with arc welding, gas welding, or any other conventional welding techniques. Moreover, the rapid cooling may create a significant effect on different regions, such as the fusion zone (FZ), heat affected zone (HAZ), and base metal (BM), and in turn affect different parameters. In this study, the characteristics of the laser-welded joint were investigated by varying laser power, welding velocity and incident angle, and tensile strength. In our, experiments. the microhardness was increased by varying the power of laser welding. The strength of the joint was increased to 549 MPa with 2200 W high power, 30 mm/s velocity, and 80º laser incident angle. By increasing the power and velocity of the laser, the welding gun strength was improved; conversely, the angle of laser incident on the welding location decreased while its strength was increased.

Hemidactylus srikanthani sp. nov. (Figs. 7‒10; Table 3) Holotype. BNHS 2640, adult male, collected by N. S. Achyuthan and M. V. Shreeram on 21 July 2018, from Devarayana Durga Hills (13.371°N, 77.210°E; 1,060 m asl) in Tumkur district, Karnataka, India. Paratype. BNHS 2641, subadult female, same collection information as the holotype. Etymology. Patronym named in genitive singular case honouring Mr. Srikanthan Vijayraghvan, the father of the second author, for inspiring and supporting the author’s interests in nature conservation and herpetology; and financially supporting the team of authors for herpetological research projects. Suggested English name. Srikanthan’s Rock Gecko. Diagnosis. A medium-sized (adult SVL 66.6 mm; n=1) species of Hemidactylus inhabiting the Tumkur Hills. Dorsal pholidosis composed of sub-circular, flattened, granular scales interspersed with enlarged, strongly keeled tubercles that are heterogeneous in size and shape, fairly regularly arranged in 14 or 15 longitudinal rows at midbody; 29 or 30 tubercles in paravertebral rows. VS 37 or 38 scale rows. Digits with enlarged scansors, lamellae in straight transverse series, all divided except those on the apical portion of the digit, the distal most scansor and a few basal lamellae that are undivided; lamellae beneath digit I: 7 (manus) and 7 (pes), digit IV: 9–10 (manus) and 10 (pes). Males with 16–17 precloacal-femoral pores on each thigh separated by seven pore-less scales. Three postcloacal spurs on each side; tail depressed, scales on dorsal aspect of tail heterogeneous, slightly larger than granular scales on dorsum, intermixed with a series of 6 enlarged, strongly pointed, keeled tubercles on each whorl. Comparison. Hemidactylus srikanthani sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from its peninsular Indian congeners based on the following non-overlapping characters (note: comparison with a new species H. mahonyi sp. nov. will follow its present description): male with 16–17 PCFP and seven SBFP (versus 12–13 PCFP and single SBFP in H. brookii; 7 PCFP and eight SBFP in H. chipkali; 12–13 PCFP and single SBFP in H. gleadowi; 10–11 PCFP and two or three SBFP in H. kushmorensis; 10–14 PCFP and one to three SBFP in H. malcolmsmithi; 10–12 PCFP and nine or ten SBFP in H. rishivalleyensis; 15 PCFP and four SBFP in H. sankariensis; 11–15 PCFP and three SBFP in H. sahgali; 9 or 10 PCFP and four or five SBFP in H. varadgirii; 7–9 FP and 1–3 SBFP in H. triedrus; 7 or 8 PCFP and three SBFP in H. whitakeri; 7–9 PCFP and six SBFP in H. mahonyi sp. nov. and 7 or 8 PCFP and seven SBFP in H. treutleri). 14–15 DTR in Hemidactylus srikanthani sp. nov. (versus 17–18 in H. gleadowi, 19–20 in H. kushmorensis, 16–20 in H. murrayi, 6–8 in H. xericolous, 16 in H. siva, 17 or 18 in H. varadgirii, 16 or 17 in H. whitakeri. 