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Hilly terrains characterized by the looseness of the surface soil layer and the slope of the topographic surface are subjected to diverse erosion processes, which could greatly impact forest management. An erosive process was identified along the unstable slopes in most of the Crveni potok catchment in the southeastern part of Serbia. The results of this study indicate two erosion types of variable intensity, dominated by weak and moderate erosion, while severe erosion is identified at several locations. Water pressure in the pores of loose soil in the Crveni potok catchment generates gully erosion in parts of the catchment that are geologically predisposed by the composition of the parent substrate. The paper discusses the factors influencing gully erosion, such as soil density, the slope of the topographic surface, rainfall (precipitation amount, annual distribution), and vegetation characteristics. The set of used methodologies, including remote sensing, nuclear, and geospatial ones, provided an integrated assessment of factors affecting erosion in unstable forest areas. The soil erosion rates in the study area are estimated from inventories of fallout radionuclide 137 Cs using conversion models. Airborne photogrammetry, terrestrial Structure-from-Motion 360-degree camera photogrammetry, and Terrestrial LiDAR Scanning (TLS) are used to model complex geomorphological features of forest terrain. These techniques are found to be convenient for the quantification of the existing state of erosion (length, width, volume, and density of the gully systems) in the forest gullies. The remote sensing techniques provided an insight into the physiographic characteristics of the studied area important for determining its parts affected by erosion. The models obtained using different techniques are compared, techniques are evaluated, and their advantages and disadvantages are pointed out. This approach enables the identification of priority targets for soil conservation and sit

The use of weather satellite recordings has been growing rapidly over the last three decades. Determining the patterns between meteorological and topographical features is an important scientific job. Cloud cover analysis and properties can be of the utmost significance for potential cloud seeding. Here, the analysis of the cloud properties was conducted by means of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite recordings. The resolution of used data was 1 km2 within the period of 30 years (1989–2019). This research showed moderate changing of cloudiness in the territory of Serbia with a high cloudiness in February, followed by cloudiness in January and November. For the past three decades, May has been the month with the highest cloudiness. The regions in the east and south-west, and particularly in the west, have a high absolute cloudiness, which is connected with the high elevation of the country. By means of long term monitoring, the whole territory of Serbia was analyzed for the first time, in terms of cloudiness. Apart from the statistical and numerical results obtained, this research showed a connection between relief and clouds, especially in the winter season. Linear regression MK (Mann-Kendall test) has proven this theory right, connecting high elevation sides with high absolute cloudiness through the year.

Recent climate changes cause significant natural and socio-economic consequences. They represent one of the major environmental problems of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Changes in temperature and precipitation play a significant role in understanding climate change issues. They include numerous extreme climatic events such as heat waves, droughts, forest fires and more. Looking at regional differences in temperature and precipitation regime change, Southern Europe, including the Republic of Serbia, occupies a special place. The Mačva district (3.272 km²) is almost four times as spacious as the Mačva area. The administrative-political division of the Mačva district is comprised of eight municipalities. The paper presents trends of two climate variables: mean annual air temperature and mean annual precipitation in the study area. In methodological sense, the main statistical procedure is the non-parametric Mann-Kendall (MK) test. Data from three available meteorological stations in the Mačva district (1949-2015) were used for the analysis. The presented results of the trends in air temperature indicate that there is a statistically significant positive trend in all-time series. In trends, precipitation amounts a statistically significant positive trend was observed in two time series, while in one there is no trend. The expressed trends, especially in the case of air temperatures, lead to the possibility of drought. Mačva district and Mačva have some agricultural importance in the Republic of Serbia. For these reasons, some adaptation to climate change is needed as arid conditions lead to fluctuations in agricultural yield.