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Climate change affects everyday life, especially extremely high temperatures and longterm droughts alternating with intense rainfall. Changes in rainfall distribution and increasing temperatures force farmers to adapt to new conditions. In our contribution, we compared temperature deviations from the climatic normal and the percentage of precipitation from the climatic normal. For the complexity of the data comparison, a 60-year normal was created for 81 stations in Slovakia. Data interpolation created maps were superimposed on each other and created new areas comparing the complex development of temperatures and precipitation in individual regions of Slovakia (Bratislava, Trnava, Nitra, Trenčín, Žilina, Banská Bystrica, Prešov and Košice region) for the decades 1961-1970, 1991-2000 and 2011-2020 and in individual months of the year. The tables show the percentage development of the area of newly created areas in individual regions and decades. To see how currently warmer and drier areas have invaded, especially in winter, when there is an insufficient layer of snow cover in the southern regions, which affects soil moisture especially in spring. With this contribution, we can help farmers visualize the evolution of temperatures and precipitation over decades, which will also indicate future developments and they can better adapt to the impacts of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several organizations warn of the increase in temperature and the associated extreme climatic conditions for life on Earth. The aim of this article is to point out the influence of climatic conditions on the development of walnut (Juglans regia L.) in the spring months (11.5. - 18.6.) in the years 2018 - 2019, which were above-normal to temperature-normal (compared to the climatic normal 1991 - 2020) and in the years 2021 - 2022, which were below normal temperatures. The impact of the amount of precipitation was also compared. Diameter Dendrometer Small dendrometers (Ecomatik) were used for the research on irrigated and non-irrigated variants. The results showed that in 2018 and 2019, at higher temperatures and also with a short-term lack of precipitation, the increase in averages was higher. However, in the years 2021 and 2022, with the below normal temperature period in the spring and the lack of moisture, especially in the June, with additional irrigation with micro sprinklers did not help, and the increases are low for both the irrigated and non-irrigated variants. Climate change is currently present in all sectors of the economy, and such research is necessary for better adaptation of humans and plants on Earth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is the most pronounced in the last thirty years. In the world, but also in Slovakia, there are extreme temperatures and frequent periods of drought alternating with torrential precipitation. Neither of these two options is suitable for the country. The aim of this article was to determine the distribution of precipitation in the period 1991-2020. Using the Mann-Kendall trend analysis, it was determined a statistically significant increase or decrease in precipitation in individual months of the year for 75 stations in Slovakia. The results showed that a statistically significant decrease in precipitation is in April. The lack of precipitation causes low moisture in the soil and thus the growth of agricultural crops is limited. A statistically significant increase in precipitation occurred in January. However, this does not mean an increase in snow cover. On the contrary, due to the higher temperatures in the winter months, the snow cover will not last long, especially in the south. As a result, moisture cannot gradually flow to the soil from the snow cover, but the water in the liquid form will flow away from the land. This result with the lack of precipitation in the spring cause prolonged droughts. Based on the data processed, it is proven that despite the increase in precipitation in January, the decrease in precipitation in April is significant over the last thirty years and it is necessary to create measures to collect water in order to use it in the spring months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The threat of climate change and its negative consequences is currently a very serious and immediate problem. Undoubtedly, the most striking manifestation of climate change is global warming, both on land and in the oceans. Increasing the average air temperature adversely affects natural ecosystems, which find it very difficult to adapt to this change. Significant consequence of climate change is also the fundamental impact on water resources. In this work we focused on the influence of climatic conditions on the dynamics of walnut tree (Juglans regia L.) in July (2019-2021), when the influence of lack of precipitation on the walnut growth are most critical. We compared dendrometric changes to air temperature and precipitation. For this measurement were used Dendrometers DD-S from Ecomatic at two groups of walnut trees - irrigated and non-irrigated trees. From the results, it is found a significant decrease in precipitation compared to the climate normal, most marked in 2021. A significant difference between irrigated and non-irrigated walnuts is seen in 2019 (3.2 mm) and in 2020 (2.4 mm). In 2021, the difference is only 0.85 mm, which could be due to insufficient irrigation, lack of precipitation, and the quantity of fruit. The impact of climate change and its greatest impact - drought, can be observed throughout