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This paper presents the results of the recent development of the all-sky radiance assimilation system in the Korean Integrated Model (KIM). In the cycled analysis and forecast experiments, the increased coverage of radiance data in cloudy regions improved the quality of initial fields for mass variables, temperature and humidity. The experimental period covered the record-breaking heavy rainfall event on August 9, 2022. We examined the simulation accuracy of the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) in both clear- and all-sky experiments. In the clear-sky experiment, northward propagation of the WNPSH was restricted. A humid bias exists with clear-sky radiance assimilation over the WNPSH region. Since humid air is lighter than dry air, in this situation, the geopotential height (GPH) should be lower to achieve the same pressure, and a low-pressure bias occurs. All-sky radiance assimilation dries the moisture field, which helps elevate the GPH over the WNPSH region. The expansion of the WNPSH yielded a steeper confrontation in the air between the land and ocean around the southeastern sea of the Korean Peninsula to predict the strength of rainfall events more accurately. A more accurate simulation of the jet stream outlet was also demonstrated in an all-sky experiment. This study shows that the all-sky radiance assimilation can help to more accurately predict extreme rainfall events via proper simulations of large-scale fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the diagnostic efficacy of KIM-1 in CI-AKI. We evaluated its potential as a robust biomarker for the early identification and prediction of AKI progression. Methodology: To assess KIM-1 as a biomarker for CI-AKI, relevant databases were searched. Inclusion criteria comprised studies measuring KIM-1 levels in patients undergoing cardiac procedures with contrast media and data were extracted. Methodological quality and bias were evaluated using Quadas-2 tool. Conclusion: KIM-1 shows promise as a biomarker for renal injury. Its upregulation, correlation with injury severity, and involvement in tissue repair support its clinical relevance. Prospero registration number: CRD42023431419.

Manual handling of heavy grain bags is a commonplace activity across agriculture produce supply chain. In the present research, a manual material handling involving lifting, lowering, and carrying grain bags along the paths of variable characteristics is critically analyzed to explore the risk associated with it. The humans engaged in this activity are found to be facing discomfort, suffering from pain and musculoskeletal disorders, and undergoing medication for the same. This study proposes and demonstrates a structured ergonomic evaluation methodology to not only assess the level of discomfort/pain but also evaluate risk factors such as load handled, method of handling, frequency of handling, awkward postures, path characteristics, and so on. It employs a systematic multimethod approach consisting of Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion, Ovako Working posture Assessment System, NIOSH Lifting Equation, Rapid Entire Body Assessment, and Key Indicator Method. The study reveals that about 94% of the sample population suffered from moderate to severe discomfort in ankle, knee, and lower back. Eight basic activities responsible for risky postures are identified. Frequency of handling, weight being handled, back bending/twisting, poor coupling, and walking surface are observed as major contributors to musculoskeletal discomfort. Carrying on shoulder is found to be riskier than carrying on back; however, the risk is found to be significantly lowered by carrying on backpack. The present study identifies the need for task redesign, proper gripping arrangements, auxiliary devices for lifting/carrying, and improvement in the path characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reads colonial trauma in Rudyard Kipling's Kim from a postcolonial perspective. It employs Edward Said's colonial discourse theory to trace how the English novel represented colonial trauma during the modern colonial era. This research visualises Kim as a traumatised and existentially shattered colonising subject upon witnessing a traumatic event during his teenage years at the hands of colonial masters in British India. Therefore, Kim's identity crisis is studied here as a post-traumatic consequence of colonial trauma on his existence. In addition, this article delineates the hidden obstacles to reaching a compromise on Kim's crisis, ascribing it to his oscillating will to align with colonial power. The study concludes that Kim's inability to transcend his trauma embodied in his identity conflict is because his newly grown will to power is disturbed by bifurcated loyalties: willingly nurtured commitment towards the Indian culture and people, and unwillingly undertaken loyalty towards the Empire, imposed on him in the name of patriotism. Thus what hinders and complicates the healing of Kim's colonial trauma seems to be the simultaneous loyalty to binary polar powers that keep clashing within him. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the publication of Rudyard Kipling's (1865–1936) Kim (1901), most critics have agreed that the novel falls into the genre of colonial fiction. But they are divided into two groups – defenders and detractors – regarding Kipling's treatment of religions in the novel. The defenders celebrate his accomplishment and sympathy in depicting the devotion and attraction of the Victorian Era towards Buddhism. On the other hand, the detractors blame Kipling for fictionalising the confrontation between pragmatic Western rationality and Eastern mystical irrationality. Against this backdrop, this article revisits the novel with a postcolonial lens to study Kipling's dealings with religions in South-Asia in the latter half of the nineteenth century. It discovers that Kipling employs strategies of surveillance and knowledge of history and ethnography while handling religions in the novel. Such fictional employment of strategy and knowledge in characterising the South-Asian religions seems to have been colonially favourable in the contemporary socio-political context. Accordingly, this article argues that Kipling manipulates religions in his narrative for the sake of imperialism through surveillance of religions, consciousness of history, and ethnographic discourse that reflect his imperialist position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gentamicin (GNT) is a highly effective aminoglycoside antibiotic that is commonly used to treat life-threatening bacterial infections. Aim: The aim of the current study is to determine whether tadalafil can protect against GNT-induced nephrotoxicity. Methods: Twenty-four male Albino rats were used in the study, which were randomly divided into four groups, six animals each. Control untreated group received distilled water (5ml/kg, P.O) for 12 days and on days 6-12, they received (5ml/kg,i.p) normal saline daily, one hour after oral administration of distilled water. Tadalafil group received tadalafil (5mg/kg, P.O) for 12 days and on days 6-12, they received (5ml/kg,i.p) of normal saline daily, one hour after oral administration of tadalafil. Gentamicin group received distilled water (5ml/kg, P.O) and on days 6-12, they received gentamicin (100mg/kg,i.p) one hour after oral administration of distilled water. Gentamicin+Tadalafil group received tadalafil (5mg/kg, P.O) for 12 days and on days 6-12, they received gentamicin (100mg/kg,i.p) one hour after oral administration of tadalafil. Body weight and kidney weight were investigated. Urine volume as well as urinary albumin, creatinine, creatinine clearance and albumin /creatinine ratio (ACR) were evaluated. Besides, serum levels of urea and creatinine were measured as kidney function parameters. Renal tissues oxidative stress markers as malondialdehyde (MDA) and the antioxidant enzymes as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. Renal cortex nitric oxide (NO) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) were evaluated. Histological analysis and immunohistochemical expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were performed. The results of the present study showed that GNT decreased creatinine clearance and increased the serum levels of renal function parameters. GNT caused a significant increase in renal cortex MDA, NO and urine levels of KIM-1, while it decreased CAT and SOD activities. Gentamicin administration resulted in increased immunohistochemical expression of iNOS enzyme while decreasing eNOS expression. Renal corpuscles and tubules also showed histological and ultrastructural changes. Pretreatment with tadalafil, on the other hand, reversed the effects of GNT administration. In conclusion, findings of the present study indicate that tadalafil reduces GNT-induced kidney damage by inhibition of inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis.

The Korean Integrated Model (KIM) forecast system, based on a hybrid four‐dimensional ensemble‐variational method, was extended to assimilate Horizontal Line‐Of‐Sight (HLOS) wind observations from the Atmospheric Laser Doppler Instrument (ALADIN) on board the Atmospheric Dynamic Mission Aeolus satellite. In a global cycling experiment, assimilation of Aeolus HLOS wind observations led to reductions in the average root‐mean‐square error of 0.8 and 0.5% for the zonal and meridional wind analyses when compared against European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Integrated Forecast System (IFS) analyses. Even though the observed variable is wind, there was also an overall beneficial impact on analyses of the mass variables. In the Southern Hemisphere (SH), the reduced analysis errors led to forecast skill improvements out to 72 h. In contrast, in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) there was relatively little reduction of analysis errors, but wind forecasts were nevertheless improved, and these positive impacts lasted longer – out to 120 h rather than 72 h. Experiments suggest that the relatively poor long‐range performance in the SH high latitudes was due to problems with the mass increments derived from Aeolus wind increments via the ensemble‐based part of the hybrid background error covariance (B), which eventually led to adverse effects on the wind variables as forecasts progressed in the SH. This study shows that it is necessary to estimate the ensemble B in the Antarctic region with its high elevation more accurately in order to effectively use the Aeolus observation information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper investigates the characters Kim and Mehbub in Kipling’s Kim (1901) from reorentalist perspectives. It is a qualitative study that highlights and analyses the elements of misrepresentation of the subcontinent through these characters. This study uses Dabashi’s concept of reorientalism to analyze the selected novel. The analysis of the novel reveals that the West holds a negative perspective towards the East. As depicted in the novel, the East embodies a negative identity. Any negative, pessimistic, immoral, and unsocial events that occur in the novel are associated with characters from the subcontinent. The current study identifies and examines these excerpts from the novel, revealing its negative portrayal of a specific society, namely the subcontinent. The novel portrays the West as the savior of humanity, devoid of any negativity. As a hybrid race, Kim, who is white by blood but has grown up in the subcontinent, embodies both the West's goodness and the East's evil features. It is concluded that good and bad are everywhere, and this should not be stereotyped with a specific locality.