19–20 in H. triedrus). Sub-digital lamellae beneath digit I of manus 7 in H. srikanthani sp. nov. (versus 6 lamellae in H. chikhaldaraensis and H. sankariensis, 5–6 in H. parvimaculatus and H. mahonyi sp. nov.); lamellae beneath digit I of pes 9–10 H. srikanthani sp. nov. (11 lamellae in H. chikhaldaraensis, and 6 in H. sankariensis). Sub-digital lamellae beneath digit IV of manus 9 or 10 in H. srikanthani sp. nov. (versus 11 in H. chikhaldaraensis, and 8 in H. sankariensis); lamellae beneath digit IV of pes 10 in H. srikanthani sp. nov. (versus 11 in H. chikhaldaraensis, and 7–9 in H. sankariensis). The moderate size (up to 66.6 mm SVL, n=2) of Hemidactylus srikanthani sp. nov. easily distinguishes it from other large sized Peninsular Indian congeners: 108 mm in H. acanthopholis; 111 mm in H. graniticolus; 95 mm in H. kangerensis; 80 mm in H. kolliensis; 78 mm in H. sahgali; 95 mm in H. sirumalaiensis; 105 mm in H. siva and H. sushilduttai; 126 mm in H. tamhiniensis; 107 mm in H. easai; 76 mm in H. triedrus; 112 mm in H. vanam; 124.4 in H. paaragowli. Additionally, in having a dorsal scalation that is intermixed with large, trihedral, keeled tubercles, H. srikanthani sp. nov. instantly differs from the following species that lack it: H. frenatus, H. leschenaultii, H. giganteus, H. yajurvedi, H. hemchandrai, H. scabriceps, H. reticulatus, H. gracilis, H. sataraensis, H. albofasciatus, H. xericolus and H. flavicaudus. Description of holotype (Figs. 7, 8). The holotype specimen is in good condition except for a small vertical inscision on the venter 11.2 mm made to extract liver tissue, forms strong ventrolateral folds on both sides of the trunk, distal half of the tail curved towards the left; hemipenis partially everted on both sides—all artefacts of preservation. An adult male; head comparatively shorter than SVL, (HL 31.0% of SVL); slightly broad, (HW 61.8% of HL); slightly depressed, (HD 36.2% of HL), distinct from neck. Loreal region slightly inflated; interorbital region and forehead fairly concave; canthus rostralis rounded; snout comparatively longer, (E-S 12.9% of SVL), longer than horizontal eye diameter (HED 53.4% of E-S). Scales on snout, forehead, canthus rostralis, and inter-orbital region rounded, smooth, convex scales on snout larger than those on occipital region; scales on occipital region small, mostly granular, intermixed with comparatively larger, keeled scales. Eyes rounded, small (HED 22.2% of HL); pupil vertically elliptical with crenulated margins; supraciliaries small, few slightly elongate on anterior of top half of orbit, gradually decreasing in size posteriorly. Ear opening deep, roughly oval, (EL 19.1% of E-N); lacking enlarged lobules; E-E 1.2 times greater than horizontal diameter of eyes. SL 10/9 (left/right), 8 th SL in mid-orbital position on right side, rectangular, slightly convex above; separated from orbit by one or two rows of scales. Rostral rectangular, partially divided dorsally by a weakly developed rostral groove. Nostril oval shaped, oriented dorsally, contacting with rostral anteriorly; two supranasals, slightly larger compared to surrounding scales, separated from each other by a smaller scale; three post nasals on either side, smaller than supranasal, lower postnasal not in contact with 1 st SL. IL 9/8 (left/right); 1 st and 2 nd slightly larger in size, rectangular in shape; 3 rd –8 th /9 th IL decreases in size posteriorly and the lower edge are bordered with four or five rows of enlarged elongated scales. Mental triangular (MW 90.5% ML); three pairs of well-developed postmentals; primary pair in contact with each other (PPMenL 95.2% of ML), touches 1 st and 2 nd IL; secondary pair marginally smaller to primary pair (SPMenL 95.0% PPMenL and 90.5% of ML), not contacting each other, touches 2 nd IL; outermost pair smaller than both primary and secondary pair, rounded posteriorly; separated from 3 rd IL by single smooth, elongated scale. Tongue narrowly elongate, with a weak median cleft. Body elongated, (A-G 38.7% of SVL); dorsally depressed, stout. Dorsal pholidosis composed of sub-circular, flattened granular scales that are heterogeneous in size, interspersed enlarged, strongly keeled tubercles that are heterogeneous size and shape, fairly regularly arranged in 14 or 15 longitudinal rows at mid-body extending from posterior part of head to groin; 29–30 tubercles on the paravertebral rows. Ventral scales imbricate, larger than dorsal granular scales, VS 37; gular region covered in small granular scales about equal in size to dorsal granules, gradually increasing in size posteriorly. Forelimbs and hindlimbs covered with enlarged granular scales which are subequal to ventral granular scales; scales on dorsal surface of thighs and shanks are interspersed with enlarged tubercles; largest tubercles being equal in size to mid-dorsal