the period under review. This research can serve as a basis for drought assessment and will be further developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented work provides a detailed view of climate change and its impact on the temperature conditions in Slovakia. It analyses the occurrence of tropical and supertropical days from the past to the present in the most fertile part of Slovakia. The results show that there has been an overall increase in the number of tropical and supertropical days in the Danubian Lowland and the Danubian Hills between 1961 and 2020, which is partly due to an increase in average temperatures and weather extremes. The locality of Ziharec recorded the largest number of tropical days in the last decade (369 days). If we compare it in this locality with the coldest decade 1971-80, when it was 117 days, then it represents a percentage increase of 135%. For comparison, the increase of tropical days in the locality Banska Stiavnica is from 14 days to 105 days (650 %) in a decade and the locality is not in the warmest areas of Slovakia. For agriculture in the Danubian Lowland and the Danubian Hills, the overall increase in tropical and supertopic days, together with the uneven distribution of precipitation, has a negative effect on the drying up of the country. Rising temperatures and an increase in the number of tropical and supertropical days could be partly positive, especially in the growth of phytomass and higher biomass yields, provided if there is a sufficient supply of water in the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate-change scenarios all around the world indicate that many areas of the globe will increase in aridity. Plants need a large amount of water and nutrients throughout their life cycle and all aspects of plant development are affected by a reduction in water content in the soil. This reduction in soil moisture leads to changes in the physical environment, which subsequently affect physiological and biochemical processes in plants. Based on sap flow measurements, it is possible to optimize irrigation. For our experiment were used apple trees in Nové Zámky region in Slovakia. On stem were installed Dynagage Sap Flow Sensors with the Flow 32-1K Sap flow system, which measure the sap flow and thus water consumption of plants. These energy balance sensors measure the amount of heat carried by the sap, which is converted into real-time sap flow. The measurements were going continuously during the summer in 2018 and the spring 2019. Values were compared with soil moisture, rainfalls and air temperature. The results showed us when it is necessary time the irrigation dose in real time, which save amount of water for irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate-change scenarios all around the world indicate that many areas of the globe will increase in aridity. Plants need a large amount of water and nutrients throughout their life cycle and all aspects of plant development are affected by a reduction in water content in the soil. This reduction in soil moisture leads to changes in the physical environment, which subsequently affect physiological and biochemical processes in plants. Based on sap flow measurements, it is possible to optimize irrigation. For our experiment were used apple trees in Nové Zámky region in Slovakia. On stem were installed Dynagage Sap Flow Sensors with the Flow 32-1K Sap flow system, which measure the sap flow and thus water consumption of plants. These energy balance sensors measure the amount of heat carried by the sap, which is converted into real-time sap flow. The measurements were going continuously during the summer in 2018 and the spring 2019. Values were compared with soil moisture, rainfalls and air temperature. The results showed us when it is necessary time the irrigation dose in real time, which save amount of water for irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to gain a better understanding regarding the effect of frequent drought stress on biochemical and physiological processes in plants as well as on the plant population and community in ecosystem. One method of early detection and monitoring of water stress is by measuring the diameter changes of the stem using dendrometers. They can be used to determine not only the annual thickness growth, but also the distribution of the growth and the rate of expansion and shrinkage of the wood and bark during the year, which reflects the fluctuation of the water stock in the batch. Thus, the growth and physiological response of the trees to seasonal climatic conditions can be identified. For this measurement were used Dendrometers DD-S from Ecomatic at apple trees stems. The measurements were continuously during summer months in 2018 in Nitra region, Slovakia on irrigated and non-irrigated trees. Values were compared with rainfalls and air temperature. Also, we investigated two physiological concepts: the linear growth concept, assuming linear growth, versus the zero-growth concept, assuming no growth during periods of stem shrinkage. The difference between irrigated and non-irrigated apple trees was 0.3 mm, with increases mainly in the evening and morning hours. When comparing the concept of linear growth and zero-growth, the zero-growth concept was more accurate, which can be used during measurements to see the course of growth or water stress. The results show the best timing for the irrigation dose in real time, which save amount of water for irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization and expansion of urban territory is a global trend that