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Malaria constitutes one of the biggest health problems in tropical Africa due to the resistance of human malaria parasites to anti-malarial compounds. Research focused on plants used in traditional medicine to treat malaria is still a viable alternative for the creation of novel anti-malarial drugs. This study evaluated extracts from three medicinal plants, Trema orientalis, Cnestis ferruginea and Dialium dinklagei, used in traditional medicine in Côte d’Ivoire, for in vitro antiplasmodial activities. SYBR GREEN fluorescence method was used to evaluate the in vitro inhibitory activity of the extracts, chloroquine, artesunate and quinine against Plasmodium falciparum field isolates and two laboratory strains of Plasmodium falciparum: the chloroquine sensitive 3D7 and the chloroquine resistant Dd2. In comparison to plant extracts, chloroquine, quinine, and artesunate were chosen as reference antimalarials. In addition, the haemolytic activity of extracts showing good antiplasmodial activity was evaluated. The IC50 and the corresponding correlation coefficients were determined graphically, using In vitro Analysis and Reporting Tool (IVART) software of WWARN (Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network). Results showed that no plant was active with the hexanolic extract. Trema orientalis had moderate activity with the methanolic extract with activities ranging from 14.46µg/mL to 28.32µg/mL. Cnestis ferruginea was active with the decoction extracts with activities ranging from 11.78µg/mL to 13.94µg/mL. Dialium dinklagei was active with both methanolic and aqueous extracts ranging from 12.80µg/mL to 21.67µg/mL. There was less than 1% hemolysis at the concentration of 200 µg/mL of plant extracts. These results validate the reported traditional use of Trema orientalis, Cnestis ferruginea and Dialium dinklagei for malaria treatment in Côte d’Ivoire.

Introduction: Plasmodium falciparum strains had been increasingly resistant to commonly used molecules including artemisinin. It is therefore urges to find new therapeutic alternatives. Methods: In this study, the antiplasmodial activity of 21 extracts obtained from seven plants of the Anthocleista djalonensis, Cochlospermum planchonii, Harungana madagascariensis, Hoslundia opposita, Mangifera indica, Margaritaria discoidea and Pericopsis laxiflora of the Ivorian pharmacopoeia was evaluated on the chloroquine sensitive (NF54) and multi-resistant (K1) reference strains and on clinical isolates as well. The technique used was the microtiter method based on fluorescence reading with SYBR Green. Results: The aqueous extract of the bark of H. madagascariensis and methanolic extracts of P. laxiflora showed the best antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values of 6.16 µg/mL and 7.44 µg/mL, respectively. On the other hand, extracts of M. indica showed a very moderate activity with IC50 values between 15 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL (550P. falciparum. Only the aqueous extract of A. djalonensis had IC50 values greater than 50 µg/mL. The phytochemical analysis showed a strong presence of polyphenols and alkaloids in extracts with a cumulative rate of 90.47% and 95.23%, respectively. Conclusion: The results obtained were also justified by the composition of these plants, which have several secondary metabolites involved in the treatment of malaria. The antiplasmodial properties of these plants could partially justify their use in malaria treatment. Further studies on these extracts are needed to manufacture a stable galenic formulation for the development of an improved traditional medicine.

The extension of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to existing antimalarial drugs is worrying. Faced with this problem, the search for new and effective molecules is necessary. In this context, six chalcone derivatives (B1, B11, B14, B17, SCA02 and SCA03) were tested on field isolates and then reference strains to evaluate their antiplasmodial activity by using the Rieckmann semi-microtest, recommended by WHO, for in vitro and ex vivo activity tests. Compounds B14 and B17 exhibited promising antiplasmodial activities (IC50s: 14.41-16.40 μM) regardless of the type of isolate. Compounds B1, B11, SCA02 and SCA03 showed a moderate inhibition of field isolates (IC50S: 25.63-48.29 μM) and very good activity against reference strains (IC50s: 3.82-10.03 μM). Therefore, more structural modulations should improve their efficiency and make these molecules very good candidates for future effective antimalarial drugs.

The extension of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to existing antimalarial drugs is worrying. Faced with this problem, the search for new and effective molecules is necessary. In this context, six chalcone derivatives (B1, B11, B14, B17, SCA02 and SCA03) were tested on field isolates and then reference strains to evaluate their antiplasmodial activity by using the Rieckmann semi-microtest, recommended by WHO, for in vitro and ex vivo activity tests. Compounds B14 and B17 exhibited promising antiplasmodial activities (IC(50s): 14.41–16.40 μM) regardless of the type of isolate. Compounds B1, B11, SCA02 and SCA03 showed a moderate inhibition of field isolates (IC(50S): 25.63–48.29 μM) and very good activity against reference strains (IC50s: 3.82–10.03 μM). Therefore, more structural modulations should improve their efficiency and make these molecules very good candidates for future effective antimalarial drugs.

Objectif: Cette etude descriptive a ete realisee dans le but de repertorier les plantes medicinales utilisees traditionnellement contre le paludisme par les tradipraticiens dans le departement d’Agboville. Methodologie et resultats: Les investigations realisees dans ce departement, nous ont permis d’inventorier 57 especes de plantes medicinales antipaludiques. Les organes utilises comme drogues sont les feuilles (49,3%), les ecorces de tige (40,0%), les racines (9,3%) et les rameaux feuilles (1,3%). Pour faciliter l’administration de la drogue, plusieurs techniques de preparation sont employees a savoir : la decoction (55,1%), le petrissage (24,7%), la maceration (15,7%), l’infusion (3,4%) et l’expression (1,1%). Les modes d’administrations des medicaments sont : la boisson (35,5%), le lavement (20,6%), le bain (14,9%), l’instillation oculaire (9,9%), l’instillation nasale (8,5%), le massage (5,7%) et la fumigation (5,0%). Conclusion et application des resultats: Cette etude descriptive a permis de repertorier les plantes medicinales utilisees traditionnellement contre le paludisme par les tradipraticiens le departement d’Agboville. Les resultats de cette enquete offrent une contribution a la valorisation des ressources de la medecine traditionnelle de la region d’Agboville. Cette etude est realisee dans la perspective des experiences phytochimique, pharmacologique et toxicologique et de mise en oeuvre des initiatives innovantes pouvant deboucher dans l'avenir sur la fabrication des medicaments traditionnels ameliores (MTA). Mots cles: Agboville, Antipaludique, Ethnopharmacologie, Paludisme English Abstract Objective: This descriptive study was conducted in order to identify medicinal plants traditionally used against malaria by traditional practitioners in the department of Agboville. Methods and Results: The investigations carried out in Agboville department, we were able to inventory 57 species of antimalarial medicinal plants. The plant parts used as drug were leaves (49.3%), the stem bark (40.0%), roots (9.3%) and leafy branches (1.3%). To facilitate the administration of the drug, several preparation techniques are employed including : the decoction (55.1%), kneading (24.7%), maceration (15.7%), infusion (3, 4%) and the expression (1.1%). The modes of administration of drug : drinking (35.5%), enema (20.6%), bathing (14.9%), ocular instillation (9.9%), instillation nasal (8.5%), massage (5.7%) and fumigation (5.0%). Conclusion and application of Results: This descriptive study to identify medicinal plants traditionally used against malaria by traditional practitioners the department of Agboville. The results of this survey offer a contribution to the development of resources of traditional medicine in the region of Agboville. This study was conducted in view of the experiences phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological and implementation of innovative initiatives that can lead in the future on the manufacture of improved traditional medicines (MTA). Keywords: Agboville, Antimalarial, Ethnopharmacology, Malaria