tubercles; pre-anal groove absent; pre-anal depression absent; PCFP 17/16 (left/right); SBFP 7; pore-bearing scales are enlarged in size and rhomboidal in shape relative to adjacent scales; SBFP that are equivalent to the adjacent scales in size and shape. Fore and hind limbs relatively short, slender, ventral surfaces of limbs covered with uniform, flattened, subimbricate scales; HUL slightly longer than RUL (HUL 18.3% of SVL, RUL 15.8% of SVL); thigh stout; THL and CL sub-equal, (THL 19.2% of SVL, CL 19.4 % SVL); digits moderately short, flattened, a small curved claw on all digital tips; interdigital webbing absent; distal phalanges elevated; each digit with enlarged scansors, lamellae in straight transverse series, all divided except those on the apical portion of the digit, the distal most scansor and a few basal lamellae that are undivided; LRM 7-9-9-9-9, and LRP 6-9-10-10-10; toe lengths (measurements in parentheses): TOLRM III (5.1)> IV (4.9)> II (4.7)> V (4.4)> I (1.9); TOLRP IV (5.7)> V (5.1)> III (4.5)> II (4.3)> I (2.2). Tail original, complete; not regenerated, oval in cross section; TL 1.2 times longer than SVL with rounded tip. Post-cloacal hemipeneal bulge distinct; three pairs of post-cloacal spurs, proximal most pairs sub-equal in size, close to the cloaca, three times smaller than the distal most spur pair, each spur comprising of one raised, rounded, dorso-ventrally flattened scale. Scales on dorsal aspect of tail smooth, rounded, slightly larger than granules on dorsum, with a series of six enlarged, pointed tubercles on the 1 st whorl and six in next four whorls; tubercles on the 1 st to 5 th whorls keeled, strongly pointed; four weakly keeled, pointed tubercles on 6 th to 9 th whorls and remaining whorls with three small, weakly keeled or smooth, pointed tubercles. Ventral scales on post-cloacal region and at proximal part of tail base larger than on rest of dorsal portion of tail, with a median row of transversely enlarged, smooth sub-caudals covering almost entire tail width on the distal two thirds of the tail length. Coloration in life. Overall dorsal body coloration light cream to light brown; head, limbs and tail light cream to light brown; dorsum of head, body, limbs and tail with dark brown/ black and off-white blotches; dorsum with a series of saddles forming vague ‘X’ shaped dark brown markings periodically interspaced with white ‘I’ shaped markings. anterior snout region including interorbital region more pinkish with light to dark colored scales; labials pinkish to pale brown mottled with finer brownish or blackish spots; entire ventral surface of the body and tail is off-white or beige colored; lateral edge of the belly, gular region and the tail region banded with dotted dark brown to black markings ventral surface of the forearms speckled with very fine blackish spots; ventral surface of the hind limbs speckled with few and finer dark brown to blackish dots (Fig. 6). Coloration in ethanol. Dorsum of body lightened to a pale grayish-brown to beige coloration; all markings on dorsal and lateral sides of the body and the head are slightly decolorized but distinctly visible; labials whitish mottled with greyish speckles and blotches; dorsal side of each toe of manus and pes are darker with lighten in color marked with dark brown or blackish patches or bands; lamellae under each digit beige to whitish that are edged with beige colored. Ventral surface of the head, body and tail off-white, specked with very fine blackish spots only on the lateral edges (Fig. 7: A‒F). Variation based on paratype (Fig. 9). The intraspecific variation of mensural and meristic characters is presented in Table 3. Distribution and natural history (Figs. 1, 10). Commonly found on granite rock formations, neighboring human habitations and houses in villages surrounding the type locality, Devarayana Durga Hills (~ 800‒1000 m asl) of Tumkur District, Karnataka State, in Peninsular India. Hemidactylus srikanthani sp. nov. is nocturnal and found alongside H. cf. giganteus. When inactive they often hide in deep rock crevices. The type locality, Devarayana Durga Hills is covered with tropical dry evergreen forests, with a few moist patches at the peak and rocky scrub at the foothills (Bhaskar & Kushalappa 1995).

