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3. Theileria in Ruminants

Author

Kiara, Henry, Steinaa, Lucilla, Nene, Vishvanath, Svitek, Nicholas, Florin-Christensen, Monica, editor, and Schnittger, Leonhard, editor

Published
2018
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5. Transboundary animal diseases.

Author

Grace, Delia, primary, Dessie, Tadelle, additional, Dione, Michel, additional, Kiara, Henry, additional, Liljander, Anne, additional, Mariner, Jeff, additional, Naessens, Jan, additional, Okoth, Edward, additional, Patel, Ekta, additional, Stienna, Lucilla, additional, Toye, Phil, additional, and Wieland, Barbara, additional

Published
2020
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7. The Rural Household Multiple Indicator Survey, data from 13,310 farm households in 21 countries

Author

van Wijk, Mark, Hammond, James, Gorman, Leo, Adams, Sam, Ayantunde, Augustine, Baines, David, Bolliger, Adrian, Bosire, Caroline, Carpena, Pietro, Chesterman, Sabrina, Chinyophiro, Amon, Daudi, Happy, Dontsop, Paul, Douxchamps, Sabine, Emera, Willy Desire, Fraval, Simon, Fonte, Steven, Hok, Lyda, Kiara, Henry, Kihoro, Esther, Korir, Luke, Lamanna, Christine, Long, Chau T. M., Manyawu, Godfrey, Mehrabi, Zia, Mengistu, Dejene K., Mercado, Leida, Meza, Katherin, Mora, Vesalio, Mutemi, Jacob, Ng’endo, Mary, Njingulula, Paulin, Okafor, Chris, Pagella, Tim, Phengsavanh, Phonepaseuth, Rao, James, Ritzema, Randall, Rosenstock, Todd S., Skirrow, Tom, Steinke, Jonathan, Stirling, Clare, Gabriel Suchini, Jose, Teufel, Nils, Thorne, Peter, Vanek, Steven, van Etten, Jacob, Vanlauwe, Bernard, Wichern, Jannike, and Yameogo, Viviane

Published
2020
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10. The epidemiology of tick-borne haemoparasites as determined by the reverse line blot hybridization assay in an intensively studied cohort of calves in western Kenya

Author

Njiiri, Nyawira E., Bronsvoort, B. Mark deC., Collins, Nicola E., Steyn, Helena C., Troskie, Milana, Vorster, Ilse, Thumbi, S.M., Sibeko, Kgomotso P., Jennings, Amy, van Wyk, Ilana Conradie, Mbole-Kariuki, Mary, Kiara, Henry, Poole, E. Jane, Hanotte, Olivier, Coetzer, Koos, Oosthuizen, Marinda C., Woolhouse, Mark, and Toye, Philip

Published
2015
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19. Where Might We Find Ecologically Intact Communities?

Author

Plumptre, Andrew J., Baisero, Daniele, Belote, R. Travis, Vázquez-Domínguez, Ella, Faurby, Søren, Jedrzejewski, Włodzimierz, Kiara, Henry, Kühl, Hjalmar, Benítez-López, Ana, Luna-Aranguré, Carlos, Voigt, Maria, Wich, Serge, Wint, William, Gallego-Zamorano, Juan, Boyd, Charlotte, Plumptre, Andrew J., Baisero, Daniele, Belote, R. Travis, Vázquez-Domínguez, Ella, Faurby, Søren, Jedrzejewski, Włodzimierz, Kiara, Henry, Kühl, Hjalmar, Benítez-López, Ana, Luna-Aranguré, Carlos, Voigt, Maria, Wich, Serge, Wint, William, Gallego-Zamorano, Juan, and Boyd, Charlotte