affects all major cities in the world. For this reason, the quality of the urban environment is increasingly important for human health and well-being. One increasingly popular element to improve and address the challenges associated with a warming urbanized landscape is blue-green infrastructure (BGI). Blue-green infrastructure is mainly associated with the urbanized landscape and its integration into the urban environment. In our post, we will focus on the agricultural landscape, which is in close proximity to the city of Trnava, Slovakia. The administrative territory of the city of Trnava is characterized by a low degree of ecological stability with a lack of natural elements of the landscape structure. Current vegetation in the territory of the city of Trnava (7,153 ha) is divided and represented into landscape - outside the built-up area (2.18%), urban - in the built-up area (35.40%) (Department of Spatial Development and Concepts of the City of Trnava). The aim of the contribution is to present solutions in the "Strkovisko" district, where we proposed a network of natural and near-natural measures to mitigate climate impacts related to climate change for the construction of BGI. The proposed location was designated as arable land with an area of 11.91 ha, which will be transformed into a plot of land with purpose-built agricultural protection and ecological greenery against erosive measures and measures to ensure the ecological stability of the territory. The article introduces the reader to the benefits of BGI and describes the proposed elements to mitigate climate change with an emphasis on landscape activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of climate change is felt by people all over the world, but this change is more pronounced in Europe. In Slovakia, which is in Central Europe, we feel these changes in all areas of the economy, but most significantly in agriculture. We experience extremely high temperatures more and more often, and frequent periods of drought alternate with extreme intensity of precipitation. The aim of this paper is to compare these changes in temperature and precipitation with a reference period - the sixty-year climate normal (1961-2020). Based on data from 81 meteorological stations, maps of temperature and precipitation deviations from the climatic norm were created by interpolation for selected decades (1961-1970, 1991-2000 and 2011-2020) in the growing season (April - October). By overlaying the map outputs of temperature and precipitation, new attributes were created that comprehensively evaluate locations in Slovakia. The results show that in the 1960s the summer months were normal in terms of precipitation and subnormal in temperature, in the 1990s the areas were mostly normal in temperature and in April especially above normal in terms of precipitation. On the contrary, the last decade is characterized by above-normal temperatures throughout the entire period and belownormal precipitation at the beginning of the growing season and above-normal precipitation in the autumn months. With this contribution, we can help farmers visualize the development of temperatures and precipitation, and thus they will be able to better adapt to the development of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural production is based on responding issues related to climate change in the coming years. Frequent drought seasons lead to a decline in yield production, and negative hydrological balance is expected in the future, which will also affect water consumption for agriculture [1]. Based on sap flow measurements, it is possible to optimize irrigation. For our experiment was used the grape vines in Nitra region, on which we installed Dynagage Sap Flow Sensors with the Flow 32-1K Sap flow system, which measure the sap flow and thus water consumption of plants. These energy balance sensors measure the amount of heat carried by the sap, which is converted into real-time sap flow. The measurements were carried out during the summer months, when the drought stress can be shown. The measured values were compared with soil moisture and temperature. The results show the relationship between sap flow and soil moisture, which can optimize water supply in real time, but long-term measurements are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, humanity must deal with the consequences of ongoing climate change. The most observed manifestations of climate change include increasing temperatures, as well as increasing monthly and annual average temperatures. In the present work, the change in the number of days with temperatures between 30 and 35 degrees Celsius and above 35 degrees Celsius was compared. Meteorological data from 21 climatic stations on the territory of the Kosice and Presov self-governing regions (Slovakia) were provided by the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute in Bratislava. The data covered the period 1961 - 2020. Based on these data, we determined the forecast of the development for the period 2031-2040 and 2051-2060. The results show that in the last 20 years there has been a huge increase in the number of tropical days in the warmest regions of Slovakia. In the Somotor area, this increase is at the level of about 200 days compared to the cold period of 1971 - 1980. In terms of super tropical days (above 35 degrees Celsius), the number of super tropical days increased approximately fourfold during 1961 - 2010. The largest increase is in the last decade 2011-2020. Some places now experience 50 or more super tropical days per year. Looking at the 2031 - 2040 and 