Abstract The Korean Integrated Model (KIM) forecast system, based on a hybrid four‐dimensional ensemble‐variational method, was extended to assimilate Horizontal Line‐Of‐Sight (HLOS) wind observations from the Atmospheric Laser Doppler Instrument (ALADIN) on board the Atmospheric Dynamic Mission Aeolus satellite. In a global cycling experiment, assimilation of Aeolus HLOS wind observations led to reductions in the average root‐mean‐square error of 0.8 and 0.5% for the zonal and meridional wind analyses when compared against European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Integrated Forecast System (IFS) analyses. Even though the observed variable is wind, there was also an overall beneficial impact on analyses of the mass variables. In the Southern Hemisphere (SH), the reduced analysis errors led to forecast skill improvements out to 72 h. In contrast, in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) there was relatively little reduction of analysis errors, but wind forecasts were nevertheless improved, and these positive impacts lasted longer – out to 120 h rather than 72 h. Experiments suggest that the relatively poor long‐range performance in the SH high latitudes was due to problems with the mass increments derived from Aeolus wind increments via the ensemble‐based part of the hybrid background error covariance (B), which eventually led to adverse effects on the wind variables as forecasts progressed in the SH. This study shows that it is necessary to estimate the ensemble B in the Antarctic region with its high elevation more accurately in order to effectively use the Aeolus observation information.

In this paper, we discussed standard point positioning technique based on the single frequency code-based (C/A) receivers. Then, we presented its performance by means of different measures. However, the use of one single frequency GPS receiver to obtain high-precision positioning make a major challenge due to the environmental biases, in particular the ionospheric effects are handled. The main objective of the present study is to integrate a inospheric model such as Klobuchar Inospheric Model (KIM) with imprecise code (C/A) observations under intense geomagnetic storm conditions, then, to obtain dm level positioning accuracy using Kalman filter. For this purpose we used code (C/A) observations on two different days (February 26, 2018 and December 20, 2015) at Tehran station. The results show that we could obtain multi-dm level positioning accuracy under geomagnetic storm condition by using Kalman filter that will be important in the field of kinematic applications.

In this paper, the authors accentuate constitutional and legislation governing human rights through the issue of missing persons in armed conflicts in the period from 1992 to 2000. At the same time, it contains statistical data on the reported international Committee in so-called closed cases, open cases, cases closed since the beginning of 2020, the persons presumed to be dead but whose remains are assumed. They have not yet been found and returned to families, whose fate is still unknown, about the persons who are known to be alive, found by the persons identified and submitted to families, and finally cases that are closed for administrative reasons. The need to be adopted by the Law on Persons who have disappeared during the armed conflict. What was preceded by this work were two decades without an answer to the question of what happened to the missing persons on the territory of the SFRY, with special reference to KiM.