Abstract

Conservation efforts should target the few remaining areas of the world that represent outstanding examples of ecological integrity and aim to restore ecological integrity to a much broader area of the world with intact habitat and minimal species loss while this is still possible. There have been many assessments of “intactness” in recent years but most of these use measures of anthropogenic impact at a site, rather than faunal intactness or ecological integrity. This paper makes the first assessment of faunal intactness for the global terrestrial land surface and assesses how many ecoregions have sites that could qualify as Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs – sites contributing significantly to the global persistence of biodiversity) based on their outstanding ecological integrity (under KBA Criterion C). Three datasets are combined on species loss at sites to create a new spatially explicit map of numbers of species extirpated. Based on this map it is estimated that no more than 2.9% of the land surface can be considered to be faunally intact. Additionally, using habitat/density distribution data for 15 large mammals we also make an initial assessment of areas where mammal densities are reduced, showing a further decrease in surface area to 2.8% of the land surface that could be considered functionally intact. Only 11% of the functionally intact areas that were identified are included within existing protected areas, and only 4% within existing KBAs triggered by other criteria. Our findings show that the number of ecoregions that could qualify as Criterion C KBAs could potentially increase land area up to 20% if their faunal composition was restored with the reintroduction of 1–5 species. Hence if all necessary requirements are met in order to reintroduce species and regain faunal integrity, this will increase ecological integrity across much of the area where human impacts are low (human footprint 4). Focusing restoration efforts in these areas could significantly in

Published
2021

22. Where Might We Find Ecologically Intact Communities?

Author

Plumptre, Andrew J., primary, Baisero, Daniele, additional, Belote, R. Travis, additional, Vázquez-Domínguez, Ella, additional, Faurby, Soren, additional, Jȩdrzejewski, Włodzimierz, additional, Kiara, Henry, additional, Kühl, Hjalmar, additional, Benítez-López, Ana, additional, Luna-Aranguré, Carlos, additional, Voigt, Maria, additional, Wich, Serge, additional, Wint, William, additional, Gallego-Zamorano, Juan, additional, and Boyd, Charlotte, additional

Published
2021
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27. The Rural Household Multiple Indicator Survey (RHoMIS) data of 13,310 farm households in 21 countries

Author

van Wijk, Mark, Hammond, James, Gorman, Leo, Adams, Sam, Ayantunde, Augustine, Baines, David, Bolliger, Adrian, Bosire, Caroline, Carpena, Pietro, Chesterman, Sabrina, Chinyophiro, Amon, Daudi, Happy, Dontsop, Paul, Douxchamps, Sabine, Emera, Willy Desire, Fraval, Simon, Fonte, Steven, Hok, Lyda, Kiara, Henry, Kihoro, Esther, Korir, Luke, Lamanna, Christine, Long, Chau T.M., Manyawu, Godfrey, Mehrabi, Zia, Mengistu, Dejene K., Mercado, Leida, Meza, Katherin, Mora, Vesalio, Mutemi, Jacob, Ng’endo, Mary, Njingulula, Paulin, Okafor, Chris, Pagella, Tim, Phengsavanh, Phonepaseuth, Rao, James, Ritzema, Randall, Rosenstock, Todd S., Skirrow, Tom, Steinke, Jonathan, Stirling, Clare, Gabriel Suchini, Jose, Teufel, Nils, Thorne, Peter, Vanek, Steven, van Etten, Jacob, Vanlauwe, Bernard, Wichern, Jannike, Yameogo, Viviane, van Wijk, Mark, Hammond, James, Gorman, Leo, Adams, Sam, Ayantunde, Augustine, Baines, David, Bolliger, Adrian, Bosire, Caroline, Carpena, Pietro, Chesterman, Sabrina, Chinyophiro, Amon, Daudi, Happy, Dontsop, Paul, Douxchamps, Sabine, Emera, Willy Desire, Fraval, Simon, Fonte, Steven, Hok, Lyda, Kiara, Henry, Kihoro, Esther, Korir, Luke, Lamanna, Christine, Long, Chau T.M., Manyawu, Godfrey, Mehrabi, Zia, Mengistu, Dejene K., Mercado, Leida, Meza, Katherin, Mora, Vesalio, Mutemi, Jacob, Ng’endo, Mary, Njingulula, Paulin, Okafor, Chris, Pagella, Tim, Phengsavanh, Phonepaseuth, Rao, James, Ritzema, Randall, Rosenstock, Todd S., Skirrow, Tom, Steinke, Jonathan, Stirling, Clare, Gabriel Suchini, Jose, Teufel, Nils, Thorne, Peter, Vanek, Steven, van Etten, Jacob, Vanlauwe, Bernard, Wichern, Jannike, and Yameogo, Viviane

