Search

The article presents the results of an experimental study of the characteristics of gunshot injuries formed when a 9-mm Makarov pistol was fired and a bullet hit, as well as as a rebound. The purpose of the study was to develop a comparative morphological characteristic of the input gunshot injuries formed during a direct shot from a 9-mm Makarov pistol and as a result of a rebound from the surface of various obstacles. To achieve this goal, a ballistic experiment was carried out, during which gunshot damage to biological and non-biological targets was formed, formed as a result of a rebound when a 9-mm Makarov pistol was fired, as well as when a bullet hit directly. Input gunshot injuries were subjected to a comprehensive forensic medical examination using the following methods: visual, measuring, microscopic, photographic methods, ultraviolet and infrared examination, contact-diffusion, radiological and histological methods, applied statistical analysis. Based on the results of the study, a comparative morphological characteristic of the input gunshot injuries formed during a direct shot from a 9-mm Makarov pistol and as a result of a rebound from the surface of various obstacles was developed. The developed characteristic can be used during a forensic medical examination to preliminary assess the circumstances of the occurrence of gunshot injury.

The purpose of the study is to develop forensic criteria for determining the mechanisms of fractures of long tubular bones of the lower extremities subjected to dynamic (impact) and static (compression) impacts with blunt objects, in relation to road traffic injury and falling from a height. The morphological characteristics of damages to the long tubular bones of the lower extremities under shock and compression loading of the extremities of biomannequins at various structural levels were studied. Objective morphological qualitative and quantitative criteria for fractures under various types of loading are revealed based on the analysis of the morphological characteristics of a fracture and in the depth of the compact bone layer. Based on the data obtained, models for diagnosing the type of external influence were developed.разработка судебно-медицинских критериев установления механизмов переломов длинных трубчатых костей нижних конечностей, подвергшихся динамическому (удар) и статическому (сдавление) воздействию тупыми предметами, применительно к дорожно-транспортной травме и падению с высоты. Изучали морфологические характеристики повреждений длинных трубчатых костей нижних конечностей при ударном и компрессионном нагружениях конечностей биоманекенов на разных структурных уровнях. Выявлены объективные морфологические качественные и количественные критерии разрушений при разных видах нагружений на основе анализа морфологической характеристики излома и в глубине компактного слоя кости. На основе полученных данных разработаны модели диагностики вида внешнего воздействия.

The aim of the work is to establish the regularity of the formation femoral diaphysis fracture under an impact action on the anterior surface of the femur at an acute angle. As a result of mathematical modeling, transverse and short oblique, comminuted fractures of the femoral diaphysis were studied. Application of mathematical modeling with final element analysis made it possible to visualize and predict the stresses arising in the trace-perceiving material under the impact action of a blunt solid object. The data obtained in modeling of the mechanism and morphology of the femoral diaphysis fracture are confirmed by the results of the original full-scale experiments. Absence of experiments and practical observations of femoral fractures with the above described conditions does not enable us to fully validate the mathematical model of femoral fracture and indicates the need for scientific research on biomannequins.Работы

The purpose of this study was to establish a set of distinctive features of the qualitative and quantitative parameters of gunshot injuries resulting from the ricochet of a bullet and buckshot when firing from a smooth-bore weapon, depending on the type of experimental barrier. As a result of the ballistic experiment, a list of statistically significant characteristics of input gunshot injuries of biological and non-biological targets formed when firing with a bullet and buckshot followed by a ricochet was revealed, which will enable to determine the sought type of barrier from the two suggested options: «Concrete 2» or «Brick», «Concrete 2» or «Metal», «Brick» or «Metal». Besides, a list of characteristics of input gunshot injuries has been established, the parameters of which are under statistically significant influence of the type of experimental barrier. The revealed patterns can be used to reconstruct the circumstances of an incident during situational examination depending on the characteristics of input gunshot injuries as a result of a ricochet when firing from a smooth-bore weapon.Установление комплекса отличительных признаков качественных и количественных параметров огнестрельных повреждений, возникающих в результате рикошета пули и картечи при выстреле из гладкоствольного оружия, в зависимости от вида экспериментальной преграды. В результате проведенного баллистического эксперимента определили перечень статистически значимых характеристик входных огнестрельных повреждений биологических и небиологических мишеней, образующихся при выстреле пулей и картечью с последующим рикошетом, что позволит определять искомый вид преграды из двух предполагаемых: бетон 2 либо кирпич, бетон 2 либо металл, кирпич либо металл. Кроме того, установлен перечень характеристик входных огнестрельных повреждений, на параметры которых оказывает статистически значимое влияние вид экспериментальной преграды. Выявленные закономерности могут быть использованы для реконструкции обстоятельств происшествия при проведении ситуационной экспертизы в зависимости от характеристик входных огнестрельных повреждений, образованных в результате рикошета при выстреле из гладкоствольного оружия.