Abstract Background The Multiloop Edgewise Archwire (MEAW) appliance is an orthodontic treatment method suitable for the therapy of severe types of malocclusions such as open bites or anterior crossbites. The cephalometric Denture Frame Analysis (DFA) provides a supportive diagnostic tool for patient-specific treatment planning concerning the rearrangement of occlusion within the “denture frame”. The objective of this study is to give a comprehensive overview of the national and international scientific literature about MEAW and DFA regarding the general therapeutic effects, advantages and limitations. Methods and materials A computerized literature search was performed using four principal medical databases (PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, Web of Science and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) and supplemented by manual searching of the references listed in the retrieved articles. The results were screened and assessed following the PRISMA guidelines. Results Six hundred seventy-seven full articles were assessed for eligibility. A number of 134 articles went through qualitative analysis and 3 studies were finally involved in comparative synopsis. The findings reveal advantageous characteristics of the MEAW technique such as a high degree of three-dimensional individual tooth control and a comparatively low load deflection rate, causing mostly dentoalveolar changes without significantly influencing the skeletal structures. Conclusion Based on current literature, the MEAW technique appears to have several therapeutic benefits and serves as a sufficient alternative treatment method for dentoalveolar compensation, when measures of orthognathic surgery are rejected. Concerning the deficient data basis of available literature and the low level of scientific evidence, further studies are required in order to expand on the knowledge in this subject area. Several aspects like the effectiveness or the long-term stability have to be evaluated more extensively. Moreover, the transferability of the DFA to ethnic groups other than the Asian ethnicity should be examined further.

Introduction: Manual handling expose workers force, awkward postures, and repetitive motions. The aim of the present study was the assessment of lifting capacity by the KIM and NIOSH equation methods. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2018 on 25 workers of small-scale industries in Kabudarahang active in production of flour, sausage and salami, precipitated calcium carbonate and building materials. It was conducted using KIM method and NIOSH equation and then the results were compared by Cohen’s kappa coefficient and SPSS software version 18. Results: According to the KIM method, the highest and lowest risk ratings were for material loading and transferring the material, respectively. The results of the NIOSH equation, respectively, assigned the highest and lowest CLI values ​​to bag loading and material transferring activities. The results showed that, in both methods, the loading activity of the materials had high risk due to the high load weight, the number of times of lifting load, the high height difference of the harvest place and placement. Conclusion: The results of evaluation of both methods showed that the risk level was high in 92% of the workers. The results of the two methods showed that both methods agreed on 71% risk estimation. Also, for reasons such as high altitude difference between the source and the destination of the load transporting and the high repetition of the load shift, the probability of musculoskeletal disorders was high in all the stations examined.

Abstract The Korean Integrated Model (KIM), a recently developed nonhydrostatic global atmospheric model over a cubed‐sphere grid, was deployed in April 2020 as an operational weather forecasting model. As its application extends to research and predictions longer than the weather time scale, we evaluated the ability of the KIM on seasonal ensemble simulation for the boreal winter and summer cases with respect to seasonal mean biases. The results are compared with those obtained from a conventional hydrostatic spectral model, which has been widely used for seasonal simulations and in climate research. To isolate the origin of the error sources, the same physics packages is used in both the KIM and the reference models. The simulated mean states are very close to the reanalysis for the selected cases. Most large‐scale fields from the KIM are comparable to those from the reference model, which implies that the general features of large‐scale variables and precipitation are highly governed by physical parameterizations, and that the physics‐dynamics coupling is stable in a long‐term simulation. Large‐scale tropical circulations, such as the Hadley and Walker circulations, need to be improved for applications related to future changes and climate projections. Moreover, the results reveal that the simulated global precipitation band is misplaced and the heat fluxes over oceans are relatively misrepresented near the eastern boundaries of tropical and subtropical regions. This analysis suggests the necessity of realistic atmosphere‐ocean interactions that reflect ocean overturning circulation via ocean coupling as well as the refinement of deep and shallow convection schemes.