Abstract

The Rural Household Multiple Indicator Survey (RHoMIS) is a standardized farm household survey approach which collects information on 753 variables covering household demographics, farm area, crops grown and their production, livestock holdings and their production, agricultural product use and variables underlying standard socio-economic and food security indicators like the Poverty Probability Index, the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale and dietary diversity. These variables are used to quantify more than 40 different aggregate indicators on farm household characteristics, welfare, productivity and economic performance. Between 2015 and the beginning of 2018, the survey instrument has been applied in 21 countries in Central America, sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. The data presented here cover the raw data, the indicator calculation code and the resulting indicator values, and can be used to quantify on- and off-farm pathways to food security, diverse diets and reduced poverty of rural smallholder farm households., The Rural Household Multiple Indicator Survey (RHoMIS) is a standardized farm household survey approach which collects information on 753 variables covering household demographics, farm area, crops grown and their production, livestock holdings and their production, agricultural product use and variables underlying standard socio-economic and food security indicators like the Poverty Probability Index, the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale and dietary diversity. These variables are used to quantify more than 40 different aggregate indicators on farm household characteristics, welfare, productivity and economic performance. Between 2015 and the beginning of 2018, the survey instrument has been applied in 21 countries in Central America, sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. The data presented here cover the raw data, the indicator calculation code and the resulting indicator values, and can be used to quantify on- and off-farm pathways to food security, diverse diets and reduced poverty of rural smallholder farm households.

Published
2019

28. Maternal antibody uptake, duration and influence on survival and growth rate in a cohort of indigenous calves in a smallholder farming system in western Kenya☆

Author

Toye, Philip, Handel, Ian, Gray, Julia, Kiara, Henry, Thumbi, Samuel, Jennings, Amy, Van Wyk, Ilana Conradie, Ndila, Mary, Hanotte, Olivier, Coetzer, Koos, Woolhouse, Mark, and Bronsvoort, Mark

Subjects
Smallholder systems, Anaplasmosis, animal diseases, Short Communication, Immunology, Antibodies, Protozoan, Babesia, Cattle Diseases, Calves, Cohort Studies, Pregnancy, Babesiosis, Theileria, parasitic diseases, Animals, Longitudinal Studies, Haemoparasites, reproductive and urinary physiology, Maternal antibodies, Colostrum, Theileria parva, veterinary(all), Antibodies, Bacterial, Kenya, Theileriasis, Anaplasma marginale, Animals, Newborn, Cattle, Female, Immunity, Maternally-Acquired
Abstract

The passive transfer of antibodies from dams to offspring via colostrum is believed to play an important role in protecting neonatal mammals from infectious disease. The study presented here investigates the uptake of colostrum by 548 calves in western Kenya maintained under smallholder farming, an important agricultural system in eastern Africa. Serum samples collected from the calves and dams at recruitment (within the first week of life) were analysed for the presence of antibodies to four tick-borne haemoparasites: Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina, Theileria mutans and Theileria parva. The analysis showed that at least 89.33% of dams were seropositive for at least one of the parasites, and that 93.08% of calves for which unequivocal results were available showed evidence of having received colostrum. The maternal antibody was detected up until 21 weeks of age in the calves. Surprisingly, there was no discernible difference in mortality or growth rate between calves that had taken colostrum and those that had not. The results are also important for interpretation of serosurveys of young calves following natural infection or vaccination.

Published
2013

29. Genes encoding two Theileria parva antigens recognized by CD8+ T-cells exhibit sequence diversity in South Sudanese cattle populations but the majority of alleles are similar to the Muguga component of the live vaccine cocktail

Author

Salih, Diaeldin A., primary, Pelle, Roger, additional, Mwacharo, Joram M., additional, Njahira, Moses N., additional, Marcellino, Wani L., additional, Kiara, Henry, additional, Malak, Agol K., additional, EL Hussein, Abdel Rahim M., additional, Bishop, Richard, additional, and Skilton, Robert A., additional

Published
2017
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30. Variation and covariation in strongyle infection in East African shorthorn zebu calves