The purpose of the work is to identify challenging issues that arise during the forensic determination of the severity of harm caused to human health, which entailed permanent loss of general ability to work, by means of a content analysis of the existing regulatory documents, results of forensic medical examinations and the formulation of proposals for their modification and supplementing with regard to elimination of existing contradictions. The analysis of expert practice on a selective study of 1.000 expert conclusions for 2016-2022 is given, which showed that, when assessing the severity of harm caused to human health in a number of cases (3.3%) in identical situations, various options for establishing harm caused to human health are possible depending on its severity. The conclusion was made that the requirement specified in the clause 6.11 of the Medical Criteria for Determining the Severity of Harm Caused to Human Health (approved by the Order of the Ministry of Public Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation No. 194H dated April 24, 2008, Moscow) to determining serious harm as causing persistent loss of general work capability by not less than one third, regardless of the outcome, in all cases listed in paragraphs 6.11.1-6.11.9, cannot be unconditionally applied in expert practice.Работы — выявить проблемные вопросы, возникающие при проведении судебно-медицинского определения тяжести вреда, причиненного здоровью человека, повлекшего за собой стойкую утрату общей трудоспособности, путем контентного анализа действующих нормативных документов, результатов судебно-медицинских экспертиз и формулирования предложений по их видоизменению и дополнению в части устранения имеющихся противоречий. Приведен анализ экспертной практики на выборочном изучении 1000 заключений эксперта за 2016—2022 гг., который показал, что при оценке тяжести вреда, причиненного здоровью человека, в ряде случаев (3,3%) при одинаковых ситуациях возможны разные варианты установления вреда, причиненного здоровью человека, в зависимости от его тяжести. Сделано заключение, что требование, указанное в п. 6.11 Медицинских критериев определения степени тяжести вреда, причиненного здоровью человека (утверждены приказом Министерства здравоохранения и социального развития Российской Федерации от 24 апреля 2008 г. №194н, Москва), устанавливать во всех случаях, перечисленных в пп. 6.11.1—6.11.9 Критериев, тяжкий вред как вызывающий значительную стойкую утрату общей трудоспособности не менее чем на ⅓, независимо от исхода, не может безоговорочно быть применено в экспертной практике.

The purpose of the work is to study the current state of the performance of situational examinations in district and interdistrict departments of forensic medical examination (FME of the 1st level) with the formation of a unified methodological basis and the introduction of the developed integrated methodology for conducting forensic medical situational examinations in practice work of FME of the 1st level. In this study, the assessment of the current state of performance of situational examinations in FME of the 1st level was carried out on the example of the Tula Regional Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination. At the initial stage, the actual (both absolute and relative) volumes of the performance of situational examinations in the FME of the 1st level were established, with the identification of features of their annual dynamics. The necessity of analyzing certain methodological and epidemiological aspects of the performance of situational examinations is determined.Работы — изучение текущего состояния производства ситуационных экспертиз в районных и межрайонных отделениях судебно-медицинской экспертизы (СЭО 1-го уровня) с формированием единой методологической основы и внедрением разработанной комплексной методики проведения судебно-медицинских ситуационных экспертиз в практику работы СЭО 1-го уровня. В настоящем исследовании проведена оценка текущего состояния производства ситуационных экспертиз в СЭО 1-го уровня на примере Тульского областного бюро судебно-медицинской экспертизы. На первоначальном этапе установлены фактические (как абсолютные, так и относительные) объемы производства ситуационных экспертиз в СЭО 1-го уровня с выявлением особенностей их годовой динамики. Определена необходимость анализа отдельных методологических и эпидемиологических аспектов производства ситуационных экспертиз.

