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The objectives of this study were to design multilayer oil-in-water nanoemulsions using a layer-by-layer technique to enhance the stability of β-carotene and evaluate its effect on in vitro release and antioxidant activity. To prepare β-carotene-loaded multilayer nanoemulsions (NEs), a primary NE (PRI-NE) using Tween 20 was coated with chitosan (CS) for the secondary NE (SEC-CS), and with dextran sulfate (DS) and sodium alginate (SA) for the two types of tertiary NEs (TER-DS, TER-SA). The multilayer NEs ranged in particle size from 92 to 110 nm and exhibited high entrapment efficiency (92–99%). After incubation in a simulated gastrointestinal tract model, the release rate of free fatty acids decreased slightly after coating with CS, DS, and SA. The bioaccessibility of β-carotene was 7.02% for the PRI-NE, 7.96% for the SEC-CS, 10.88% for the TER-DS, and 10.25% for the TER-SA. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging abilities increased by 1.2 times for the multilayer NEs compared to the PRI-NE. In addition, the cellular antioxidant abilities improved by 1.8 times for the TER-DS (87.24%) compared to the PRI-NE (48.36%). Therefore, multilayer nanoemulsions are potentially valuable techniques to improve the stability, in vitro digestion, and antioxidant activity of β-carotene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study (a) investigates dispositional attributes regarding the risk-related personality, attitude, and behavior of college students majoring in financial engineering (FE-major group) and business (business-major group); and (b) examines whether risky behavior is differentially explained by explicit versus implicit attitude toward stock investment. The FE-major group scored consistently higher than the business-major group on measures of sensation-seeking, financial risk-taking, and computerized risk-taking behavior. This pattern was also observed in the two explicit attitudinal measures of risk, whereas no group differences were noted on the two corresponding implicit measures of risk. A newly developed implicit measure of stock investment showed incremental validity in predicting risky behavior beyond the corresponding explicit measure., Author(s): Junsu Park [sup.1], Do-Yeong Kim [sup.2], Semi Oh [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.470930.9, 0000 0001 2182 2351, Department of Psychology, Barnard College, Columbia University, , New York, NY, USA [...]

Silence, which is a dysfunctional behavior, works to resolve potential problems if used positively. It serves to restrain employees from bombarding management with information overload or indulging in conflicts. This study aims to enhance our understanding of the role of ethical leadership, regarding academically positive behaviors mediated by prosocial silence and organizational commitment. A total of 325 faculty members from higher education institutions in Pakistan participated in this study. The results show that ethical leadership is positively related to academically positive behaviors in the workplace. Furthermore, prosocial silence and organizational commitment were found to mediate the relationship between ethical leadership and academically positive behaviors. Additionally, employee engagement moderated the enhanced positive relationship between ethical leadership and academically positive behaviors mediated by prosocial silence and organizational commitment. Our study finds that silence can have two faces referred to as Yin (negative) and Yang (positive). The Yang of silence (i.e., prosocial silence) works well under ethical leadership and promises positive organizational outcomes. The current study also finds that employees hide their concerns in support when they trust their leaders' ability to nurture a moral culture. Thus, this study extends the literature on the Yang of silence (i.e., prosocial silence) using a moderated mediation model to understand ethical leadership in improving academically positive behaviors in an Asian context. Furthermore, the theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined child and maternal predictors of children's social competence in preschool. One hundred ten mothers and their preschool-aged children participated. Mothers completed parent reports of child temperament and self-regulation, and self-reports of maternal separation anxiety. Mothers' interactional style was coded from videotapes during preschool. Teachers rated children's social competence at the end of the first semester of school. Child age, temperament and self-regulation, and maternal characteristics predicted children's social competence. The interaction of anger proneness and self-regulation predicted both externalizing and prosocial behavior. Finally, children with greater risk factors were lower on prosocial behavior and higher on externalizing behavior than children with fewer risk factors. Results indicate that maternal and child characteristics may be used to identify children at risk for lower social competence in preschool, such that interventions may be implemented.

The present study examined the effect of mucilage extracted from Corchorus olitorius L. leaves on the emulsifying stability of bovine serum albumin (BSA)-stabilized oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions during the storage for seven days. O/W emulsions were prepared with a 90% aqueous phase containing C. olitorius mucilage (0–1.00% w/v) together with 0.5% (w/v) BSA and 10% oil phase. Emulsion properties were analyzed by measuring droplet size, zeta potential, spectroturbidity, backscattering profiles (%BS), and visual observations. The mean droplet size of emulsions prepared with 0.75 and 1.00% mucilage did not show significant changes during storage. The zeta potential of all the emulsions exhibited a negative charge of approximately −40 mV, but electrical repulsion was not the dominant stabilization mechanism in the emulsion. C. olitorius mucilage was able to increase the viscosity of the aqueous phase of the O/W emulsion system, which prevented droplet flocculation and enhanced the emulsion stability against phase separation at higher concentrations. The most stable emulsions during the storage period were those with 1.00% C. olitorius mucilage. In conclusion, C. olitorius mucilage has good potential for the preparation of stable O/W emulsions and can be used as a plant-based natural emulsifying and thickening agent in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]