The Korean Integrated Model (KIM), a recently developed nonhydrostatic global atmospheric model over a cubed‐sphere grid, was deployed in April 2020 as an operational weather forecasting model. As its application extends to research and predictions longer than the weather time scale, we evaluated the ability of the KIM on seasonal ensemble simulation for the boreal winter and summer cases with respect to seasonal mean biases. The results are compared with those obtained from a conventional hydrostatic spectral model, which has been widely used for seasonal simulations and in climate research. To isolate the origin of the error sources, the same physics packages is used in both the KIM and the reference models. The simulated mean states are very close to the reanalysis for the selected cases. Most large‐scale fields from the KIM are comparable to those from the reference model, which implies that the general features of large‐scale variables and precipitation are highly governed by physical parameterizations, and that the physics‐dynamics coupling is stable in a long‐term simulation. Large‐scale tropical circulations, such as the Hadley and Walker circulations, need to be improved for applications related to future changes and climate projections. Moreover, the results reveal that the simulated global precipitation band is misplaced and the heat fluxes over oceans are relatively misrepresented near the eastern boundaries of tropical and subtropical regions. This analysis suggests the necessity of realistic atmosphere‐ocean interactions that reflect ocean overturning circulation via ocean coupling as well as the refinement of deep and shallow convection schemes. Plain Language Summary: A new operational weather forecast model, Korean Integrated Model (KIM), was tested on a seasonal simulation framework to extend its operations into prediction longer than the weather time scale. It was found that the KIM shows promise in predicting seasonal characteristics in comparison with a conventional climate model. The present study represents the first step towards using the KIM, along with ocean coupling, for a seamless prediction of weather and climate over a wider range of time frames in future. Key Points: A new operational weather forecast model, Korean Integrated Model (KIM), is evaluated using a seasonal simulation framework focusing on large‐scale characteristicsSystematic model biases are comparable between the KIM and conventional spectral model under identical physics packageSeasonal precipitation and turbulent fluxes over oceans need to be improved by a better representation of the atmosphere‐ocean interaction [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hero of Rudyard Kipling's novel Kim is an orphaned European boy who 'goes native', blending in among Europeans and Indian natives alike. Although Kim is said to be the son of an Irish sergeant, it is far likelier that a child of Kim's class origins would have been mixed-race. In addition to the economic constraints and lack of social status that afflicted poor whites in India, this article also examines the novel against the backdrop of the colonial authorities' efforts in British India to resolve the 'Eurasian Question'. It argues that, though Kipling's depiction of the European orphan who can pass for a native is problematic, it nevertheless betrays deep-rooted anxieties about the racial and cultural hierarchies that legitimated the colonial project. Indeed, the ambiguities of the novel lead Kipling to open the door to such ideas as that the 'Oriental' traits of his hero are superior to those of his characteristics that could be regarded as Western. Kipling's selective view of his novel's economic and cultural context cannot avoid giving rise to readings that contradict and undermine the determination to justify the imperial project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum chloride (AlCl3) is commonly used in daily life; meanwhile, it is the potential etiology of various neurodegenerative as well as hepatorenal diseases. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the correlation between AlCl3-induced biochemical alterations and the toxicity induced in various organs such as the brain, liver, and kidney. Male mice received AlCl3 in an oral dose of 50 mg kg−1 in addition to (50 mg) in drinking water for 2 weeks. Two weeks post-AlCl3 intoxication, the brain, liver, and kidney biochemical indices were assessed via molecular and western blot analysis. The results are as follows: AlCl3 intoxication induced a significant elevation in serum malondialdehyde in addition to a significant reduction in serum glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. Brain β-secretase (tubulin-binding protein) and tau proteins which are responsible for the synthesis of β-amyloid protein that may interfere with neuronal communication in Alzheimer's disease (AD) were also upregulated; regarding hepatic function, AlCl3 elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities. Moreover, it upregulated hepatic mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) protein expressions as well as renal kidney-inducible molecule-1 (KIM-1) which indicated the deleterious effect of AlCl3 on these organs. These results were confirmed by histopathological investigations. So, we hypothesize that acute AlCl3 administration is responsible for oxidative cell damage that interferes with brain function inducing β-amyloid accumulation, Alzheimer's disease, and neurodegenerative damage as well as hepatorenal injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rudyard Kipling's Kim is a novel that attempts to reconcile Kipling’s love for India, and his knowledge that his presence was undesired. It presents an ideal vision of colonial India, a seductive fantasy that portrays British control as solid and unshakeable, built on foundations of stone. But this empire of stone is an illusion, and the reality that haunts Kipling’s fantasy exposes its true fragile nature. This article examines the concept of the Great Game, as well as the players that partake in it, suggesting that these elements betray the unease that haunts Kipling’s fantasy—they expose the fact that all is not as it seems. The Game, for example, is concerned with knowledge, with knowing. The knowledge it seeks, however, is so concerned with the Indian people and terrain that it becomes apparent that the Great Game is not about keeping the Russians out, so much as it is about keeping the British in. In addition, the players of the Great Game (Kim and Hurree Babu in particular) are riddled with an ambivalence that makes their allegiances unclear, and a mimic nature that makes their identities even more uncertain. These two elements combine, creating a sense that while Kipling attempts to depict India as certain, unchanging and constant in Kim, the reality is rather different. As this article argues, Kim betrays the fact that the British did not build an empire of stone, but one of glass, and that the hold they had over India—one that seemed so unshakeable—was in fact incredibly tenuous.

