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Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai is a deciduous shrub that belongs to Oleaceae Abeliophyllum and grows only in Korea. In this study, the antioxidative activity, cytotoxicity, anti-aging activity, and levels of acteoside and isoacteoside were compared between non-fermented and fermented (using Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis) extracts of A. distichum Nakai. The cytotoxicity of these extracts, along with their ability to inhibit elastase activity and Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression, and their ability to promote type I procollagen synthesis were investigated in human dermal fibroblasts cells. These tests revealed that the fermented extract possessed higher antioxidant and anti-aging activities compared with the non-fermented extract. The levels of acteoside and isoacteoside were about 1.25 and 1.05 times higher in the fermented extract than in the non-fermented extract. It was speculated that they were converted from acteoside glucosides and isoacteoside glucosides via bioconversion by the fermentation strains. Together, these findings indicate that extracts of A. distichum Nakai show good potential as antioxidative and anti-aging cosmetic materials. Key words: Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis, fermentation, antioxidative activity, anti-aging activity.

Self-reports on the HEXACO-PI-R scales were examined in relation to academic majors in post-secondary education ( N > 73,000). Openness to Experience showed the largest mean differences across academic major areas, with the Visual/Performing Arts and Humanities areas averaging higher and Health Sciences and Business/Commerce averaging lower. Emotionality showed the second largest differences, with the Engineering and Physical Sciences/Math areas averaging lower and Visual/Performing Arts averaging higher; these differences in Emotionality became smaller in within-sex analyses. In addition, Extraversion tended to be higher for Business/Commerce and lower for Physical Sciences/Math, while Honesty-Humility was lower for Business/Commerce. The facet-level analyses provided additional detail, as facet scales in the same domain sometimes showed considerably different means within a given academic major area. In one case, Visual/Performing Art majors averaged lower in Prudence, but higher in Perfectionism, even though both facets belong to the Conscientiousness domain.

The HEXACO personality factors of Agreeableness-versus-Anger (A) and Honesty-Humility (H) are interpreted as two complementary aspects of reciprocal altruistic tendency. Here we consider several ways of representing the positive associations between the defining traits of A and of H, through common factor analysis of self-report HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised (HEXACO-PI-R) facet scale scores (N ≈ 111,000). We describe orthogonal solutions that differ in the extent to which H facets show secondary loadings on A (and vice versa), as well as an oblique solution compatible with a higher-order "cooperativeness" factor. We discuss the psychological plausibility of these solutions, and we review research showing differential associations of several phenomena or outcomes with A and H. We conclude that the optimal representation of A/H trait associations is not yet known but that the value of separate A and H factor scales is well established.

We review research on personality/religiousness associations, integrating earlier meta-analyses with recent large-sample online studies. We find that general religiousness shows small positive associations with broad personality factors (e.g. HEXACO Honesty-Humility, Big Five Agreeableness, Conscientiousness) and somewhat stronger positive associations with narrower personality traits involving prosocial tendencies (e.g. altruism, fairness, forgivingness). The link between religiousness and prosociality appears not to be an artifact of self-report method variance. Religious fundamentalism and spirituality show negative and positive associations, respectively, with the Openness factor of personality. Religiousness/personality associations tend to be weak in relatively non-religious countries but moderately strong in highly religious countries. The direction of causal influence between personality and religiousness is not yet clear. Religiousness shows modest negative associations with IQ and appears to be somewhat negatively related to scientific thinking.

The HEXACO Personality Inventory–Revised (HEXACO–PI–R) has become one of the most heavily applied measurement tools for the assessment of basic personality traits. Correspondingly, the inventory has been translated to many languages for use in cross-cultural research. However, formal tests examining whether the different language versions of the HEXACO–PI–R provide equivalent measures of the 6 personality dimensions are missing. We provide a large-scale test of measurement invariance of the 100-item version of the HEXACO–PI–R across 16 languages spoken in European and Asian countries (N = 30,484). Multigroup exploratory structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analyses revealed consistent support for configural and metric invariance, thus implying that the factor structure of the HEXACO dimensions as well as the meaning of the latent HEXACO factors is comparable across languages. However, analyses did not show overall support for scalar invariance; that is, equivalence of facet intercepts. A complementary alignment analysis supported this pattern, but also revealed substantial heterogeneity in the level of (non)invariance across facets and factors. Overall, results imply that the HEXACO–PI–R provides largely comparable measurement of the HEXACO dimensions, although the lack of scalar invariance highlights the necessity for future research clarifying the interpretation of mean-level trait differences across countries.