Hemidactylus mahonyi sp. nov. (Figs. 3‒6; Table 3) Hemidactylus treutleri — Lajmi et al. 2016, 2019 part Holotype. BNHS 2598, adult male, collected by Omkar Adhikari, Ranjit Manakadan, and Vithoba Hegde on 21 March 2019 from Sandur Hills (in Joga Village; 15.229°N, 76.538°E; 440 m asl), Sandur Taluk, Bellary District, Karnataka State, India. Paratypes (n=2). BNHS 2597, adult male and BNHS 2601, sub-adult male, same collection information as the holotype. Etymology. Patronym named in genitive singular case, honouring Dr. Stephen Mahony, an Irish herpetologist and a decade-long friend and colleague of the last author, for his significant research contributions on Tropical Asian herpetofauna and, in particular, on the H. brookii group. Suggested English name. Mahony’s Rock Gecko. Diagnosis. A medium-sized (SVL 51.3–56.1 mm, n=2) species of Hemidactylus inhabiting the Sandur Hills. Dorsal pholidosis composed of sub-circular, flattened granular scales interspersed with enlarged, strongly keeled tubercles that are heterogeneous in size and shape, smallest on the neck gradually increasing in size posteriorly and laterally where they are up to 3–4 times the size of surrounding granular scales, fairly regularly arranged in 13–14 longitudinal rows at mid-body; 24–27 tubercles in paravertebral rows. VS 29–35 scale rows. Digits with enlarged scansors, lamellae in straight transverse series, all divided except the apical and a few basal that are undivided; lamellae beneath digit I: 5–6 (both manus and pes), digit IV: 8–9 (manus) and 8–10 (pes). Males with 7–9 precloacal-femoral pores on each thigh separated by six pore-less pre-cloacal scales. Dorsum yellow to brown ocher in color with numerous scattered dark and light blotches. Two or three post-cloacal spurs; tail dorso-laterally depressed; scales on dorsal aspect of tail heterogeneous, slightly larger than granular scales on dorsum, intermixed with a series of 6–8 enlarged, strongly keeled, pointed tubercles on each whorl. Comparison. Hemidactylus mahonyi sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from members of the murrayi group based on the following non-overlapping characters (note: comparison with the new species H. srikanthani sp. nov. will follow that species’ description): male with 7–9 PCFP and six SBFP (versus 12–13 PCFP and single SBFP in H. brookii; 12–13 PCFP and single SBFP in H. cf. gleadowi; 10–11 PCFP and two or three SBFP in H. cf. kushmorensis; 10–14 PCFP and one to three SBFP in H. malcolmsmithi; 11–17 PCFP and one to three SBFP in H. parvimaculatus; 10–12 PCFP and nine or ten SBFP in H. rishivalleyensis; 15 PCFP and four SBFP in H. sankariensis; 11–15 PCFP and three SBFP in H. sahgali; 17 or 18 PCFP and five SBFP in H. siva; 15 or 16 PCFP and single SBFP in H. xericolus; 15–17 PCFP and one or two SBFP in H. flavicaudus; 16–17 PCFP and seven SBFP in H. srikanthani sp. nov. and 7 or 8 PCFP. 13–14 DTR in Hemidactylus mahonyi sp. nov. (versus 17–18 in H. gleadowi, 19–20 in H. kushmorensis, 16–20 in H. murrayi, 6–8 in H. xericolous, 15 in H. chikhaldaraensis, 15–16 in H. chipkali, 15–20 in H. malcolmsmithi, 15–17 in H. sankariensis, 15 or 16 in H. rishivalleyensis, 16 in H. siva, 15–16 in H. treutleri, 17 or 18 in H. varadgirii, 15 or 16 in H. sahgali, 16 or 17 in H. whitakeri. 19–20 in H. triedrus. Sub-digital lamellae beneath digit I of manus 5–6 in H. mahonyi sp. nov. (versus 7 in H. srikanthani sp. nov.); lamellae beneath digit I of pes 8–10 H. mahonyi sp. nov. (11 lamellae in H. chikhaldaraensis, and 6 in H. sankariensis). Sub-digital lamellae beneath digit IV of manus 8–9 H. mahonyi sp. nov. (11 in H. chikhaldaraensis); lamellae beneath digit IV of pes 8 in H. mahonyi sp. nov. (versus 11 in H. chikhaldaraensis, and 9 or 10 in H. rishivalleyensis). The moderate size (up to 56.1 mm SVL, n=2) of Hemidactylus mahonyi sp. nov. easily distinguishes it from other large sized peninsular Indian congeners: 108 mm in H. acanthopholis; 111 mm in H. graniticolus; 95 mm in H. kangerensis; 80 mm in H. kolliensis; 78 mm in H. sahgali; 95 mm in H. sirumalaiensis; 105 mm in H. siva and