During radiotherapy (RT) for prostate cancer (PCa), interfraction and intrafraction movements can lead to decreased target dose coverage and unnecessary over-exposure of organs at risk. New image-guided RT techniques accuracy allows planning target volume (PTV) margins reduction. We aim to assess the feasibility of a kilovoltage intrafraction monitoring (KIM) to track the prostate during RT. Between November 2017 and April 2018, 44 consecutive patients with PCa were included in an intrafraction prostate motion study using the Truebeam Auto Beam Hold® tracking system (Varian Medical Systems, United State) triggered by gold fiducials localization on kilovoltage (kV) imaging. A 5-mm PTV was considered. A significant gating event (SGE) was defined as the occurrence of an automatic beam interruption requiring patient repositioning following the detection of one fiducial outside a 5-mm target area around the marker during more than 45 seconds. Six patients could not benefit from the KIM because of technical issues (loss of one fiducial marker = 1, hip prosthesis = 4, morbid obesity causing table movements = 1). The mean rate of SGE per patient was 14 ± 19%, and the fraction average delivery time was increased by 146 ± 86 seconds. For a plan of 39 fractions of 2 Gy, the additional radiation dose increased by 0.13 ± 0.09 Gy. The mean rates of SGE were 2% and 18% (P = 0.002) in patients with planned fraction < 90 and > 90 seconds respectively, showing that duration of the session strongly interfered with prostate intrafraction movements. No other significant clinical and technical parameter was correlated with the occurrence of SGE. Automated intrafraction kV imaging can effectively perform autobeam holds due to intrafraction movement of the prostate in the large majority of patients. The additional radiation dose and delivery time are acceptable. This technique may be a cost-effective alternative to electromagnetic transponder guidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses the level of achievement of the information society through the implementation of the program KIM. KIM is the Kelompok Informasi Masyarakat which is a program of the Indonesian government to seek the realization of the information society in Indonesia. KIM is designed as a group formed independently so that the development will be an independent community group. The purpose of this study was to see how the achievement of the information society through the implementation of the program is reviewed KIM. So as to provide input to the government related to how the achievement of the information society and also related input KIM program. With a qualitative research approach, the method used in this research is a case study. The case studies carried out in two different areas of the rural areas and urban areas in East Java. Based on the results obtained, that the condition of the people is still far from the realization of the information society. The condition of society is still at the level of society aware of the information, even in rural areas there are still many people who are less aware of the information. It is caused by the KIM program implementation is still less than the maximum. There are many obstacles, so that the KIM program requires evaluation to achieve program objectives which is to make the people of Indonesia as an information society.

The article deals with the war effort of Rawalpindi district during First World War, primarily, with the supplying of manpower to the Indian Army in which the district took lead in recruiting soldiers not only in Punjab but across India. After annexation of the Punjab military dependence on Punjab increased and the region emerged as a chief recruiting area for the Indian Army. Punjab made a great contribution during First World War. All of its districts were mobilised for generating recruits. But the Rawalpindi district distinguished itself over and above. The changed system of recruitment backed by civil administration proved helpful in recruiting campaign in the district. Recruiting activities were intensified and the district provided the maximum number of recruits. Like recruitment, the district earned prominence in Punjab in receiving the greatest number of military awards for devotion to duty and gallantry of its soldiers. The district was also rewarded with generous civil awards for active collaboration of civilians with the state in war services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Current inhaled polymyxin therapy is empirical and often large doses are administered, which can lead to pulmonary adverse effects. There is a dearth of information on the mechanisms of polymyxin-induced lung toxicity and their intracellular localization in lung epithelial cells.Objectives: To investigate the intracellular localization of polymyxins in human lung epithelial A549 cells.Methods: A549 cells were treated with polymyxin B and intracellular organelles (early and late endosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes and autophagosomes), ubiquitin protein and polymyxin B were visualized using immunostaining and confocal microscopy. Fluorescence intensities of the organelles and polymyxin B were quantified and correlated for co-localization using ImageJ and Imaris platforms.Results: Polymyxin B co-localized with early endosomes, lysosomes and ubiquitin at 24 h. Significantly increased lysosomal activity and the