The six–dimensional HEXACO model of personality structure and its associated inventory have increasingly been used in personality research. But in spite of the evidence supporting this structure and demonstrating its advantages over five–dimensional models, some researchers continue to use and promote the latter. Although there has been little overt, organized argument against the adoption of the HEXACO model, we do hear sporadic offerings of reasons for retaining the five–dimensional systems, usually in informal conversations, in manuscript reviews, on social media platforms, and occasionally in published works. In this target article, we list all of the objections to the HEXACO model that we have heard of, and we then explain why each objection fails. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology

The antioxidant, cytotoxic and antimicrobial effects of fermented and non-fermented extracts of ‘the Korean shrub’ Dendropanax morbifera and sweet potato were compared to assess the potential utility of these species in the development of health-oriented food. Non-fermented extract (NFDSE) was obtained from the leaves and branches of D. morbifera and the bodies of sweet potato using distilled water. The fermented extract (FDSE) was prepared by inoculating the above-obtained extracts with Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis. The extracts of the two species combined D. morbifera and sweet potato exhibited substantial antioxidant activity. Moreover, NFDSE at 24 h exerted more antioxidant effects than FDSE (72.57% vs. 71.08%, respectively) at a concentration of 100 mg/ml. Comparison of the effects of the non-fermented and fermented extracts on HaCaT keratinocyte cell viability revealed that FDSE had a slightly higher cytotoxicity than NFDSE (94.8% vs. 102.7% viability, respectively) at a concentration of 500 i­g/ml. It was further found that NFDSE and FDSE had the strongest antimicrobial effects against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Staphylococcus epidermidis (a Gram-positive coccidium). Therefore, it is obvious that extracts of D. morbifera and sweet potato represent ‘novel candidates’ for the production of functional anti-aging agents with minimal side effects. Key words: Dendropanax morbifera and sweet potato, antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial effects, health-oriented food.

Abstract. We examined the joint factor structure of the 30 facets of the NEO Personality Inventory – Revised (NEO-PI-R; or the NEO-PI-3) with either (a) the 25 facets of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) or (b) the 15 facets of the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP) plus several dissociation scales, using self-reports from participant samples of previous research. The NEO-PI-R[3]/PID-5 variable set produced seven factors that represented the HEXACO factor space plus a “psychoticism” dimension. The NEO-PI-R/SNAP/dissociation variable set produced a similar set of seven factors. The results indicate that even some questionnaire variable sets not constructed to measure the HEXACO factors can recover those personality dimensions. Researchers interested in integrating the domains of normal and abnormal personality are advised to adopt a model consisting of six HEXACO-like dimensions plus a dimension of psychotic tendency.

We examined relations between the Big Five Aspect Scales (BFAS) and the HEXACO Personality Inventory—Revised (HEXACO-PI-R), using meta-analytic correlations from Ludeke et al. (in press). Specifically, we examined the extent to which the variance in BFAS scale scores is accounted for by that of the HEXACO-PI-R, and vice versa. Analyses were conducted both for factor and facet/aspect scales. Results indicated that Honesty-Humility was not well explained by the five factor scales (R2 = 0.27) or by the 10 aspect scales (R2 = 0.30) of the BFAS; in contrast, all BFAS factor scales were reasonably well explained by HEXACO-PI-R factor scales. In addition, many of the HEXACO-PI-R facet scales (including some Honesty-Humility facets) were poorly accounted for by the 10 BFAS aspect scales, whereas all 10 of those scales were reasonably well explained by a priori selected sets of HEXACO-PI-R facets.

To examine the associations of religiousness with personality characteristics.We obtained self-ratings of religiousness along with self-reports on the HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised in a sample of nearly 200,000 online respondents. Respondents also indicated their religious affiliation, religiousness of upbringing, and political orientation; a subset of the respondents also indicated attitudes about immigration and foreign aid.Religiousness showed weak associations (|r|s 0.15) with several HEXACO factors but somewhat stronger associations with the Fairness and Altruism facets (both rs 0.20). On those facets, participants with the highest religiousness self-rating (7 on a 1-to-7 scale) averaged about 1 SD higher than did participants with the lowest religiousness self-rating. In addition, religiousness was negatively related to the Unconventionality facet among persons whose upbringing was very religious, but not among persons whose upbringing was very nonreligious. Religiousness/personality associations were generally quite similar within different religious affiliations (Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, and several branches of Christianity) but were stronger within relatively religious countries than within nonreligious countries. Despite the positive association of religiousness with the Altruism facet, religiousness was uncorrelated with pro-out-group attitudes (i.e., favoring multicultural immigration and foreign aid).The findings advance our understanding of religiousness/personality associations.