H. sushilduttai; 126 mm in H. tamhiniensis; 107 mm in H. easai; 76 mm in H. triedrus; 112 mm in H. vanam; 124.4 in H. paaragowli. Additionally, in having a dorsal scalation that is intermixed with large, trihedral, keeled tubercles, H. mahonyi sp. nov. instantly differs from the following species that lack it: H. frenatus, H. leschenaultii, H. giganteus, H. yajurvedi, H. hemchandrai, H. scabriceps, H. reticulatus, H. gracilis, H. sataraensis, H. albofasciatus, H. xericolus and H. flavicaudus. Description of holotype (Figs. 3, 4). The holotype specimen is in good condition, moderately flat beneath, distinct ventrolateral folds on both sides of the trunk, distal half of the tail curved towards the right, hemipenis partially everted on both sides. An adult male; head short (HL 13.3% of SVL); slightly broad (HW 60.1% of HL); slightly depressed (HD 36.4% of HL), distinct from neck. Loreal region slightly inflated, interorbital region slightly concave, canthus rostralis rounded; snout relatively long (E-S 14.2% of SVL), longer than horizontal eye diameter (HED 43.6% of E-S). Scales on snout, forehead, canthus rostralis and inter-orbital region rounded, smooth, convex scales on snout larger than those on occipital region; scales on occipital region small, mostly granular, intermixed with comparatively larger, keeled scales. Eyes rounded, small (HED 18% of HL); pupil vertically elliptical with crenulated margins; supraciliaries small, few slightly elongate on anterior of top half of orbit, gradually decreasing in size posteriorly. Ear opening deep, roughly oval (EL 17.9% of E-N); lacking enlarged lobules; E-E1.6 times greater than horizontal diameter of eye. SL, 10/10 (left/right), 8 th SL in mid-orbital position on right side, roughly rectangular in shape, dorsal edge slightly convex; separated from orbit by single row of scales. Rostral rectangular, much wider than deep, partially divided dorsally by a weakly developed rostral groove. Nostril oval shaped; oriented dorsally, touching 1 st SL on either side; two supranasals, slightly larger compared to surrounding scales, separated from each other by a much smaller scale; three post nasals on either side, smaller than supranasal, lower postnasal contacting 1 st SL. IL, 8/8 (left/right); 1 st and 2 nd slightly larger in size, rectangular in shape; 3 rd –8 th IL decreases in size posteriorly and the lower edge are bordered with two rows of enlarged elongated scales. Mental triangular (MW 94.6% ML); two pairs of well-developed postmentals; primary pair in contact with each other (PPMenL 91.9% of ML), bordered by smooth, rounded scales, contacting 1 st and 2 nd IL on both sides; secondary pair comparatively smaller in size to primary pair (SPMenL 93.3% PPMenL and 86.4% of ML) not contacting each other, rounded posteriorly. Tongue narrowly elongate, with a weak median cleft. Body slightly elongated (A-G 40.9% of SVL), dorsally depressed, stout, distinct ventrolateral folds on both sides. Dorsal pholidosis composed of sub-circular, flattened granular scales interspersed with enlarged, strongly keeled tubercles that are heterogeneous in size and shape, smallest on the neck gradually increasing in size posteriorly and laterally where they are up to 3–4 times the size of surrounding granular scales, fairly regularly arranged in 13–14 almost longitudinal rows at mid-body, extending from posterior part of head to groin; 24 or 25 tubercles in paravertebral scale rows. Ventral scales imbricate, larger than dorsal granular scales, VS 34 or 35; gular region covered in small granular scales about equal in size to dorsal granules, gradually increasing in size posteriorly; forelimbs and hindlimbs covered with enlarged granular scales which are subequal to ventral granular scales; scales on dorsal surface of thighs and shanks are interspersed with enlarged tubercles; largest tubercles being equal in size to mid-dorsal tubercles; pre-anal groove absent; pre-anal depression absent; PCFP, 8/7 (left/right) in number, SBFP, 6; pore-bearing scales are enlarged in size and rhomboidal in shape relative to adjacent scales; SBFP are equivalent