autophagic protein LC3A were observed after 0.5 and 1.0 mM polymyxin B treatment at 24 h. Polymyxin B also significantly co-localized with mitochondria (Pearson's R = 0.45) and led to the alteration of mitochondrial morphology from filamentous to fragmented form (n = 3, P < 0.001). These results are in line with the polymyxin-induced activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway observed in A549 cells.Conclusions: Accumulation of polymyxins on mitochondria probably caused mitochondrial toxicity, resulting in increased oxidative stress and cell death. The formation of autophagosomes and lysosomes was likely a cellular response to the polymyxin-induced stress and played a defensive role by disassembling dysfunctional organelles and proteins. Our study provides new mechanistic information on polymyxin-induced lung toxicity, which is vital for optimizing inhaled polymyxins in the clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the needs of some religious practitioners began to conflict with secular scholars in the developing social science disciplines. According to the secular scholars of these disciplines, religion was subordinate to culture; it functioned to delimit one social group from another. A number of religious practitioners, including Protestant missionaries and Hindu reformers, challenged this scientific delineation of religion as particular and "cultural," asserting instead what I call "new universalisms" of religious belief. I contextualize Rudyard Kipling's Kim (1901) within this historical moment. Kim, I argue, thematizes and works through these competing discourses. In particular, the novel suggests the enormous potency of the new discourses of religious belief in advancing forms of universalism that challenged and looked to transcend categories of identity as imposed by social scientific thinking. I conclude with an examination of Kim's epigraphs, showing that their relationship to the main narrative formally enacts the agonistic relationship between the two modern universalisms of religious belief and social scientific thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay demonstrates that Rudyard Kipling's Kim (1901) engages deeply with several aspects of Buddhist thought that were also of central concern to nineteenth-century British psychology. It describes several central tenets of Buddhism as understood by Victorian exegetes, paying particular attention to the ways this discourse became surprisingly approbatory over the course of the century. It also performs close readings of three key passages in Kipling's novel dealing with identity, will, and self-discipline that illuminate the author's understanding of the subtleties of Buddhist thought. Its attention to the ways in which Kipling's novel engages Asian religious practice, particularly the "esoteric" practices of meditation and trance, complicates an entrenched reading of the novel as championing British triumphalism; it does so by challenging earlier interpretations of the religious elements in Kim as constituting straightforward evidence for the novel's endorsement of the imperial project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Korea Institute of Atmospheric Prediction Systems (KIAPS) began a national project to develop a new global atmospheric model system in 2011. The ultimate goal of this 9-year project is to replace the current operational model at the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA), which was adopted from the United Kingdom’s Meteorological Office’s unified model (UM) in 2010. The 12-km Korean Integrated Model (KIM) system, consisting of a spectral-element non-hydrostatic dynamical core on a cubed sphere grid and a state-of-the-art physics parameterization package, has been launched in a real-time forecast framework, with initial conditions obtained via the advanced hybrid four-dimensional ensemble variational data assimilation (4DEnVar) over its native grid. A development strategy for KIM and the evolution of its performance in medium-range forecasts toward a world-class global forecast system are described. Outstanding issues in KIM 3.1 as of February 2018 are discussed, along with a future plan for operational deployment in 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is devoted to topical issues of selection of forms and means of assessment of educational achievements of students and the level of educational outcomes of the discipline. Considered theoretical and methodological aspects of effective and objective assessment of learning outcomes of undergraduate students on the example of pedagogical and special (defectological) education. Special attention is paid to the specificity of evaluation procedures in the context of competence-activity approach, new educational and professional standards. Updated traditional and innovative approaches to the assessment of learning outcomes, outlines the key requirements of the assessment tools examples of various assessment tools competency-dejtelnosti format. Analyzed the features and examples of competence-oriented monitoring and evaluation tasks and their main indicators.Disclosed innovative views on monitoring and evaluation of the potential of such diagnostic tools as "POP-statement", "portfolio". The options proposed criteria framework for the evaluation of educational outcomes and educational achievements.

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