Author

Callaby, Rebecca, Hanotte, O., Conradie van Wyk, Ilana, Kiara, Henry, Toye, Phil, Mbole-Kariuki, Mary Ndila, Jennings, Amy, Thumbi, Samuel M, Coetzer, J A W, Bronsvoort, Mark, Knott, Sara, Woolhouse, Mark, and Kruuk, Loeske

Subjects
gastrointestinal parasite infection, indigenous cattle, haematology, strongyle, heritability, Kenya
Abstract

Parasite burden varies widely between individuals within a population, and can covary with multiple aspects of individual phenotype. Here we investigate the sources of variation in faecal strongyle eggs counts, and its association with body weight and a suite of haematological measures, in a cohort of indigenous zebu calves in Western Kenya, using relatedness matrices reconstructed from single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes. Strongyle egg count was heritable (h 2 = 23·9%, s.e. = 11·8%) and we also found heritability of white blood cell counts (WBC) (h 2 = 27·6%, s.e. = 10·6%). All the traits investigated showed negative phenotypic covariances with strongyle egg count throughout the first year: high worm counts were associated with low values of WBC, red blood cell count, total serum protein and absolute eosinophil count. Furthermore, calf body weight at 1 week old was a significant predictor of strongyle EPG at 16-51 weeks, with smaller calves having a higher strongyle egg count later in life. Our results indicate a genetic basis to strongyle EPG in this population, and also reveal consistently strong negative associations between strongyle infection and other important aspects of the multivariate phenotype.

Published
2015

32. Genetic susceptibility to infectious disease in East African Shorthorn Zebu: a genome-wide analysis of the effect of heterozygosity and exotic introgression

Author

Murray, Gemma G R, Woolhouse, Mark, Tapio, Miika, Mbole-Kariuki, Mary Ndila, Mwangi, Samuel, Jennings, Amy, Conradie van Wyk, Ilana, Kiara, Henry, Toye, Philip G, Coetzer, J A W, Bronsvoort, Mark, Hanotte, Olivier, Sonstegard, Tad, and Chase-Topping, Margo

Abstract

BackgroundPositive multi-locus heterozygosity-fitness correlations have been observed in a number of natural populations. They have been explained by the correlation between heterozygosity and inbreeding, and the negative effect of inbreeding on fitness (inbreeding depression). Exotic introgression in a locally adapted population has also been found to reduce fitness (outbreeding depression) through the breaking-up of co-adapted genes, or the introduction of non-locally adapted gene variants.In this study we examined the inter-relationships between genome-wide heterozygosity, introgression, and death or illness as a result of infectious disease in a sample of calves from an indigenous population of East African Shorthorn Zebu (crossbred Bos taurus x Bos indicus) in western Kenya. These calves were observed from birth to one year of age as part of the Infectious Disease in East African Livestock (IDEAL) project. Some of the calves were found to be genetic hybrids, resulting from the recent introgression of European cattle breed(s) into the indigenous population. European cattle are known to be less well adapted to the infectious diseases present in East Africa. If death and illness as a result of infectious disease have a genetic basis within the population, we would expect both a negative association of these outcomes with introgression and a positive association with heterozygosity.ResultsIn this indigenous livestock population we observed negative associations between heterozygosity and both death and illness as a result of infectious disease and a positive association between European taurine introgression and episodes of clinical illness.ConclusionWe observe the effects of both inbreeding and outbreeding depression in the East African Shorthorn Zebu, and therefore find evidence of a genetic component to vulnerability to infectious disease. These results indicate that the significant burden of infectious disease in this population could, in principle, be reduced by altered breeding practices.