to the adjacent scales in size and shape. Fore and hind limbs relatively short, slender, ventral surfaces of limbs covered with uniform, flattened, subimbricate scales; forearm short, (HUL 17.3% of SVL, RUL (14.6% of SVL); thigh stout, (THL 22.0% of SVL; CL 21.1% of SVL); digits moderately short, flattened, a small curved claw on all digital tips; interdigital webbing absent; distal phalanges elevated; each digit with enlarged scansors, lamellae in straight transverse series, all divided except those on the apical portion of the digit, the distal most scansor and a few basal lamellae that are undivided LRM 5-7-8-8-7, and LRP 5-8-9-8-7; digit lengths (measurements in parentheses): TOLRM III (3.9)> II (3.8)> IV (3.7)> V (3.1)> I (2.9); TOLRP III (5.0)> IV (4.9)> V (3.6)> II (3.2)> I (2.1). Tail original, complete, TL 58.9 mm; dorso-laterally depressed, oval in cross section; (TL/SVL: 1.2) with somewhat rounded tail tip in dorsal aspect. Post-cloacal hemipeneal bulge distinct; three pairs of post-cloacal spurs, proximal two pairs sub-equal in size, close to the cloaca, three times smaller than the distal most spur pair, each spur comprising of one raised, rounded, dorso-ventrally flattened scale. Scales on dorsal aspect of tail smooth, rounded, slightly larger than granules on dorsum, with a series of eight enlarged, pointed tubercles on the 1 st whorl and six in the rest; tubercles on the 1 st to 6 th whorls keeled, strongly pointed; tubercles on the 7 th to 10 th whorls weakly keeled or smooth, pointed. Ventral scales on post-cloacal region and at proximal part of tail base larger than on rest of dorsal portion of tail, sub-caudal scales smooth traverse the entire tail width on distal two thirds of tail length. Coloration in life. Overall dorsal body coloration yellow to brown ocher; head, limbs and tail yellow to brown ochre; dorsum of head, body, limbs and tail with dark brown and off-white blotches; anterior snout region including interorbital region more yellowish with light to dark colored scales; labials yellowish to pale brown mottled with finer brownish or blackish spots; entire ventral surface of the body and tail is off-white or soft beige colored; lateral edge of the belly, gular region and tail, ventral surface of the forearms speckled with very fine blackish spots; ventral surface of the hind limb speckled with few and finer blackish spots (Fig. 3). Coloration in ethanol. Dorsum of body lightened to grayish brown coloration; head coloration marginally darker than body dorsum; coloration on anterior snout and interorbital region with slight dark brown blotches; all markings on dorsal and lateral sides of the body and the head are slightly decolorized but distinctly visible; labials whitish or greyish mottled with brownish speckles; supraorbital region with light black or brown blotch; dorsal side of each toe of manus and pes with one or two pale greyish or whitish patches or bands; lamellae under each digit beige colored. Ventral surface of the head, body and tail off-white, specked with very fine blackish spots extending from mental, post mental scales to lateral edge of gular region, ventral surface of the forearms, ventrolateral edge of the body as well as tail (Fig. 4: A‒F). Variation based on paratypes (n=2; Fig. 5). The intraspecific variation in mensural and meristic characters is presented in Table 3. Paratype BNHS 2597 has digit II of right manus damaged; tail regenerated, showing vertical discontinuous black steaks on the regenerated portion; tail length marginally shorter than body (TL/SVL 0.9). Paratype BNHS 2601 is an immature male specimen with a dark brown head and dorsum of body; a small vertical incision on the venter 7.1 mm made to extract liver tissue; series of femoral scales that are enlarged and rhomboidal in shape relative to adjacent scales, without bearing any pore; SBFP that are equivalent to the adjacent scales in size and shape; tail detached near the tail base, tail was lost during the collection of specimens. Distribution and Natural History (Figs. 1, 6). Hemidactylus mahonyi sp. nov. is known to occur