The purpose of the work is to share the experience of distance teaching of forensic medicine. Teaching of forensic medicine throughout the history of the department of forensic medicine of the medical faculty of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University Research Medical University took place exclusively on the intramural basis. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has made its adjustments and teaching became remote. This situation required adoption of urgent measures to organize a high-quality and continuous process of student's teaching. The measures included preparation and formation of all necessary material equivalent to full-time classes in the electronic format; compilation and development of instructions and algorithms for students and teachers on the cycle and development of uncredited or missed classes in a remote format; creation of groups in instant messengers with students and a teacher; organization of online classes using conferencing applications; recording a full course of lectures (available in students' personal accounts); creation of the possibility of online testing of the level of initial and acquired knowledge of students in two languages (In Russian and English). The experience of conducting classes in remote mode is generally positive, the measures taken have brought training to a qualitatively new level.Работы

The article is devoted to the history of the formation and development of the department of forensic medicine named after P.A. Minakov of the medical faculty of the Pirogov russian national research medical university for 115 years. Periodicity of the development of directions in the field of scientific research, the organization of teaching, expert and public activities of the Moscow school of forensic doctors and the invaluable contribution of the heads of the department in each of the periods are shown.Статья посвящена истории становления и развития кафедры судебной медицины им. П.А. Минакова лечебного факультета РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова за 115 лет. Показана периодичность развития направлений в области научных исследований, постановки преподавания, экспертной и общественной деятельности московской школы судебных медиков и вклад заведующих кафедрой в каждый из периодов ее существования.

Review of: Moiseyev, D.S. 2021. Politicheskaya doktrina Yuliusa Evoly v kontekste “konservativnoy revolyutsii” v Germanii [The Political Doctrine of Julius Evola in the Context of the “Conservative Revolution” in Germany] [in Russian]. Yekaterinburg: Kabinetnyy Uchenyy.

Background: Lymphoid tissue is the first to react to stress, which manifests as characteristic morphological manifestations, based on which it is possible to study the duration of damage. Aims: Study of the dynamics of changes in the histomorphometric characteristics of the rat thymus during regeneration of the musculocutaneous tissue during mechanical thigh trauma. Material and methods: In total, 84 sexually mature rats were enrolled. These were divided into two groups (experiment and control), which were further classified into four subgroups depending on the time elapsed since the injury (1, 3, 15, and 25 days). Mechanical damage was simulated using a setup that transferred kinetic energy (comparable to a 5.6-mm rifle bullet) to tissues. Subsequently, the animals were removed from the experiment by decapitation; their thymus was removed and microscopically examined. In arbitrary units, the total area of the lobules as well as the area of the cortical and cerebral zones was determined. Results: Our research results indicate different phases of changes in the histomorphometric characteristics of the thymus, which correspond to the course of the wound and can be used in forensic practice to determine the duration of the injury. Conclusions: Mechanical trauma, considered as a stress reaction, causes involutive changes in the thymus and is characterized by changes in the area of the thymus cortex and medulla as well as regular dynamics of changes in the thymic lobules at different stages of wound regeneration.

Explosion fatalities are the severest type of violent crimes. These involve the use of explosive devices in terrorist like activities in confined spaces in civilian or military settings, with mass number of people present all around. A stark dearth of literature for the forensic interpretation of such catastrophes is astonishing.Characterization of the pattern of the multitude of injuries in explosions in confined spaces as guide for investigations and growth of literature on this entity.A review of the archives of the forensic examinations of mass fatalities due to an explosion in a metro car was undertaken. It was combined with the reconstruction of the events by developing a three-dimensional model of this incident that involved seventeen fatalities.All the decedents showed differential pattern of fatal injuries under the influence of damaging explosion factors (DEFs). The causative forces were characterized as gas-detonation (in all the cases), damaging effect by shock waves (59% of the cases), and impact of fragmentation and collision of the body (thrown off) with nearby objects. Traumatic effect due to shrapnel as well as blunt force was noted in 82% of the cases. Gross destruction of head due to combined effect of gas-detonation and fragmentation was seen in 29% of the cases.An interpretation of the nature and pattern of injuries in confined space explosions can help to estimate the location of deceased/s with respect to the epicenter and the type of DEFs.