2051 - 2060 projections, the numbers of tropical and super tropical days can be expected to increase in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agro climatic analyses for last three decades indicate climate change to be the most crucial factor that exacerbates agricultural production. In the long run, it will create a global crisis in future if it magnifies without any control. Basically, climate change occurs due to rise in anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases (CO2, N2O, CH4, freons) [1]. This causes various hazardous phenomena to initiate significant changes not only in energy and water dynamics of the atmosphere but also in agricultural and ecological system. For instance, agricultural production from Danube Lowland located in southern parts of Slovakia, has been greatly affected due to rise in atmospheric temperature and decrease in precipitation. These changes in various atmospheric parameters may induce multifaceted positive effect in some way. However, these changes always bring about highly negative effects on agriculture, which need to be identified and analysed critically. Based on these analyses, the negative effects can be reduced to increase the positive effects [2]. In this present study, agroclimatic data such as the numbers of tropical and supertropical days experienced in Slovakia have been analysed extensively. Results indicate an increasing trend in number of tropical days during vegetation period in each of three decades spanning from 1989 to 2018. A similar increasing trend was also found in the number of supertropical days in the last three decades. The results also prove that the most fertile part of Slovakia experienced an extreme increase in tropical and supertropical days during the previous decade ranging from 2009 to 2018. Consequently, the significant increase in number of tropical and supertropical days, indicates the climate extremity in Slovak in the Danube Lowland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main lines of research on the impact of climate change is the study of drought and its effects on agricultural production. The aim of this study is to determine the key parameter of plant expression in relation to water stress and soil hydrophysical properties, thereby more accurately determining the need for real-time soil profile water enhancement. The research was conducted from 2019 to 2021 at the Nové Zámky experimental site, with research on royal walnut (Juglans regia L.) During the study, we closely monitored changes in branch and stem diameters of the plants using DD-S dendrometers (Ecomatic), sap flow rate was monitored using the Dynagage Trunk Gages system (Dynamax), and leaf spectral response was measured using the ASD system (FieldSpec). The values obtained were then compared with soil moisture, rainfall and air temperature data for the two irrigation treatments. The effect of water stress in the nonirrigated variants is not only to change the intensity of biomass growth in stems and branches, but also to reduce the volume of existing tissue. This change is also closely linked to changes in sap flow rate, which was also statistically confirmed in this study. Water stress reduces water uptake by the roots and decreases the sap flow rate; the tissue in the stems and branches becomes insufficiently hydrated, leading to less diameter growth than in the case of irrigated plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The streams belong among natural part of the urbanized landscape. It is generally accepted that this type of landscapes together with stream may be very difficult restored to original levels of historical or natural status. Past design and realization of the stream modifications did not take into account in a sufficient extent the ecological criteria. Due to the predominantly technocratic approaches to addressing these issues, the ecological balance has been disturbed; and the hydrological and morphological conditions of the river channel have been changed. By the levees construction, the biota migration was prevented, the biodiversity was reduced, water quality deteriorated as well. The realization of optimal restoration measures represents a tool for improvement of current state of the stream from both the architectural and ecological point of view. The article is focused on the evaluation of the present state of the restored the Dubová River in the reach km 3,379-5,270 flowing through the residential area of Piešťany city in Slovakia. The current state of ecological conditions after implementation of restoration measures were evaluated on base physio-chemical and microbiological parameters of water according to Governmental Decree no. 269/2010 Coll. that including the requirements for achieving 'good' status of all water bodies" in Slovakia. The ecological conditions from hydromorphological point of view were analysed for extremal discharge conditions (maximal and minimal discharges) with model HEC-RAS. On base of the analysis of the ecological conditions of the Dubová River we can conclude that the restoration measures have partially fulfilled the expectations mainly regarding to architectural point of view by increasing possibilities for better contact residents with the river. Partially has been improved the self-purification processes and ecological condition in the river. The key task for improving the ecological status of the river in the near future is elimination of organic load contained in effluents flowing into the river.rief description of the study and used methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]