only from the hillocks in and around the type locality Sandur Hills near Joga village, Bellary District, Karnataka, India, at an elevation of ca. 440‒500 m asl. The species was encountered only on the rocky boulders. The species appears to be nocturnal and locally abundant as we encountered>20 active individuals from the dusk through the night (18:00–22:00 hrs) and at dawn (05:00–07:30 hrs) in the winter season. During the day, a few individuals were seen inactive, sheltered under rocks or in crevices. Sympatric geckos encountered during night at the type locality include Hemidactylus siva Srinivasulu, Srinivasulu & Kumar, H. cf. reticulatus, H. cf. giganteus Stoliczka and Cnemaspis adii Srinivasulu, Kumar & Srinivasulu. Other lizards such as Calotes vultuosus (Harlan), Psammophilus cf. dorsalis (Gray), Eutropis cf. carinata (Schneider) and, Ophisops cf. jerdoni Blyth and O. leschenaulti (Milne-Edwards) were observed sharing the same rocky habitat during the day. Habitat at the type locality consists of dry evergreen forests, with moist patches near the summit, and thorny scrub hillocks at the foothills (Madiwalar & Wodeyar 1993)., Published as part of Adhikari, Omkar D., Achyuthan, N. S., Kumar, G. Chethan, Khot, Rahul V., Shreeram, M. V. & Ganesh, S. R., 2022, Two new species of Hemidactylus Goldfuss, 1820 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the rocky outcrops of the Deccan plateau, peninsular India, pp. 227-249 in Zootaxa 5129 (2) on pages 234-238, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5129.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/6500887, {"references":["Lajmi, A., Giri, V. B. & Karanth, K. P. (2016) Molecular data in conjunction with morphology help resolve the Hemidactylus brookii complex (Squamata: Gekkonidae). Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 16 (3), 659 - 677. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13127 - 016 - 0271 - 9","Madiwalar, S. S. & Wodeyar, A. K. (1993) Biogeographical study of flora resources in Bellary District. Myforest, 29 (3), 1 - 31."]}

In this study, the characterization of laser weld joint on transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steel sheets coupled with Nd:YAG laser welding was investigated, and the influence of welding conditions like angle of weld, power of laser, and welding speed on the strength of the joint was measured. The microstructure, tensile behavior, and microhardness of TRIP laser-welded sheets were examined in detail. The power was maintained constant, i.e., 1800 W, and by relatively varying the velocity from 25 to 30 mm/s, the strength of the joint increased drastically to 11%. In contrast, by varying the power, the effect of velocity was reduced; however, the point performance was enormously stable. Finally, the microhardness behavior of the heat-affected zone and fusion zone was investigated and discussed.

Generally automotive systems are subjected to dynam ic and static loads,due to hives driving and adverse conditions of the road surface,thus it causes cracks,noise,vibration and failure in an automobile,since in general the total effect of work for automobile system is lowered. Such effect is arising due to behaviour in types of loading,construction and condition of the work where the automobile system is and reducing it s strength. Therefore however most of the Light Commercial Vehicles (LCV) chassis are man ufactured by welding to reduce the weight of the chassis. Hence there is a more stress concentration occurs at a welded joint region. The fundamental task is to develop a model of welded joint to sustain various loads of LCV chassis. Effect of different design parameters,properties of material are observed with respect to the strength of the weld and location of stress concentrations are identified. During the design process model parameters are often alter ed to evaluate alternative welding joining choices,to reduce weight of the system to sustain varying loading conditions without failure. https://www.ijiert.org/paper-details?paper_id=140123

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