Published
2013

34. Co-infections determine patterns of mortality in a population exposed to parasite infection

Author

Woolhouse, Mark E. J., primary, Thumbi, Samuel M., additional, Jennings, Amy, additional, Chase-Topping, Margo, additional, Callaby, Rebecca, additional, Kiara, Henry, additional, Oosthuizen, Marinda C., additional, Mbole-Kariuki, Mary N., additional, Conradie, Ilana, additional, Handel, Ian G., additional, Poole, E. Jane, additional, Njiiri, Evalyne, additional, Collins, Nicola E., additional, Murray, Gemma, additional, Tapio, Miika, additional, Auguet, Olga Tosas, additional, Weir, Willie, additional, Morrison, W. Ivan, additional, Kruuk, Loeske E. B., additional, Bronsvoort, B. Mark de C., additional, Hanotte, Olivier, additional, Coetzer, Koos, additional, and Toye, Philip G., additional

Published
2015
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35. Genes encoding two Theileria parva antigens recognized by CD8+ T-cells exhibit sequence diversity in South Sudanese cattle populations but the majority of alleles are similar to the Muguga component of the live vaccine cocktail.

Author

Salih, Diaeldin A., Pelle, Roger, Mwacharo, Joram M., Njahira, Moses N., Marcellino, Wani L., Kiara, Henry, Malak, Agol K., EL Hussein, Abdel Rahim M., Bishop, Richard, and Skilton, Robert A.

Subjects
THEILERIA parva, CATTLE diseases, CELL populations, CD8 antigen, ALLELES, IMMUNIZATION, T cells, PHYSIOLOGY
Abstract

East Coast fever (ECF), caused by Theileria parva infection, is a frequently fatal disease of cattle in eastern, central and southern Africa, and an emerging disease in South Sudan. Immunization using the infection and treatment method (ITM) is increasingly being used for control in countries affected by ECF, but not yet in South Sudan. It has been reported that CD8+ T-cell lymphocytes specific for parasitized cells play a central role in the immunity induced by ITM and a number of T. parva antigens recognized by parasite-specific CD8+ T-cells have been identified. In this study we determined the sequence diversity among two of these antigens, Tp1 and Tp2, which are under evaluation as candidates for inclusion in a sub-unit vaccine. T. parva samples (n = 81) obtained from cattle in four geographical regions of South Sudan were studied for sequence polymorphism in partial sequences of the Tp1 and Tp2 genes. Eight positions (1.97%) in Tp1 and 78 positions (15.48%) in Tp2 were shown to be polymorphic, giving rise to four and 14 antigen variants in Tp1 and Tp2, respectively. The overall nucleotide diversity in the Tp1 and Tp2 genes was π = 1.65% and π = 4.76%, respectively. The parasites were sampled from regions approximately 300 km apart, but there was limited evidence for genetic differentiation between populations. Analyses of the sequences revealed limited numbers of amino acid polymorphisms both overall and in residues within the mapped CD8+ T-cell epitopes. Although novel epitopes were identified in the samples from South Sudan, a large number of the samples harboured several epitopes in both antigens that were similar to those in the T. parva Muguga reference stock, which is a key component in the widely used live vaccine cocktail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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36. Parasite Co-Infections and Their Impact on Survival of Indigenous Cattle

Author

Thumbi, Samuel M., primary, Bronsvoort, Barend Mark de Clare, additional, Poole, Elizabeth Jane, additional, Kiara, Henry, additional, Toye, Philip G., additional, Mbole-Kariuki, Mary Ndila, additional, Conradie, Ilana, additional, Jennings, Amy, additional, Handel, Ian Graham, additional, Coetzer, Jacobus Andries Wynand, additional, Steyl, Johan C. A., additional, Hanotte, Olivier, additional, and Woolhouse, Mark E. J., additional

Published
2014
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37. The impact of co-infections on the haematological profile of East African Short-horn Zebu calves

Author

VAN WYK, ILANA CONRADIE, primary, GODDARD, AMELIA, additional, DE C. BRONSVOORT, B. MARK, additional, COETZER, JACOBUS A. W., additional, HANDEL, IAN G., additional, HANOTTE, OLIVIER, additional, JENNINGS, AMY, additional, LESOSKY, MAIA, additional, KIARA, HENRY, additional, THUMBI, SAM M., additional, TOYE, PHIL, additional, WOOLHOUSE, MARK W., additional, and PENZHORN, BANIE L., additional

Published
2013
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38. Genetic susceptibility to infectious disease in East African Shorthorn Zebu: a genome-wide analysis of the effect of heterozygosity and exotic introgression