Antioxidant, cytotoxic and anti-diabetic effects of fermented and non-fermented Dendropanax morbifera extracts were compared to assess the potential utility of this species in the development of health-oriented food. The non-fermented extract (NFDE) was obtained from leaves and branches of D. morbifera and the fermented extract (FDE) was prepared by inoculation with Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis after extraction of D. morbifera with distilled water. Antioxidant activity before and after fermentation was assessed via the α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, cytotoxicity analyzed with the MTT assay using 3T3-L1 cells and anti-diabetic activity measured based on inhibition of α-glucosidase activity. The D. morbifera extract exhibited substantial antioxidant activity. Moreover, FDE at 24 h exerted more significant antioxidant effects than NFDE (97.1 vs 89.8%) at a concentration of 5 mg/ml. Comparison of the effects of the non-fermented and fermented extracts on 3T3-L1 cell viability revealed slightly higher cytotoxicity of FDE than NFDE (85 vs 95% viability) at a concentration of 500 µg/ml. Both NFDE and FDE (100 µg/ml) exerted strong α-glucosidase inhibitory effects (98.9 and 97.6%, respectively). In view of the low cytotoxicity coupled with significant antioxidant and anti-diabetic effects, the D. morbifera extract presents a novel candidate for the production of functional anti-diabetic agents with minimal side-effects. Key words: Dendropanax morbifera, fermented and non-fermented extracts, antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity, antidiabetic effects, health-oriented food.

In practice, many autonomous vehicle developers put a tremendous amount of time and efforts in tuning and calibrating the path tracking controllers in order to achieve robust tracking performance and smooth steering actions over a wide range of vehicle speed and road curvature changes. This design process becomes tiresome when the target vehicle changes frequently. In this study, a model-based Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) Control with adaptive Q-matrix is proposed to efficiently and systematically design the path tracking controller for any given target vehicle while effectively handling the noise and error problems arise from the localization and path planning algorithms. The regulator, in turn, is automatically designed, without additional efforts for tuning at various speeds. The performance of the proposed algorithm is validated based on KAIST autonomous vehicle. The experimental results show that the proposed LQG with adaptive Q-matrix has tracking performance in both low (15kph) and high (45kph) speed driving conditions better than those of other conventional tracking methods like the Stanley and Pure-pursuit methods.

We examined the relations between the scales of the Next Big Five Inventory (BFI-2) and the 60-item version of the HEXACO Personality Inventory—Revised (HEXACO-60) using self-reports from a Canadian undergraduate sample (N = 700). Results showed generally close correspondences between conceptually similar HEXACO-60 and BFI-2 scales, although HEXACO-60 Emotionality was somewhat less well accounted for by the BFI-2 scales than BFI-2 Neuroticism was accounted for by HEXACO-60 scales. However, the HEXACO-60 Honesty-Humility scale was largely unaccounted for by the BFI-2 scales. Results suggest that the BFI-2, despite its psychometric soundness, would not be suitable for use when studying individual difference variables or personality phenomena in which Honesty-Humility might be implicated.

The BFI-2 has been known to be suboptimal in assessing HEXACO Honesty-Humility (H). Recently, Denissen, Soto, Geenen, John, and van Aken (2022) attempted to improve the BFI-2's coverage of H by adding an Honesty facet to the Agreeableness scale. The present research was conducted to examine how well H variance is accounted for by this expanded BFI-2 Agreeableness scale. The results (N = 434) indicated that expanded BFI-2 Agreeableness did not noticeably improve the variance accounted for in HEXACO-60 Honesty-Humility, nor did it increase the prediction of H-related outcome variables. However, the BFI-2's coverage of H could be substantially enhanced by an ad hoc 3-facet H scale developed in this study, which defined a factor separate from the five defined by the original 15 BFI-2 facet scales.

Due to the development of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous vehicle (AV) technology, various path planning algorithms are being developed. However, most path planning algorithms operate in general and safety scenarios, and in emergency scenarios, the autonomous emergency brake (AEB) and autonomous emergency steering (AES) systems are operated limitedly. In an emergency situation in which the vehicle dynamic characteristics changed, planning a safe trajectory that can be safely tracking in necessary. In this study, a safe trajectory planning method in which the vehicle does not lose stability by using combined longitudinal and lateral acceleration vectors is proposed. The combined acceleration vector is limited by friction limit. The proposed trajectory planning algorithm is evaluated by simulation in a single obstacle scenario through comparison with existing AEB and AES algorithms. The simulation results show the proposed algorithm generates only safe trajectory that guarantee the vehicle stability, excluding dangerous trajectories when the AEB and AES algorithms operated.