In a rather complicated manner, Max Weber's writings contain general theoretical reflections that are now incorporated in the canon of sociological theory, in the analyses of social change in the form of historical and comparative sociology, and in reflections on political events, all in the guise of the diagnosis and critique of his own historical age. This article attempts to draw conclusions from the tensions between these aspects in Weber's work by trying to discover how such a sophisticated combination of cognitive goals is possible today, and what limits it encounters. What the "light of great cultural problems" falls upon, what elements of the past determine the present, and what events are particularly important for understanding of a certain age are questions whose answers must regularly be sought anew. The author relies on the concept of "modernity", or rather, on the field of interpretation arising around this term. He assumes that the given field is wide enough to better understand our present condition by means of this term. In the meantime, the author believes that for this understanding to be successful, present-day modernity must be appropriately positioned in this field theoretically, historically, and as the diagnosis of our age. © National Research University Higher School of Economics.

The purpose of the research is to summarize the current information about post-mortem interval (PMI) estimating and the peculiarities of the forensic medical examination in postmortem glaciation of the corpse. On the territory of most regions of the Russian Federation, the autumn-winter period passes with a significant decrease in ambient temperature, which makes this topic relevant. The article describes in detail the mechanisms of freezing of human cells and tissues, methods for diagnosing PMI, the peculiarities of the examination in postmortem glaciation, and also put forward directions for further research.Обобщить информацию о диагностике давности наступления смерти (ДНС) и особенностях проведения судебно-медицинского исследования при посмертном оледенении трупа. На территории большинства регионов Российской Федерации в осенне-зимний период происходит значительное понижение температуры окружающей среды, что делает данную тему актуальной. Подробно описаны механизмы замерзания клеток и тканей человека, методы диагностики ДНС, особенности проведения экспертизы при посмертном оледенении, а также намечены направления дальнейших исследований в этой области.

The objective of the study is to establish a set of possible causes and patterns that influence the frequency and severity of road traffic accidents with fatalities. The results of the 5-year monitoring analysis of fatal road traffic injuries in Kazan are presented. We analyzed 662 cases. It was established that the main risk group for fatal road accidents includes subjects aged 20-39. The risk group for drivers is 30-39 years old, passengers 20-29 years old, and pedestrians 55-64 years old. Children account for 3% of all traffic fatalities; 80% of them are under 10 years old. Most children (70%) were in the vehicle at the time of the crash, and their parents may not have been using special equipment (car seats and seat belts). We identified the most traumatic months of the year, days of the week and times of the day for drivers, passengers and pedestrians. These patterns can be used for organizational measures to prevent road accidents.Установление комплекса возможных причин и закономерностей, влияющих на частоту и тяжесть дорожно-транспортных происшествий (ДТП) с гибелью участников. Приведены результаты анализа 5-летнего мониторинга летальных исходов дорожно-транспортного травматизма в Казани. Проанализировали 662 заключения. Установили, что основную группу риска среди населения по ДТП со смертельным исходом составляют граждане в возрасте 20—39 лет. Для водителей в группу риска входят лица 30—39 лет, для пассажиров — 20—29 лет, для пешеходов — 55—64 лет. Дети составляют 3% от общего числа погибших в ДТП, из них 80% не старше 10 лет. Большинство (70%) детей во время ДТП находились в салоне автомобиля и, возможно, родителями не были использованы специальные средства (автокресла и ремни безопасности). Выявили наиболее травмоопасные месяцы года, а также дни недели и время суток как для водителей, так и для пассажиров и пешеходов. Эти закономерности могут быть использованы для ряда организационных мероприятий по предотвращению происшествий на дороге.