Author

Murray, Gemma GR, primary, Woolhouse, Mark EJ, additional, Tapio, Miika, additional, Mbole-Kariuki, Mary N, additional, Sonstegard, Tad S, additional, Thumbi, Samuel M, additional, Jennings, Amy E, additional, van Wyk, Ilana, additional, Chase-Topping, Margo, additional, Kiara, Henry, additional, Toye, Phil, additional, Coetzer, Koos, additional, deC Bronsvoort, Barend M, additional, and Hanotte, Olivier, additional

Published
2013
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39. Mortality in East African shorthorn zebu cattle under one year: predictors of infectious-disease mortality

Author

Thumbi, Samuel M, primary, Bronsvoort, Mark, additional, Kiara, Henry, additional, Toye, PG, additional, Poole, Jane, additional, Ndila, Mary, additional, Conradie, Ilana, additional, Jennings, Amy, additional, Handel, Ian G, additional, Coetzer, JAW, additional, Steyl, Johan, additional, Hanotte, Olivier, additional, and Woolhouse, Mark EJ, additional

Published
2013
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41. The biology of Theileria parvaand control of East Coast fever – Current status and future trends

Author

Nene, Vishvanath, Kiara, Henry, Lacasta, Anna, Pelle, Roger, Svitek, Nicholas, and Steinaa, Lucilla

Abstract

Tremendous progress has been made over the last ten years on East Coast fever (ECF) research. Publication of a reference genome sequence of Theileria parva, the causative agent of ECF, has led to a more thorough characterization of the genotypic and antigenic diversity of the pathogen. It also facilitated identification of antigens that are targets of bovine major histocompatibility complex class I restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), induced by a live parasite-based infection and treatment method (ITM) vaccine. This has led to improved knowledge of epitope-specific T-cell responses to ITM that most likely contribute to the phenomenon of strain-specific immunity. The Muguga cocktail ITM vaccine, which provides broad-spectrum immunity to ECF is now a registered product in three countries in eastern Africa. Effort is directed at improving and scaling up the production process to make this vaccine more widely available on a commercial basis in the region. Meanwhile, research to develop a subunit vaccine based on parasite neutralizing antibodies and CTLs has been revived through convening of a research consortium to develop proof-of-concept for a next generation vaccine. Many new scientific and technical advances are facilitating this objective. Hence, the next decade promises even more progress toward an improved control of ECF.

Published
2016
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42. Comparative studies on the infectivity of Theileria parva in ticks fed in vitro and those fed on cattle.

Author

Musyok, Joseph M., Osir, Ellie O., Kiara, Henry K., and Kokwaro, Elizabeth D.

Subjects
NYMPHS (Insects), INSECT larvae, TICKS, PARASITIFORMES, MITES, RHIPICEPHALUS appendiculatus, THEILERIA, BROWN ear tick, INSECT development
Abstract

Nymphs of the brown ear tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, were fed on heparinised bovine blood infected with Theileria parva parasites in an in vitro feeding system consisting of rabbit skin membranes. The main feeding and development parameters such as the mean attachment rate, feeding duration and engorgement weights of membrane-fed ticks were not significantly different from nymphs fed on cattle. The moulting rate was also comparable although a slight significant difference was observed. Assessment of infection prevalence and abundance with T. parva in adults indicated that the membrane-fed ticks acquired infection to the same level as those fed on cattle. Stabilates prepared from both the membrane- and cattle-fed adult ticks were found to be infective and caused severe reactions in susceptible cattle. When the immunised cattle were challenged with a lethal homologous dose of T. parva (Marikebuni), they were found to be immune. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2004
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43. Genetic susceptibility to infectious disease in East African Shorthorn Zebu: a genome-wide analysis of the effect of heterozygosity and exotic introgression

Author

Murray, Gemma GR, Woolhouse, Mark EJ, Tapio, Miika, Mbole-Kariuki, Mary N, Sonstegard, Tad S, Thumbi, Samuel M, Jennings, Amy E, van Wyk, Ilana, Chase-Topping, Margo, Kiara, Henry, Toye, Phil, Coetzer, Koos, deC Bronsvoort, Barend M, and Hanotte, Olivier

Subjects
Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
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